Đánh giá chất lượng khí thải ô tô, xe máy khi thử công nhận kiểu

Tuyen tdp b^o cao khoa hoc Hoi nghi Khoa hoc ky thuat Do lufing toan quo'c iSn thur IV Hd Ndi, 11-2005 i DANH GIA CHAT LUONG KHI THAI TO, XE MAY KHI THIJT CdNG NHAN KIEU Pham Minh Tudn, Pham Hitu Tuyen, Trdn Quang Vinh, Trdn Ddng Qudc Bd mdn Dong ca ddt trong, Khoa Ca khi, Trudng Dai hgc Bdch Khoa Hd Ndi Tdm tdt: Bdi bdo ndy trinh bdy ve he thd'ng thd nghiim cdng nhdn kieu ve thdi d td, xe mdy cdng nhu phuang phdp vd van hdnh cdc thie't bi hi thd'ng tai phdng thi nghiem Ddng ca dd't trong-Trudng Dgi hoc Bdch khoa Hd Ndi Ngodi cdng trinh bdy cdc ki't qud thii nghiem dd'i vdi xe d td FORD LASER GHIA1.8 vd xe mdy HONDA SUPER DREAM nhu Id nhicng ki't qud idig dung ddu tien cua hi thd'ng ndy I DAT VAN DE Khf thai dfing co chfla nhi^u chdt dfic hai nhu CO, NOx, HC (Hidro Cacbon) gdy anh hfldng tfii sflc khoe ngflfii va lam fi nhifim mfii trufing Vi vdy, hdu bet cac nflfic trfin thfi gifii d^u cfi tifiu chudn nhdm ban chfi" Iflgng khf thai phat tfl cac phuang tifin fi tfi, xe may vd Vifit Nam se dp dung tifiu chudn khf thai EUR02 vao 01 thang nam 2007 Mfit loai xe mfii xud't xufing hodc nhdp khdu mufin dugc luu thfing trfin thi trufing cdn phai qua thfl nghifim va phai dat dflgc tifiu chudn khf thai, ggi la thfl cfing nhdn kieu (Approval Test) Chfi dfi lam viec cua cdc phuong tifin lufin thay doi nen thfl cfing nhdn kieu danh gia chdt lugng khf thai theo mfit chu tnnh nhd't dinh mfi phong di^u kifin lam vific thuc tfi, difiu khdc vfii thfl nghifim thai dinh ky cua ddng ki^m la danh gia fi nhflng chfi dfi tinh nham ki^m sodt khf thai cua xe dang Iflu hanh Nfing cac chd't dfic hai khf thai thflfing rdt nhfi, khoang tfl vai chuc dfi^n vai nghin phdn trifiu (trfl CO;), dfi cac thifi't bi d^ phdn tieh cdn cfi phuong phap va chinh xac cao Thang nam 2004 tai trufing DHBK Ha Nfli da khanh thdnh mflt phong thi nghifim hifin dai vfi dflng co dfit vfii cac trang thifi't bi tri gia trifiu USD Chinh phu Ao tdi trg Trong phfing thi nghifim cfi cac trang thie't bi cua hang AVL (Ao) d^ thfl nghifim cfing nhdn ki^u cho xe con, xe tai nhe va xe may theo cdc tieu chudn cua thfi gifii Ddy la cac hfi thfing thfl nghifim hifin dai, dfing bfi, nhdt fi Vifit Nam cho dfi'n va hoan toan ddp flng dflgc yfiu cdu cua Id trinh dp dung tieu chudn khf thai nfii trfin Phong thf nghifim se la thdnh vifin mang Iflfii thu nghifim qufic gia chinh thflc ap dung tifiu chudn EURO Bdi bdo trinh bdy v6 hfi thfing thfl nghifim khf thai tfi, xe may noi trfin cung nhu phuong phdp va vdn hanh cac thifi^t bi hfi thfing Ngoai cung trinh bay cdc kfit qua thfl nghifim dfii vfii xe fi tfi FORD LASER 1.8 va xe may HONDA SUPER DREAM nhu la nhiJng kfi't quaflngdung ddu tifin cua hfi thfing ndy 603 n M TA HE TH6NG VA PHUDNG PHAP DO He tho'ng thur nghiem thai xe to va xe tai nhe v(kin Giai Giai 1^ doan I Xe fi tfi trufic thfl nghifim cdn ddt doann phong chudn bi de quen vfii nhifit dfl, ap sudt va dm phfing thfl Khi thfl xe dflgc keo lfin hai lan cua bfi thfl Phdn mfim CESAR dieu khi^n boat — 4x1 — 60 dflng chung cua toan bfi hfi thfing Ngflfii lai difiu khi^n xe chay theo chu trinh nhdt dinh dugc hi^n thi trfin man hinh hfi trg (hinh I) Khi thai tfl fing xa cua fi tfi se di vao he thfing CVS va pha trfin vfii khfing khf sach mfii trufing tao thdnh khf pha loang, luu Hinh Chu trinh thfl Chdu dfing cua dfing CVS dugc tao bfii quat Au ECEIS+EUDC htit dat fi cufii he thfing Mgt phdn nho khf pha loang dflgc l^y vd chfla cdc tui theo ttmg pha cua chu trinh thfl Khi chu trinh thfl kfit thflc, tu phdn tfch thai se ldy cac tfli khf d^ phdn tich ham lugng cac chdt - Hfi thfing bao gfim khfii thifi^t bi chinh sau (hinh 2): Khfii bang thfl dfing Iflc hgc Chassiss Dynamometer vfii dflfing kfnh ldn la 48"; khfii ldy mdu vfii thfi tfch khfing dfii CVS gfim bfi Igc khflng khf, fing pha loang, bfi !dy mdu chdt thai dang hat PTS (Particulate Sample), fi'ng Venturi, tu dung tui khf, quat hut, cac dufing fing ddn va khfii phdn tfch khf thai CEBII (Combustion Emission Bench II) / n n^ r^ i/lM , n\ Quat h] Kh6'i Chassis Dynamometer Hinh Su he thd'ng thfl nghiem thai xe va xe tai nhe 604 /I Hinh He thong thfl nghiem thai xe va xe tai nhe tai phfing thi nghiem dong co, DHBK Ha Npi a Khd'i bang thif dong luc hpc Chassiss Dynamometer " Bang thfl dfing Iflc hgc Chassiss Dynamometer " cfi chfle ndng mfi phong di^u kifin mdt dufing xe lan bdnh tai chfi phfing thfl nghiem Hfi thfi'ng bdng thfl dugc thifi't kfi vfii mfit dfing co difin xoay chifiu dat fi gifla hai ldn - Mc dinh td'c dd cda xe Tfic dfi cua xe dugc xdc dinh qua tfic dfi cua ldn bdng bfi cam bifin ki^u quang hgc dugc gdn fi ddu true cua ldn - Md phdng cdc luc cdn xe chuyen ddng Cac luc can xe chuydn dfing FRL dugc quy vfi di^m tifip xuc gifla banh xe va lan (hinh 4) va dflgc tao trfin nguyfin ly phanh difin xoay chifiu Stato cua dfing co difin xoay chifiu dugc dat Hinh Mo phong luc can tren lan tu tren hai gfii true, co th^ quay tuong dfii voi rfito Khi ldn quay quanh true kfio rfito quay theo, tac dung tuong bfi vfii tfl tnrfing cua rfito nfin stato cfla dfing co difin chiu luc tfl va cfi xu hflfing xoay theo chi^u quay cfla rflto, luc tuong hfl dugc bdng mflt cam bie'n luc Luc FRL dugc tao va thay dfii nhfi su thay dfii cufing dfl dfing difin stato Luc FRL dugc xac dinh theo cfing thflc: ' RL(Road li>ad) = FQ + FpV + Fj.v^ ± mD.e„.a + m.g.sina Trong do: FQ (N) : Luc ma sat tmh, F^ dfic ldp vfii tfic dfi F], F2: cdc hfi sfi bdc nhd't va bdc hai cfla vdn toe xe, mfi ta luc can khflng khf mo;t„: khfii Iugng ddt trfin bang thfl mfi phfing tai trgng cua xe a: gia tfic cua xe m: Khfi'i lugng cua xe [kg] g: Gia tfic trgng dufing [m/s^]; g = 9,81 m/s^ a : Dfi dfic dufing [°] 605 b Khfi'i lay mau vfii the tich khfing doi CVS (Constant Volume Sample) Hfi thfi'ng CVS (hinh 5) cfi nhifim vu pha trfin thai vfii khfing dugc Igc sach tfl mfii trufing tao pha loang nhdm mfi phong difiu kifin phdt thai cua khf thai mfii trufing vd tranh hifin tugng ngung tu hoi nflfic khf thai dfing co Luu dfing cua dfing hfi thfing dugc tao bfii quat hut, luu lugng cua khf pha loang dugc gifl khfing dfii nhfi fing Venturi Phia trufic fing Venturi cfi cam bifin nhifit do, dp sudt khf va ddu l^y mdu khf di vao cac tfli khf Ong pha loang cfi nhifim vu pha trfin thai dfing co vfii khfing khf mfii trufing nhdm mfi phfing di^u kifin thflc tfi vdn hdnh cua xe Dieu ddc bifit cdn thifit dfii vfii dfing co diesel vi mfit phdn chdt thai dang hat P-M dugc hinh sau khi thai ngoai mfii trufing Do vdy fing pha loang cfla dfing co diesel cdn cfi kfch thflfic lfin hon cua dfing co xdng Pha loang khf thai tranh bifin tugng ngung tu hoi nufic trfin dufing fing lam sai lech kfi't qua phdn tfch Hlnh 6ng Venturi Quat hiit tfng lim loang thai ddng c a diesel Til chiia cac tui mSu i=r* Thift hi xdc dinh luu luong khf pha loang {6ng Venturi) Thi^t bi iry xac dinh P-M dng pha loang thai dOng C0 x5ng Dudng vko khf thai ddng CO diesel Ducmg^ vao thai d6ng CO xang mhx Hinh Hfi thong Idy mka vOi the tich k h o n g doi C V S Thie't bi xdc dinh luu luang hfi thfing CVS la fing Venturi (hinh 6) d^ xdc dinh vd gifl cfi dinh luu lugng dong n g Venmri Ifiti nhdt hfi thfing co luu lugng fi di^u kifin tifiu chudn Id 20mVphut, quat hflt khf pha loang cfi Iflu lugng la 23mVphdt Nhu vdy dfing khf qua hgng fing Veturi lufin dat tfic dfi dm " • va dugc gifl khfing dfii Luu lucftig dong qua hgng Venturi dugc tinh theo cfing thflc: Qv=Kv- Pv Trong dd: Qv: Lim luong cua pha loang Ky! hd sd, dac tnmg cho tdng dng Ventuii, nha chd tao quy dinh Hinh Tu phan tich Ithi thai CEBII 606 Pv, Ty: dp sudt, nhifit dfi cfla dong khf phfa trufic fing Vemri Phia trflfic fing Venturi ddt mfit ddu ldy mdu d^ chfla vao cdc tui khf Tu chda mdu gfim cfi tui chfla cdc khf mdu cua dfing co xang, dfing co diesel va khfing pha loang flng vfii pha cua chu Uinh thfl Trufic ldy mdu mfii, cac tui dugc lam sach bang cdch thfii va hut nen nhi^u ldn D^ tranh nfi v9 tui, cac cam bifi^n vi trf tfli se bao dgng tui qua cang Bd lay mdu chdt thdi dgng hgt PTS dat fi cu^ fing pha loang dfi'i vfii dfing cO diesel de ldy mdu chdt thai dang hat Bfi PTS co Igc gidy tuong ihig vfii pha cua chu trinh thfl Khi mdu dugc hflt qua gidy Igc, cac phdn dang hat se bi giu lai Khfii lugng cac hat dugc xac dinh bang cdn difin tfl Micro Balance Bd loc khdng pha lodng loc sach cac tap chdt co hgc va han chfi tfii da cdc phdn fl nhifim cfi khflng khf trufic boa trfln vfii thai dfing co c Hfi tho'ng phdn tich thai CEBII (Combustion Emission Bench II) (hmh 7) Hfi thfing CEBII phdn tich phdn cae chdt CO, CO;, NO, NO^, HC cfi Uong khf thai dfing co Mfii bfi phdn tfch dugc chia dai do, my vao ham lugng thuc tfi cac chdt cfi thai md bfi phdn tich se tu chgn dai phu hc^ D^ dam bao dfi chinh xac cfla phep do, cdc bfi phdn tfch dugc hifiu chudn trufic bfii chd't khf hifiu chudnflngvfii tflng dai Bd phdn tich CO (CO2) cfi nhifim vii xac dinh phdn CO (COj) bdng phflong phap hdp thu tia hfing ngoai Khi chifi^u tia hfing ngoai qua hfin hgp khf, lia se bi CO (CO;) hfin hgp hdp thu vd yfi'u di Thflng qua mflc dfi suy giam cfla tia dflgc se xdc dinh hdm Iflcmg CO hfin hgp khf mdu Bd phdn tich HC xdc dinh thdnh phdn HC bdng phuong phap ion hfia nggn Ifla Khf mdu dugc phun vao nggn Ifla hy-drfi, cac phdn tfl HC se chdy va bi i-fin hod Cflfing dfi dong i-fin dugc xac dinh ty Ifi vfii thdnh phdn HC mSu thfl Bd phdn tich NO^ xac dinh phdn NO^ bdng phuong phdp quang hod Mdu thfl di qua bfi xuc tac nhifit, tai ddy NOj bi phdn buy NO vd Oj, sau dfi khf mdu vfii NO dugc dua vao bfi phdn phdn tfch quang boa Tai ddy NO se tac dung vfii O3 tao NO2 cfi mflc nang lucmg cao, tfin tai thfii gian ngdn, nhay v^ mflc ndng lugng thdp va phdt tia bfle xa Cufing dfl bfle xa dugc se phan anh phdn NO^ mdu thfl ban ddu He tliong tliur nghifim thai xe may (hlnh 8) Hinh Phong thu thai dfing coxe may 607 Hd thdng thi nghidm thai xe may cung bao gdm cac thiet bi mong tu nhu hd thdng thvt nghidm thai xe d td, chi khac mdt sd didm sau: - Dudng kinh lan hd thdng Chassis Dyno la 20" - Hd thdng CVS cd Imi luong tdi da la 12m7phut - Ti chda mSu cd tdi, dd tui ddng de chiia pha loang ddng co xSng va tui dung chda khdng mdi trudng III MOT s d BCET QUA THlTNGHIEM Vdi cac trang thidt bi ndi trdn, nhdm tac gia da tidn hanh thi nghidm phan tich thai ciing nhu tinh toan sudt tidu hao nhidn lidu tai phdng thi nghidm ddng co theo tidu chuSn EUR02 ddi vdi xe d td FORD LASER GHIA 1.8 Cdng ty Ford Vidt Nam san xuit va xe may HONDA SUPER DREAM Cdng ty Honda Vidt Nam san xuit Kdt qua phdn tich thai xe FORD LASER GHIA 1.8 theo chu trinh thi ECE15+EUDC (bangl) Chu trinh thi ECEIS+EUDC ap dung cho xe vh xe tai nhe; thdi gian chu trinh 1^ 1220 giay gdm pha; chidu dai quang ducmg la 11,007 km; tdc dd trung binh 33,6km/h; tdc dd ldn nhit 120km/h Bdng 1: Ket qua phan tich thai ddi vdi xe td Ford Laser Ghia 1.8 HC NOx HC + NOx CO C02 Suit tiSu hao nhiSn lidu ^^ft [g/km] [g/km] [g/km] [g/km] [1/lOOkm] 0.162 0.109 0.271 0.714 161.545 6.809 0.500 2.200 OK OK Kd't qua phan ti'ch cho thiy cha't luong thai dat tieu chuin EUR02, suit tidu hao nhidn lidu phd hop vdi thdng sd cia nha san xuit Ke't qua phin tich thai xe may HONDA SUPER DREAM theo chu tnnh thi ECE-R40 (bang 2) Chu ttinh thi ECER40 ap dung cho xe may cd dung tl'ch xylanh ldn hon 50cm'; thdi gian chu trinh la 1210 giiy; chidu dai quang dudng la 4,052km; tdc dd ldn nhit 50km/h Bdng 2: Ke't qua phan tich thai dd'i vdi xe may Honda Super Dream i^^^^? ^ ^ ^ HC NOx HC+NOx CO C02 SuSt tieu hao nhien lieu [g/km] [g/km] [g/km] [g/km] [g/kml [1/lOOkml 0.077 0.677 4.685 29.069 1.600 0.300 1.500 5.500 ^ OK OK OK Vdi kdt qua cha't lupng thai dat tidu chuin EUR02, suit tidu hao nhidn lidu la 1,6 lit phi hpp vdi Catalog 608 rv KET LUAN Han chd lupng phat thai t i ddng co d td xe miy t i xuit xudng la rit cSn thid't nham bao vd mdi trudng va sic khoe ngudi Diy cung la didu kidn d^ Vidt Nam cd thd hoa nhip dupc vdi cac nude trdn thd gidi Kdt qua thi nghidm & trdn cho thiy cac ddi tupng thi dd dat tieu chuin EUR02 thi cdng nhin kidu Cac trang thiet bi tai phdng thi nghidm Ddng CO dd't dap ing diy du cac ydu ciu thi nghidm thai theo Id trinh ap dung tidu chuin Chiu Au vd thai vao thing 7/2007 Ngoai cic trang thidt bi cung rit cin thie't nghien ciu va phit tridn ddng co Tdi lieu tham khdo: [1] Phgm Minh Tudn: Chuyen di thdi ddng ca vd nhiem mdi Irudng, 11/2000 [2] TCVN 7357:2003: Phuang lien giaa thdng dudng bg-Khi thdi gdy d nhiim phdt tit md td lap ddng co chdy cudng bdc - Yeu cdu vd phucmg phdp thd phi duyet kiiu [3] AVL Document, 2000 [4] K.Engeljehringer, Phgm Nggc Td: Automotive Emission Measurement System for Emission Start-up Countries, Bdo cdo Hdi nghi ICAT 2002 609 ... thur nghiem thai xe to va xe tai nhe v(kin Giai Giai 1^ doan I Xe fi tfi trufic thfl nghifim cdn ddt doann phong chudn bi de quen vfii nhifit dfl, ap sudt va dm phfing thfl Khi thfl xe dflgc keo... mfim CESAR dieu khi^ n boat — 4x1 — 60 dflng chung cua toan bfi hfi thfing Ngflfii lai difiu khi^ n xe chay theo chu trinh nhdt dinh dugc hi^n thi trfin man hinh hfi trg (hinh I) Khi thai tfl fing... Quat h] Kh6''i Chassis Dynamometer Hinh Su he thd''ng thfl nghiem thai xe va xe tai nhe 604 /I Hinh He thong thfl nghiem thai xe va xe tai nhe tai phfing thi nghiem dong co, DHBK Ha Npi a Khd''i bang