IWI KHOA HOC VA CANG NGHC M \i NHOM CAC HE KHE NQT TRONG OA NUOT N t THANH CnC Hf CHINH RP DUNG M O H I N H Vfl PHAN TiCH ON DINH CAC TANG MO OA CLUES, CH PHAP NCS NGUYEN ANH TUAN Trwdng Dpi hgc Md-Dja chat, Universite de Lorraine, France V MERRIEN-SOUKATCHOFF - GGGPU- Laboratory (GeF), Cnam, France M VINCHES - Ecole des Mines d'Ales, France Tdng quan Ta gpi cdc khe nut la tdt ca cdc mgt phdn each, dang phdng hode eong, nd ludn tin tgi vd chia cdt mdi ti'udng dd lien tue sang mdi tiifdng gidn dogn, da dang va phue tgp Nhdm cde khe ndt tiidnh cdc hp chinh tren ea sd till ndm cua khe nut, nhung cdc thdng sd khde vd khia cgnh hinh hgc va tinh chat ca hgc cung duye tinh din Hudng cua cae khe ndt duac phan nhdm bilu diln b"en bilu dd chilu clu ludi chidu cua Schmidt hoae Wulff [1] Cdc phuang phdp nhdm cac khe nut duyc phat triln bdi nhieu tdc gia Ddc dilm mdi hg khe nut sau dd duyc xdc dinh bdng Uil nim trung binh, dp phdn tdn xung quanh gid tii trung binh, khoang each giua cdc khe nut hg, Nhung phuang phdp ddu tien nhdm hp khe nut dya tren ca sd nhung dudng ddng trj mdt dp trdn bilu tap tmng diem cyc duyc nghien euu bdl Schmidt (1925), Kamb (1959) Mahtab, Yegulalp vd Shanley (1976,1982) dd de xudt tiiudt todn nhdm su dung phuang phdp dim vd tim hdm mgc tieu nhd nhdt Phuang phdp logic md (thudt todn fuzzy K-mean) lln dau tien duyc d l xult bdl Harrison (1992) Thuat toan duye phat tiiln md rdng cdc tiidng s l khoang cdeh nhdm bdi Hammah vd Cun-an (1998, 1999, 2000) Ktose vd nnk (2005) da dd xult tilp can phuang phap nhdm dua tren sy djnh luang cde veeta vd hdm ngdu nhidn nhd nhdt duyc djnh nghTa bdi gdc gida eac dilm cue eua khe ndt vd gid tri dilm cyc bung binh cua cdc khe nut hp Nhung tfiugt todn nhdm bdng phuang phap quang phd (speetial metiiod) nhdm cdc diem su dgng veeta rieng cua ma ti'gn goc du lipu khe nut, vd cac thudt todn ndy duyc su dgng cdc edng trinh cua Andrew, Michael va Weiss (2002); JimenezRodrigueza et nnk (2007) et Rafiee vd Vinches (2008) Trong nhilu phuang phdp nhdm cdc khe ndt, B S CONGN6HIEPM6,Sd4-2015 so hp khe ndt duac djnh nghTa vd xdc djnh trudc S quylt djnh ndy phu thupc vdo ngudi xu ly so lieu Td nh&ng dgc diemti"dn,ta ttily cdc phuang pha nhdm cdc khe nut duyc nghidn cdu, phat tiiln mgr md phdng xdy dyng md hinh khoi da ndt ve TL nhidn cdc phuang phap tren cd nhllu hgn chl, khdr hodn todntiioaman cae dieu kien phdn nhdm dam ba dp chinh xdc, md phdng d l tim kilm cac md hinh < l vpng: phuoTig phdp nhdm ban tw dOng phgtiiuOcva chuyen gia xu ly so lieu; khdng the xac djnh duyc s nhdm khe nut chinh toi uu; vdi so Iuyng s l lidu kti nut Idn, phan tan cde thugt toan tren khdng thl nhoi hit ede khe ndt hien ed thu thgp td hien tiirdng Tai day, chOng tdi phdt triln, gidi thieu ca phuang phap khac nhdm cdc khe ndt than cdc hp chinh va xac djnh cdc thdng sd ca ban cd thilt d l md phdng thdng kd ngau nhidn md hinh d ndt ne Moi phuang phdp cd t h l xae Jinh cae thon so tiling kd (gid tri tiung binh, dd phdn tdn) cua rni hp khe ndt Cac phuang phdp ndy duyc phdt trill lgp ti-inh mdi tiu-dng todn hpe Mathematici Cde kit qua duac so sdnh vdi phdn mem tiiuan mgi Dips Anh hudng cua phuang phdp nhdm cs khe ndt vdi md hinh vd phan tieh on djnh cdc tan khai thdc lp thidn duoc thuc hipn tren codetinhtoa md ngudn md RESOBLOK Kha nang cua cdc tiiui todn duyc dp dgng eho md khai thde dd id thie Clues, miln Nam CH Phdp Cac phuvng phap nhom cac khe nt cac ho chinh hp khe nirt 2.1 Hwdng cua khe nwt Hudng cua khe nut duye md ta bing vj tri ci nd khdng gian Hai gde eln thilt de djt nghta hudng cua khe nut: gdc phuang vj dudt phuang vd gde doc, hinh H.1 KHOA HOC VA CtiNG NGHE MO _|JU] The nam cua khe n&t duyc t h l hipn trdn H.1, bao gim: dudng phuang Id giao tuydn eua khe n&t vdi mgt ndm ngang (Strike); Gde phuang vj eua dudng phuang Id gdc hyp bdi dudng phuang vd hudng Bae Vi dudng phuang cd hudng nguyc 180° nen cdc gdc phuang vj duang phuang cQng se Ipch nhau-180" Dudng hudng ddc Id dudng vudng gdc vdi dudng phuang, ndm khe ndt vd hudng ve phia Idng dat (dip di.eetion Od) Gdc doe Id gdc hyp giua dudng hudng die va hinh chilu eua nd Idn mat ndm ngang (dip, Pd) 2.2.2 Phwong phap quang Phuang phdp quang phd duyc d l xudt bdi Andrew Michael et Weiss (2002); JimenezRodriguez et al (2007) [3], cho phep nhdm N khe nut thdnh nhilu hp khe ndt chinh khdc Tuy nhien, phuang phdp ndy eln ^nh nghta vd c l (^nh sd hp khe ndt chinh k, chung tdi d l xudt lua chpn gia tri k hp khe nut chinh duyc nhdn dang vd t l i uu ti-ong phuang phdp PSMY Thudt todn nhdm quang phi duyc thyc hipn trdn ca sd cua phep biln doi N quan sdt hudng eua cdc khe ndt mdi tnfdng da ndt ne, bat ddu td khdng gian goc hd ti-ge Dl-cdc-ta eua cdc vdcta phdp tuyin dan vj khdng gian K-chilu (R*^) duye biln dli Trongi^ khdng gian R ta su dgng thugt todn K-mean de phdn nhdm tdt ea cdc dilm cyc khe ndt tap du lipu Giati-ja phuang phdp quang Id thdng sd kilm sodt dd tuang hyp giam din vdi khoang each gi&a gia tn dilm cue cua cdc khe nut quan sdt thudt toan nhdm ndy Sy tuang ty cOa gid trj dilm tdp hyp dd lieu khe ndt phai thoa man su bien dgng vd bdp meo cua cdc nhdm hp khe nut duyc phdn nhdm la nhd nhit Tuang ty, chOng ta cd thl tdi uu vd xdc dinh gid tq a theo mpt «hdm H Cac thdng sS dinh nghTa hwdng mgc tieu» nho nhit nhu phuang phdp PSMY ciJa mat khe ndt (Wyllie et nnk 2004) Tuang ty nhu phuang phdp PSMY, phuang phdp Nlu bilu didn mat mdt khe ndt nhu mpt dilm cyc,- vd thudt todn quang duyc ndy duye lap trinh tiil dilm ndy Id hinh chilu cua dudng thdng vudng tinh todn ty d0ng mdi trudng Mathematica gde cIja khe nut tren bilu dd cdu Do dd, tn,i'c giao 2.2.3 Phan mem Dips hay diem cyc eua khe ndt cd thd duyc xde djnh (On Dips Id mpt phin mlm thuang mgi phdt triln Pn)- Ta cd thl xdc djnh (On, Pn) td gid tri (cid, po) ttieo bdi RoekSeience (2003) nd cho phep thyc hipn eac ede mli lidn he sau an=ad± 180°; [0°^ On £ 360°) vd phep chilu clu vd bilu didn mdt dp cdc diem eye Pn= 90°- Pd Mat khac, mat cua khe n&t tijang ty eung cua khe ndt Mat dp ndy cho thiy ty lp phin trdm cd till bilu diln ti-en hd trgc Dl-cdc-ta X(Ux,Uy,Uz) cdc ^ I m cue tren bilu dd vdi ede dudng dang trj Mli lien he giua hd trgc Dd-cde-ta vd cdc gdc duyc mat dp % di$n tich eua thj clu tuang dng vdi tdp hyp so lipu v l hudng cua khe ndt, xdc djnh bdi cdng thdc sau: 2.2.4 So lieu thong ke cua cac hg khe nwt l i , = cosot„ cosP„ khac = sina„ CQs(3„ (1) Nh&ng ttidng kd v l hudng cde khe nut duyc ti-inh sinp^ bdy chi tilt ti-ong cdc cdng trinh eua Priest'(1993), 2.2 Nhdm cac khe nd't cac nhdm chinh Hammah &Curran (1998) [1], [2] Bilu diln cdc dilm Nlu ta gpi N Id so cac hudng (thd nam) cua cdc cue cdc khe nut tiyc tiep theo mpt hudng d& lidu khe ndl dd ndt ne duyc: N={(adi, Pdi) duye su dgng bien la phdn bo Fisher, phdn bo (ac Mirc Nii Ni Case 1.1 Case 1.2 Case 2.1 Case 2.2 Niii* 26 49 40 11 25 10 S6T®u mdhlnh voi cau triio y l u nhat ( 7015 18662 6892 19721 7015 14121 ^ i n g so khoi mo htnh 895 359 95 523 161 1079 S6kh6imat6n(Ilnh 0.18 0.21 0.95 0.42 0.58 ,T6nq kh6i luong tnjng btnh khoi khong 6n flnh (m'^ 0.23 55.04 91.69 152.42 449.10 206.66 76.95 Wfiiil khii lucmg cSo khii khing I n ainh (m") »^S CSctru'd'ng ho'p m6 hlnh K i t tu|n Trong bdi bdo ndy, chung tdi da gidi thidu ba phuang phdp nhdm cde khe nut khdc cdc hp chinh va su dyng chOng md hinh mdi budng dd n&t ne vd phan tich on djnh tang trdn md dd 10 thien Clues Hai s l dd duyc ldp trinh ttong mdi trudng Mathematica ChCing tdi dd xu 1^ vd ddnh gid s6 luyng vd chat luyng dd lidu v l t h l ndm cua khe n&t Nh&ng anh hudng duye xdc djnh trdn hudng trung binh cua hp khe ndt, dp phdn tdn xung quanh gia tq trung binh, sy phan bo khii luyng khii trung binh md hinh mdt I n djnh theo gdc nOi ma sdt cua khe ndt tren mde dp nhdm cac khe ndt duyc tap trung nghien cdu Cde kit qua dau tien ndy ^nh nghTa duqc cde vung dn djnh, vung mat I n djnh cho tit ca cdc ^ng vd cde vung on djnh vdi ting nhung mit on djnh vdi cdc tang khdc Td cde kit qua nay, chung ta ed ttil dua cdc danh gid ve trpng thdi on djnh cua ting dd ndt ne, dong tiidi gyi)/ dilu chTnh cdc thdng s l cua ting nhu goc nghidng sudn ting, hudng va chieu cao cua ting qua trinh ttiilt k l cung nhu khai thac md d l dam bao an todn vd san luyng khai ttidc Bdn cpnh dd vdi cdc tang ti-en bd mo ket thOc khai ttidc, chOng ta cd till d l xult cde bi$n phdp gia CO nhu vi neo dam bao an todn ddi h^n bd mo (Xem Hip trang 82) C0NGNGHl£PM0,Sd4-2015 ... Andrew Michael et Weiss (2002); JimenezRodriguez et al (2007) [3], cho phep nhdm N khe nut thdnh nhilu hp khe ndt chinh khdc Tuy nhien, phuang phdp ndy eln ^nh nghta vd c l (^nh sd hp khe ndt chinh... Bang chl ro cdc tiidng sd thu duye theo cdc phuang phap phdn nhdm khac H Phep chieu cau, Iwai chiiu Schmidt ban ciu dudi a - 61 khe ndt dwac tren cdc dwdng (scanline); b - Nhdm «thu cdng» cac khe. .. nhdm; c - hg khe nwt chinh theo phwang phap PSMY vdi < 15''(taa''=5), 31 % cac diim khdng thudc hg khe nOi ndo; d-4hg khe ndt chinh dwac nhdm theo phwang phap quang phi, nhdm tit cd cdc khe ndt dwac