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BAI BAO finOA HOC NGHIEN c t r u XAC DINH THANH PHAN VA TINH CHAT CUA CHAT THAI RAN SINH HOAT HUYEN KIM BANG, TfNH HA NAM Nguyen Thi The Nguyen', Nghiem Trpng Nam^ Tdm tat: Huyin Kim Bdng la mdt nhieng dia bdn quan trgng chiin luge phdt triin kinh ti xa hdi cua tinh Hd Nam Hien tgi, 98% rdc thdi sinh hogt thu gom eua huyin dugc xu li bdng phuangphdp chdn ldp khdng hgp ve sinh, gdy ro nhiiu hi liiy din ngu&i vd mdi truong Nghiin cuu ndy dugc thuc hiin nhdm xdc dinh, du bdo mdc phdt thdi, thdnh phdn, dgc diem ehdt thdi rdn sinh hogt (CTRSH) tgi huyin Kim Bdng nhdm tgo eo s& khoa hge eho viic xdc dinh phuangphdp xu ly thich hgp Phuang phdp dim tdi da dugc dp dung di xdc dinh lugng phdt thdi Cdc tiiu chudn ASTM cua MT dugc sic dyng de xdc dfnh thdnh phdn, tinh chdt chdt thdi Cdc gid (ri tiem ndng nhi^t lugng cua chdt thdi dugc u&c linh tu cdc phuang trinh thuc nghiem Ket qud nghiin cieu cho thdy, muc phdt thdi trung binh tgi huyen Kim Bdng khodng 0,5 kg/ngu&i/ngdy Den ndm 2025, lugng CTRSH thu gom dugc tdng 74 % din 170% so v&i ndm 2016 Rdc thdi sinh hogt bao gdm 69,8% rdc thdi thuc phdm, vuon, gd; 8,17% gidy, bia vd nhua; 4,11% vdi vyn, da, eao su; 3,77%o gd; 1.71% thuy tinh vd kim logi; 15,51% cdc chdt khdc Dd dm, tro vd thdnh phdn chdt di bay hai tuang ung Id 57,5%, 13,5% vd 80% Tiem ndng nhiet tri cao vd thdp cua CTRSH huyen Kim Bdng tucmg ung la tu 10 den 15 MJ/kgvd tiim ndng nhiet tri thdp khodng 2,6 den 4,9 MJ/kg V&i cdc gid tri ddc tinh vd thdnh phdn ehdt thdi nhu a trin, rdc thdi sinh hogt huy^n Kim Bdng khdng phit hgp cho ddt thu hdi ndng lugng T u khda: Kim Bang, chdt thai rdn sinh boat, phdn, tinh chdt, nhift tri GlOfI THIEU CHUNG _ huyfn Kim Bang thuc hifn ty phdt Ngudi ddn Huyfn Kim Bang ndm d phia l a y Bic cua chu ddng thu gom rac tiidi cua hd gia dinh, xit Iy tinh Ha Nam, cdch Ha Npi khoang 60 Km bdng hinh thuc chdn lap hoac ty van chuySn rdc Huyen cd dien tich tu nhien la 17.540 ha, chiSm ^Sn bai tap kSt chung cua xd, thi trdn Ddi vdi 20,38 % tdng difn tieh ciia tinh Hd Nam l o a n ^ac thai tai noi cdng cdng, cac tiiySn dudng, huyfn cd 16 xa va 02 tiii trdn Thj tran Que la ^^^o, co quan, cdng sd, trudng hoe , viSc vf trung tdm kinh te - chinh tri - van hod cua ^^ ^ j ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^j^^ huyen HuySn Kim Bang nam gan Qude Id IA, - -i A • i „i t. J- t i - u, , ;; ^ i , o -< ' h o i doan the, hoe sinh thuc men dinh ky hang CO cae tuyen Quoc lo 21A, 2IB, 38 chay qua ^ i , - , i ' , , , , , ' x ' ', ?;, , _ ,, , , , , •, : ; tuan, xu ly bang hinh thue dot tai eho hoac van Day la mpt vi tn thuan loi giao lim kinh te , i ^x , , ; ™", i s u ' -I - L' ' ^ i5 ^ , ' chuyen den vi tn tap ket Chmh quyen dia - vdn hoa - xa hoi, thu hut von dau tu nuoc i J • va ngoai nuac Do vay, Kim Bang la mot P^'"^^ *^'^ ã"ô" "ô"= '='' '^P * ^ ° ^ ^ ^^ °* nhung dia ban quan trong chign luoc phat * ^ ^ ^ " ''"^'^ ' thang/lan Nam 2013, UBND triSn kinh tSxa hoi cua tinh Ha Nam ô ã * ™ Nam da ban hanh Quyet dinh s& Trong giai doan 2011-2012, viec thu gom, xu 26/2013/QD-UBND quy dinh cong tac to chiic Iy chat thai ran thai sinh boat (CTRSH) tai " ^ '^ * " S ™ ' "^ '^''">'*" ™ "^ '^ '^ * ^ ' sinh boat tren dia ban tinh Day la buoc ngoat quan cho su hinh thanh, phat trien dich vu ^ Dei hoc niy In Ha Ngi thu gom, xil Iy rac thai tren dja ban tinh Ha Nam Pfiong Tai muyen & Moi truansiiuyin Kim Bans-linh , r r, , Hi, Nam "01 chung, huyen Kim Bang noi rieng Theo 132 KHOA Hpc K? THUAT THUY Lpi VA MOI TRirtNC - S6 59 (12/2017) QuySt dinh sd 26/2013/QD-UBND, vifc thu gom, xii li rac thdi sinh boat tai huyfn Kim Bang Cdng ty Cd phdn mdi trudng Ba An vd Cdng ty Cd phdn Ddu tu Phdt tridn Tam Sinh NghTa thuc hien, vdi hinh thiic xu Iy Id ddt rdc Tuy nhiSn, qua tai nen lugng rac thuc tS mang di ddt khdng ddng kS (chiSm 2%), ehu ySu la mang bai rdc tap tnmg (chiSm 98%) (UBND huyfn Kim Bang, 2016) Do vdy, nghiSn ciiu dugc thuc hien nhdm xac dinh, dy bdo miic phdt thai, thdnh phdn, d|c diSm ehdt thdi rSn sirih hoat tai huyfn Kim Bang nham tao co sd khoa hpc cho vifc xde dinh phuong phdp xir ly thich hgp bSn canh hinh thiie xii li ddt rac nhu hien t^i De dat dugc myc tieu ndy, nghien eiiu dp dyng phuong phap dem tai de xac dinh chi sd phdt thdi cua CTRSH va cde tiSu ehudn ASTM eiia Ml de xdc dinh thdnh phdn, tinh chat chat thai Cac gid tri tiem ndng nhiet Iugng eua ehdt thdi dugc ude tinh tir cdc phuong trinh thyc nghifm CAC PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ 2.1 Phuong phap xac dinh chi so phat thai trung binh va du bao kh6i luorag CTRSH Phuong phdp dSm tdi dugc sir dyng de tinh toan khdi lugng CTRSH thu gom dugc vd miic phat thai bmh qudn CTRSH huyfn Kim Bdng Trong phuong phdp ndy, sd Iugng xe thu gom, khdi lugng, d^e diSm vd tinh chat eiia CTRSH dugc ghi nhdn tai be thu gom rdc thdi sinh boat cua ba khu vuc nghien cuu dai difn Dua tren chi tieu thdng ke vS thu nli|ip va lao ddng vifc ldm ciia huyfn Kim Bdng nam 2015 va ddu nam 2016, ba xa, thi trdn dd dugc chpn dS dai dien cho ba khu vuc ed miic sdng khac phyc vy nghiSn ciiu Nhdm (ed miic sdng eao) la thi trdn QuS (bS tiiu gom Bfnh Vien), nhdm (cd miic sdng trung binh) Id xa Van Xd (be thu gom DiSn Xd) vd nhdm (cd miic sdng thdp) Id xa Thyy Ldi (bd thu gom Gdm) Do dp am cua CTRSH cd thd thay ddi theo miia vd cdn lay gid tii trung binh ndm xem xet tiem nang nhift ti-i vd hifu qud cua gidi phdp ddt thu hdi ndng lugng (Rand et al., 1999) nSn nhdm nghien ciiu da tien hanh 03 dgt thuc nghiSm vdo thang f thdng nam 2016 vd thdng nam 2017, moi dc theo doi tudn (theo tiSu chudn ASTM I 5231- 92 (2003) ciia Mi) Ket qud tiiu dug 03 dgt Idy gia tri trung binh U"dc tinh khdi Iugng CTRSH cua huyfn Ku Bdng dSn nSm 2020 vd 2025 dugc tmh toan dy trSn miic phat thdi trung binh va so dan cu huyfn Theo du bdo cua UBND huyfn Kir Bang, toe dp gia tang dan sd cua huyfn Id 0,88 % vdo giai doEtn 2015 - 2020 va gidm xudn 0,816 % vdo giai doan 2020 - 2025 (UBNI huyfn Kim Bang, 2016) Theo Bd TN&M' (2016), miic gia tdng CTRSH giai doan tii 201' - 2014 cda Vift Nam deit trung binh 12% m£ ndm Trong nghiSn ciiu nay, khdi lugng CTRSI ciia Kim Bang den nam 2020 vd 2025 dugc tin todn vdi kich ban vdi miic dp gia tang la 6"/ vd 12% 2.2 Phuong phap xdc djnh phan v tinh chat CTRSH 2.2.1 So mdu vd phirong phdp lay m&u Sd Iugng mau vd phuong phdp ldy mau dug thuc hifn diing theo tieu chudn ASTM D 5231 92 (2003) cua MT Theo tiSu chuan ndy, vif phan tich dugc thye hifn tiong mpt tudn tion thdng 6, thdng nam 2016 va thang nar 2017 Sd mau lay dS phan tich dugc xdc dm nhu sau: n = {t''slexf Trong do: n Id sd mau can lay, t la gia ti phdn phdi tuong iing vdi dp tin cdy cua phe phan tich, s la dp Ifch chudn mong mudn, e d sai sd cho phep cua phep phdn tich, ^ Id gid ti trung binh (hay ti If cua cdc thdnh phdn tiron hdn hgp CTRSH) Trong nghiSn ciiu ndy, dp ti c^y duge lay la 90%, dp sai sd cho phep (e) I 10% Cdc gid tri phdn phdi t tuong irng vdi d tin cay 90%, gid tri ^0 l^ch ehuan (s) va gia t trung binh ^ dugc tham khdo tii tiSu chua ASTM D 5231- 92 (2003) Sd mau dugc Id ngau nhien mdt dugc trinh bay tton bang I KHOA Hpc K? THUAT THliV LQI VA Mdl TRUdHC - S6 59 ( / ) Bang Ket qua tinh toan so mau can lay de phan tich phan CTRSH Thanh ph^n Giay, bia Nhua Chat thai thyc pham Chat thai vuon Go Vai, cao su, da Kim loai Thiiy tinh Cac chat khac Dp Ifch chuin (s) Gia trj tmng binh " ^^ mau/tuan S6 mSu/ngay 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.24 0.09 0.1 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.06 25 32 26 331 271 390 69 108 69 47 39 56 10 15 10 Khdi lugng moi mau dugc lay tir 91 - 136 kg tai bS thu gom rac thai sinh boat cua ba khu vuc nghiSn ciiu dai difn (bS thu gom Benh Vifn thupc thi trdn QuS, bS thu gom Dien Xd thupc xa van Xd vd bS thu gom Gom thupc xa Thyy Ldi) vd dugc ddnh ddng theo hinh ndn, chia phdn bdng nhau, lay phan doi difn vd tiSp tyc tiSn hdnh nhu vdy dh gidm kh6i lugng rdc Sau dd, tien hdnh phan loai thu edng vd bd tung phdn vao khay rieng, cdn khay, ghi sd Iugng vd tinh ty If phdn trdm ede phdn Cdc mau dai diSn dugc ehuyen den phdng thi nghifm de phdn tich mdt sd tinh chdt co bdn cua CTRSH 2.2.2 Xdc dinh mgt sd tinh chdt ca bdn cua CTRSH * Xdc dinh am: Dp am dugc xde dinh theo phuong phap sdy khd CTRSH d I05''C dSn khdi lugng khdng ddi (tidu ehudn ASTM D3173) Xac dinh khdi lugng mau trude vd sau sdy khd, tir dd tinh phan tram dp am * Xde dinh dp tro: Dp tro Id ty If (%) lugng vat chat cdn lai sau qua trinh thieu ddt chdt thai Phuong phap xdc dinh dp tro Id ddt cde mau d 750°C gid (tieu chudn ASTM D3174) Sau dd xdc dinh khdi lugng cdn lai sau qud trinh thieu dot * Xdc dinh phdn de bay hoi: Thdnh phdn cdc chat de bay hoi dugc xdc dinh theo phuong phdp cua tiSu chudn ASTM D3175 Cdc mau dugc say khd nhu vdi thi nghifm xdc djnh am, can khdi lugng, sau dd dugc ddt Id nung d 950°C phiit Sau ddt, cac mau dugc cdn dS xdc khdi lugng tto edn lai Thdnh phdn ede ehdt de bay hoi la phdn chSnh lech giua khdi lugng kho ciia mlu vd khdi lugng tto sau nung 2.3 Phinmg phap u^c tinh tiem ndng nhiet trj cua CTRSH TiSm nang nhift tri ciia CTRSH cd thi dugc xde dinh bang cdch: (1) sii dyng eae cdng thiic kinh nghiSm, (2) thdng qua thuc nghifm bdng each sii dyng Id hoi nhu mdt thiet bi nhift lugng, hoac (3) sir dyng thiSt bi nhift lugng ttong phdng thi nghifm Cd nhiSu cdng thiie todn hpc udc tinh tiem ndng nhiet lugng cua CTRSH dua trSn dii lifu phdn, tinh chdt eua CTRSH hodc thdnh phdn cdc p h ^ tii cua chdt thai Kathiravale et al (2003) da tien hdnh mdt nghien cim xdy dyng mdt phuong trinh toan hpc xac dfnh gid tri tiem nang nhiet tri cua CTRSH tai Malaysia NghiSn ciiu cho thay cdch udc tinh tiem nSng nhiet tri dya vdo thdnh phdn vdt ly cua chdt thai eho kSt qud chinh xac hon cdch tinh tiSm ndng nhiet tri dya tren tinh chat cua chdt thai hay cdc phdn tii cdu tao nen chdt thdi Do do, ba phuong trinh du bao tiSm ndng nhift tri cao (HHV) cua CTRSH dua trSn thdnh phin vdt l;^ ciia Abu-Qudais and Abu-Qdais (2000) (phucmg trinh I), Kathiravale et al (2003) (phuong tiinh 2) vd Usdn et al (2012) (phuong trinh 3) da dugc lya ehpn cho nghien ciru ndy KHOA Hpc K? THUiT THliY LQf VA Mdl TRlf&NC - Sd 59 ( / ) HHV = 0.004[267.0 (Pl/Pa) + 2285.7] (1) (2) (3) HHV - 0.001[112.157 Fo + 183.386 Pa + 288.737 PI + 5064.701] HHV=0.001[112.815Or+184.366 i'a + 298.343/'/-1.920 fF+5130.380] Trong dd: HHV tiSm nang nhift tri cao ciia CTRSH (MJ/kg), PI la phdm tram cua nhua (%); Pa Id phdm ttam eiia gidy, bia (%), Fo la phdm tram ciia chdt thai thuc phdm (%), Or la phdm tram ciia cac chdt huu co nhu chdt tiiai thyrc phdm, gd, chdt thdi vudn (%), W\a dp dm (%) TiSm nang nhiet tri thdp ciia ehdt thai (LHV) dugc tinh toan dya theo phuong tririh sau (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2012): LHV = HHV (1 - W) - 2.443 M (4) Trong dd: LHV vd HHV la tiSm nang nhift tri thdp vd cao cua chdt thai, W Id dp am KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1 Miic phat thai trung binh va d y bdo kh6i lugng CTRSH KSt qua xdc dinh muc phdt thdi CTRSH trung binh tai khu vuc nghien ciiu dugc ttinh bay bang Chi s6 phdt thdi trung binh eua nhdm I (nhdm cd miic sdng eao - thi fran Que) Id 0,56 kg/ngudi/ngdy, nhdm (nhdm cd miic sdng trung binh - xa Van Xd) la 0,48 kg/ngudi/ngdy vd nhdm (miic sdng thdp - xa Thuy Ldi) la 0,4 kg/ngudi/ngdy KSt qud thyc nghifm cho thdy ed sy chenh Ifch ldn vS khdi lugng rac thu gom dugc giiia cac nhdm xg, dac biet Id giGa nhdm vd nhdm Nguyen nhan chu yeu cua sy khac biet ndy la ty le thu gom CTRSH d cdc xS nhdm thdp hon so vdi cac xa nhdm Van dS thu gom, xii 1^ CTRSH ndng thdn van chua dugc quan tam diing miic, chua duge xir ly trift de Theo udc tinh bao cdo "Bdo cdo tinh hinh thu gom, thu phi vf sinh mdi trudng ddi vdi rdc thdi sinh ho^t nam 2015" eua UBND huyfn Kim Bang, ti If tiiu gom rac thai sinh hoat tai cdc xa thude nhdm chi d^t khoang 40 - 50%, ttong dd, ti le thu gom rac thai cua cac thi ttdn, xd nhdm I ed the ISn dSn 80% Bang Ket qua xac dinh mi^c phdt thai trung binh nam 2016,2017 Khu vwc dai dien Nhdm 1: Thi ttdn QuS Nhdm 2: XaVdnXd Nhdm 3: Xa Thuy Ldi Tdng cpng Khoi luyng rac thu gom (kg/ tuan) Ti le thu 6/2016 9/2016 3/2017 Trung binh gom (%) So dan (ngudi) Mfrc phdt thai (kg/ngu6i/ngay) 17.299 16.894 15.549 16.581 80 5.288 0,56 12.667 11.884 12.044 12.198 55 7.262 0,48 4.737 5.185 5.167 5.030 40 4.462 0,40 Theo bao cao s6 169/BC-UBND cua UBND huyen Kim Bang 09/6/2016, kh6i luong CTRSH cua huyen Kun Bang nam 2015 dugc thu gom va xu ly khoang 35.623 kg/ngay Theo kk qua thuc nghiem, khdi luong rac thu gom duoc la 33.890 kg/ngay, sai khac % so voi s6 lieu 2015 Nhu vay co th6 noi kh qua thuc nghiem xac dinh kh6i lugng rac t h a sinh boat thu gom kha hop ly Kk qua tinh toan t6ng luang rac thai sinh 33.890 hoat phat sinh tren dia ban huyen Kim Bang dugc trinh bay bang T6ng lugng CTRSH cua huyen giai doan hien la 21.747.390 kg/nam Lugng CTRSH dugc tap trung nhieu a nhom 2, chiem % dan so cua nhom chiem % tong so dan ciia huyen Dan so nhom chiem 34% tong so dSn nhung Iugng rac thai phat sinh chilm 38.5% tong lugng rac toan huyen KHOA HQC Kt THUAT THOY LQI VA MOI TRlrtlNC Sfl 59 (12/2017) Bang K6t qua ti'nh toan tdng lugng rac thai sinh boat huyfn Kim Bang Khu vuc Phat thai trung binh (kg/ngudi/ngdy) So dan (ngudi) Ti If % so ddn Tong phat thai (Kg/ndm) Ti If % phdt thai 0.56 40.788 34 8.374.286 38.5 59.793 50 10.475.734 48.2 Nhom 1: Thi tran QuS, Ngpc Son, Nhdt Tdn, Thi ttdn Ba Sao, Thi Son, Thanh Son Nhom 2: Xa Vdn Xa, Tugng LTnh, Nguyen Uy, D ^ Cuong, Le Hd, Tdn Son, Ddng Hda, Nhdt Tuu, Vdn Xd, Ngpc Son, Nhdt Tdn Nhdm 3: Xd Thyy Ldi, Hoang Tay, Khd Phong, Lien Son Tong cpng Tir kSt qud tinh todn tdng phdt thdi vd sd ddn bdng cd thS tinh todn duge miic phat thdi binh qudn ciia huyen Kim Bang nam 2016 vd 2017 la 0,5 kg/ngudi/ngdy Theo Bdo cdo mdi trudng qude gia ve chat thdi rdn nam 2011, chi sd phat sinh CTRSH tai cdc dd thi loai (bao gdm cdc thi tran, thi tii) cua Viet Nam vao khodng 0,6 kg/ngudi/ngdy So vdi chi sd phdt thdi CTRSH binh quan eiia Vift Nam, miic phdt thdi binh qudn ciia huyfn Kim Bdng hifn thdp hon miic trung binh cd nude Bdng tdm tdt ket qud udc tinh khdi lugng CTRSH duge ciia huyen Kim Bang den nam 2020 19.845 16 2.897.370 13.3 120.426 100 21.747.390 100 vd 2025 cua huyfn Kim Bang Den ndm 2020 vd 2025, ddn so huyfn Kun Bang tuong img la 124.757 ngudi va 129.931 ngudi, tang thSm 2,6% vd 7,9 % so vdi dan sd nam 2017 Ddn s6 tdng dan den Iugng CTRSH cua huyfn Kim Bang phdt sinh tdng ISn ddng kS DSn nam 2020, lugng CTRSH thu gom dugc khoang 27.117 tdn/ndm vd 31.986 tan/nam iing vdi miic dp gia tdng ti If phat thai 6% va 12%, tang 25 % vd 47% so vdi nSm 2016 DSn nam 2025, Iugng CTRSH tiiu gom dupe khoang 37.794 tdn/nSm vd 58.711 tdn/ndm ling vdi miic gia tdng ti If phdt thai 6% vd 12%, tdng 74 % vd 170% so vdi ndm 2016 Bang Ket qua udc tinh khoi Iugng CTRSH phdt sinh tai huyfn Kim Bang Nam Ty If gia tdng dan s6 (%) Dan s6 (ngudi) 2020 2025 0,887 0,816 124.757 129.931 Toe phat sinh CTRSH (kg/ngudi/ngay) TiIf gia TiIf gia tdng 6% tdng 12% 0.60 0.70 0.80 1.24 3.2 Thanh ph^n vd tinh chat CTRSH Thanh phdn phan tram khdi Iugng CTRSH Khdi lupng CTR SH phat sinh (kg/nam) Ti If gia Ti If gia tdng 6% tdng 12% 27.117.178 31.987.549 58.710.853 37.793.849 cua cdc nhdm xa dugc the hifn ttong cac bdng ket qud sau: Bang Ket qua xdc dinh thdnh phan % khoi Iirgng CTRSH huyfn Kim Bang STT Thanh phan Chat thai thuc pham Chat thai vuon Giay, bia Ntaoml (1) 56,31 10,45 6.47 Nhom (2) 45,12 21,95 3,47 Nhom (3) 40,02 25,16 3,57 Trung binh (4) 50,41 16,34 5,02 KHOA HOC Kf THUiT TBllY LQl VA M6| TRUflNC S6 59 (12/2017) Vai vun, da, cao su Go Nhua Thtiy tinh Kimloai Chat thai khac Tons; 3,65 2,57 2,73 1,18 0,4 16,24 100 4,1 5,12 3,73 1,61 0,2 14,7 100 6,79 4,62 2,96 1,21 0,8 14,87 100 4,11 3,77 3,15 1,35 0,36 15,51 100 Ghi chii: (4) = [(1) x 51,3% + (2) x 39,83% + (3) x 8.87%], 51,3%; 39,83%; 8.87% Idphdn trdm khdi lugng CTRSHnhdml, nhdm 2; vd nhdm Tir bdng cd the thay thdnh phan thuc phdm thira chiSm ty If Idn nhdt ttong CTRSH tai ed ca ba nhdm xd Trong dd, khu vuc cd miic sdng thdp cd ty If thuc phdm thira nhd nhdt (40,02%) t^i khu vyc ndy ngudi dan t$n dyng thiic dn thira dS su dung cho vdt nudi gia dinh Thdnh phdn ehiSm ty IS Idn thii hai Id rac thdi vudn (chiem 25,16%) hau het cde hg gia dinh tai khu vue ndy deu cd vudn, dac biet Id tai khu vuc ed miic sdng thdp Vudn dugc sur dyng de ttdng cdy mau hoac cay an qud vd chdt thai vudn chu yeu Id Id cdy, mdt phan nhd la ddt Cac phan edn lai khdng cd su chSnb Ifch ldn giira cdc khu vuc Cdc chdt thdi hiiu co (thuc ph§m du thira, chat thdi vudn) chiSm ti IS eao nhdt ttong thdnh phdn CTRSH (65,18%) Day la ngudn nguySn lieu ddu vdo rat tdt cho ii phdn compost hoac phan buy hiSu thu hdi ndng lugng Kim loai cd ti If nhd nhat Thdnh phdn cdc chat chdy (thuc phdm du thira, chdt thai vudn, gd, vai vyn, da, cao su, nhua, giay, bia) chiSm tdi 83,12% KSt qud xdc dinh mdt sd tinh chdt cua CTRSH huyfn Kun Bdng duge trinh bdy ttong bang Rdc thdi sinh boat huySn Kim Bang cd dp dm Id 58,3%, dp tto Id 13,8%, tiianh phdn cdc chat de bay hoi Id 80% Nhu vdy, dO dm va dp tro cua rdc thai sinh boat huyfn Kim Bang khd cao NguySn nhan Id thdnh phan chat thai hiiu co rdc thdi sinh boat khd cao, ldm gia tdng dp dm cua hdn hgp rdc thdi Dd tto cda rdc thai sinh hoat huyfn Kim Bdng kha cao Id thdnh phan chat tto khdng chdy (ttong cdc chdt thdi khdc) chiSm ti IS ldn Dp tto vd dp dm Idn Id nhiing yeu td khdng thudn lgi xu li rac bang phuong phap ddt (dac biet Id dot thu hdi nang lugng), ehiing ldm gidm thdnh phdn chat chdy ciia rdc Bang Ket qua xac dinh m^t so tinh chat cua CTRSH huy|n Kim Bang STT Tinh chat Do am {%) DO tto (%) Thanh phan chat de bay hai (%) Nhoml Nhom Nhom Trung binh 57.5 13.5 59.3 15.1 58.2 10.0 58.3 13.8 80 79 85 80 3.3 Tiem nang nhiet tri Bang trinh bay kdt qua udc tinh tiSm nang nhift tri cua chdt thdi ran huyfn Kim Bang dya ttSn ba cdng thiic kinh nghiem tinh toan tiSm ndng nhift tri dya ttSn thdnh phan cua CTRSH Ket qud udc tinh eho thdy cd su khdc bift giiia ba cdng thirc tinh Cdng thiic tinh cua AbuQudais and Abu-Qdais (2000) dya ttSn thdnh phan nhua vd gidy Ddy Id nhiing phdn ehinh sinh nhift Iugng ttong qud trinh thiSu thot Tuy nhien cdng thiic cd bd qua mdt sd phdn khdc ciing sinh nhift lugng d mtic thdp nhu da, vai, cao su Do vdy, cdng thiic ndy cho kSt qua thdp hon so vdi hai cdng thiie cdn Igi Gia tri tiem nang nhift lugng cao cua CTRSH huyfn Kim Bang la khoang tir 10 - 15 MJ/kg va gia tri tidm ndng nhift lugng thdp khoang 2,6 - 4,9 MJ/kg KHOA HOC K? THUiT THUY LQl VA Mdl TRlrtfflC - S6 59 (12/2017) nang / jvei qua mrc n u n tiem nang nhiet tri cua CTRSH huyfn Kim Bang Fhtfffng phap tinh Abu-Qudais and Abu-Qdais (2000) (Cong thilc 1) Kathiravale et al (2003) (Cong thiic 2) Uson et al (2012) (Cong thuc 3) HHV (MJ/ke) LHV (MJ/ks) Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom Nhom 9.6 10.3 10.0 2.6 2.9 13.4 11.8 11.1 4.0 3.4 3.1 14.8 14.9 14.4 4.9 4.9 4.7 Nhift tri cd liSn quan tdi qud trinh sinh nhift ttong chdy Mdt chat thai cd nhift tri khdng ddng ke thi ddt khdng phdi la gidi phdp xu Iy phil hgp Do dd, chdt thai dS ddt phdi ddp iing mpt sd ySu cdu co bdn Ndi chung, mpt chat thdi cd nhiet tri thdp hon 2,3 MJ/kg thi khdng ed kha nang ddt Dac bift, nhift tri thdp ciia chdt thai phdi trSn miic tdi thiSu khdng duge nhd hon MJ / kg mudn ddt thu hdi nang lugng (Rand et al., 1999) Cac udc tinh vS gid tri ndng lugng eua CTRSH huyfn Kim Bdng nghien ciiu cho thdy LHV khd thap vd vife thu hdi nang lugng tir vifc d6t cdc chat thdi dd khdng ed hifu qud NguySn nhdn Id nhya va giay, bia cd hdm lugng bay hoi cao dan tdi gid tti nang lugng cao Tuy nhien, cac thdnh phdn ndy chiSm ty trpng khd thdp ttong tdng lugng rdc thdi sinh boat huyfn Kim Bdng (3,15% va 5,02%) Mat khdc, dp dm vd dp tro eao eung lam gidm hifu 2.8 qua cua qud ttinh dot KET LUAN Hifn t^, miic phdt thdi trung binh tai huyfn Kim Bang tinh Hd Nam Id 0,5 kg/ngudi/ngdy, tuong duong vdi 21.747 tdn/ nam DSn nam 2025, Iugng CTRSH thu gom dugc khodng 37.794 tdn/nam vd 58.711 tin/nSm img vdi miic gia tang ti If phdt thai 6% vd 12%, tdng 74 % va 170% so vdi ndm 2016 va 2017 Rac thai sinh ho^t bao gdm 50,41% chdt thdi thyc phdm; 16,34 chdt thdi vudn; 5,02% gidy, bia; 3,15% nhua; 4,11% vdi vyn, da, cao su; 3,77% go; 1,35% thiiy tinh; 0,36% kim loai; 15,51% cac chdt khac Dp dm, dp tro vd thdnh phdn chat de bay hoi tuong iing la 57.5%, 13.5% va 80% Gid tri tiem ndng nhift lugng cao cua CTRSH huyfn Kim Bang la khoang - MJ/kg vd gia tri tiSm ndng nhift Iugng thap khodng 2,6 4,9 MJ/kg TAI L i f u THAM KHAO Bd TN&MT(20I1), Bdo edo mdi tru&ng quoc gia ve chdt thdi rdn nam 2011, HdNoi Bp TN&MT(2016), Bflo cdo hien trgng mdi truong qude gia giai dogn 2011 -2015, HdNpi UBND huyfn Kim Bdng (2016), Bdo cdo tinh hinh thu gom, thu phi v$ sinh mdi tru&ng ddi v&i rdc thdi sinh hogt ndm 2015 Bao cao sd 16/BC-UBND, huyen Kim Bang, Ha Nam UBND tinh Hd Nam (2013), Quyit dinh sd 26/2013/QD-UBND ngdy 27 thdng ndm 2013 vi "Quy dinh cdng tde td chuc qudn ly thu gom, van chimin vd xu ly rdc thdi sinh hogt tren dia bdn tinh Hd Nam, Ha Nam UBND tinh Hd Nam (2017a), Thdng bdo ki hogch hogt ddng tr& lgi cua Nhd mdy xu li rdc thdi cua Cdng ty edphdn Mdi truang Ba An tgi Thung Ddm Gai, Thanh Thuy, huyen Thanh Liim, Ha Nam UBND tinh Hd Nam (2017b), Dy thdo bdo cdo tinh hinh thu gom, van chuyin vd xu ly rdc thdi ti-en dia bdn tinh Ha Nam Abu-Qudais, M and Abu-Qdais, H (2000) "Energy content of municipal solid waste in Jordan and its potential utilization" Energy Conversion & Management, Vol 41, pp 983-991 ASTM D5231 - 92 (2003), Standard Test Method for Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste ASTM International, US KHOA HQC K? THUAT THIJY LQI VA Mdl TRUING - Stf 59 (12/2017) ASTM D3173, Standard Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke, ASTM International, US ASTM D3174, Standard Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal, ASTM Intemational, US ASTM D3175, Standard Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal, ASTM Intemational, US Kathiravale, S., Yunus, M., Sopian, K., Samsuddin, A and Rahman, R (2003) "Modeling the heating value of Municipal Solid Waste" Fuel 82, 1119-1125 Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2012) Bioenergy conversion factors, https://bioenergy.oml.gov/ papers/misc/energy_conv.html, accessed date 13/4/2017 Rand T., Haukohl J., Marxen U., (1999) Municipal solid waste incineration -A Decision Maker's Guide, Technical guidance report prepared by the staff of the Worid Bank, Washington, D.C, U.S.A Usdn, A., Ferreira, G., Vdsquez, D., Bribidn, I and Sasti^sa, E (2012) "Estimation ofthe energy content ofthe residual fraction refused by MBT plants: a case study in Zaragoza's MBT plant" Joumal of Cleaner Production, 20, 38-46 Abstract: DETERMINATION OF COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTES O F KIM BANG DISTRICT, HA NAM PROVINCE Kim Bang district is one ofthe important areas in the socio-economic development strategy of Ha Nam province At present, 98% of Kim Bang's domeste solid waste is diposal of in unhygienic landfills, causing bad impacts on people and the environment This research identifies and predicts the level of emissions, composition and characteristics ofthe domestic waste in Kim Bang district to provide a scientific basis for determining suitable treatment methods The load counting method was applied to determine the waste emissions American ASTM standards were used to identify the waste composition and characteristics Heating values were estimated from empirical models The results reveal that the average emission in Kim Bang district is 0.5 kg/person/day By 2025, the collected waste volume will increase by 83.3% to 163% compared to that of 2016 The domestic waste includes 69.8% of food, garden and wood wastes; 8.17% paper, paperboard and plastics; 4.11% rags, leather, rubber; 3.77% wood; 1.71% glass and metal; 15.51% other substances The moisture, ash and volatiles contents are 57.5%, 13.5% and 80%, respectively The high and low heating values are approximately 10 - 15 MJ/kg and 2.6 - 4.9 MJ/kg correspondingly With the above waste characteristics and components, the energy recovery from incineration of this waste are not effective Keywords: Kim Bang, domestic solid waste, waste composition, waste characteristics, heating value Ngdy nhdn bdi: 07/11/2017 Ngdy chdp nhdn ddng: 20/12/2017 KHOA HOC K? THUAT THOY Lffl VA MOI TfOjifHC • $6 59 (12/2017) ... bao cdo "Bdo cdo tinh hinh thu gom, thu phi vf sinh mdi trudng ddi vdi rdc thdi sinh ho^t nam 2015" eua UBND huyfn Kim Bang, ti If tiiu gom rac thai sinh hoat tai cdc xa thude nhdm chi d^t khoang... so vdi dan sd nam 2017 Ddn s6 tdng dan den Iugng CTRSH cua huyfn Kim Bang phdt sinh tdng ISn ddng kS DSn nam 2020, lugng CTRSH thu gom dugc khoang 27.117 tdn/ndm vd 31.986 tan /nam iing vdi miic... SOLID WASTES O F KIM BANG DISTRICT, HA NAM PROVINCE Kim Bang district is one ofthe important areas in the socio-economic development strategy of Ha Nam province At present, 98% of Kim Bang''s domeste
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