Tap chf Khoa hoc va C6ng nghS Bien; Tap 14, So 3; 2014: 280-288 DOI: 10.15625/1859-3097/14/3/3907 http://www.vjs.ac.vil/mdex.php/jmst D A N H GIA C H A T LirONG MOI TRlTdNG NtTCiC SONG NHUE DOAN Ttr DAU NGUON TOI C A U CHIEC Vu Thi PhuOTig Thao Dai hoc M6-Dia chat Ha Noi Email: vtpthaol975@gmail.com Ngay nhan bai: 17-4-2014 TOM TAT: Bdo cdo ndy nghien cim hien trgng chdt luang nudc song Nhue (dogn tir ddu nguon tdi Cdu Chiec - dogn nhdn nudc thdi chinh ctia thdnh phd Hd Noi) thdng qua cdc thong sd chdt luang nudc thdi gian 2011-2013 KSt qud nghien cuu cho thdy hdm luang cdc chdt him ca, cdc chdt dinh dudng vd coliform diu cao han nhiiu ldn so vdi quy chudn cho phep (QCVN 8/2008 logi Bl • Loai nudc cdp cho ndng nghiep) Hdm luang COD cd chd cao gdp 4,5 ldn tieu chuan Bl, hdm luang amoni cd nai cao gdp chuc ldn tieu chudn Bl cdn mgt coliform cd nai cao gdp 20 ldn tieu chudn Bl So vdi mdt sd bdo cdo khde ve chdt lupng nudc sdng Nhue nhu Bdo cdo cug Tdng cue moi tnrdng (ndm 2010) thi tinh trgng d nhiem song Nhue dd cd dau hieu gidm a tdt co cdc diim vdi hdu het cdc Ihdng sd Tuy nhien hdm luang cdc chdi him ca cdc muoi dmh duang, coliform tdng sd vdn cdn khd cao, khdng dii diiu kien cdp nudc cho ndng nghiep De chdt luang nudc sdng Nhue bdt d nhiem han nira, viec ngo vet long sdng thuang xuyen thu gom nudc thdi ciia cdc aim ddn cu, cdc khu ldng nghi xu ly sa bd tnrdc xd thdi vdo ddng sdng, tuyen truyin di ndng cao y thuc bdo ve mdi truang ciia ngudi ddn Id nhirng viec ldm cd hieu qud nhdm ndng cao chat luang nudc ddp img nhu cdu nudc sach cho viing luu vuc sdng Tir khda: Chdt luang nudc, sdng Nhue, tieu chudn cho phep, d nhiim vi sinh, d nhiim him ca MO DAU La phu luu ctia song Day, co chieu dai 72 km, song Nhue bat dau t i c6ng Lien Mac chay qua quan huyen ciia ph6 va d vao song Day ciia tinh Ha Nam tai cau Phu Ly []] Song Nhue doan chay qua ph5 Ha Npi dai 64 km, chay qua cac quan Cm Giay, Ha Dong, huyen Tir Liem, Thanh Tri, Hoii Diic, Thucmg Tin,,Thanh Oai, Phii Xuyen, xua la_ nguon nuoc cap quan trpng cho cac hoat dpng song cua cu dan viing luu vuc, la nguon cap nuoc cho nhiJng canh dong nong nghipp rpng lan cung cap cac san pham nong nghiep cho Ha Npi Dien tich viing luu vuc khoang gan 7.700 km' hien la noi cu tni cua khoang gan 10 tneu n^uoi Day la khu vuc co mat dan so cao nhat ca nuoc, hon mot trieu nguai/km^ cung la vung co su phat trien kinh '^."^ *•'' " ' " ' ° ' ' '=''°"S kem theo tinh trang *.' ''"^ " ' " ' ' ™'' Khoang hon chuc nam tro lai '^^X' "^'" ''™ **' P''*' '^'!™8 kien hien tuong ™?^ ^°°8 co mau den, boc miii hoi thoi va ca "'"'^^ ''^"^ loat noi tren mat song Chat lugng ™?' '™ong nuoc song da bi xuong cap ' ^ m trpng Nguyen nhan chfnh gay nhiem cho dong song Nhue la cac nguon nuoc thai chua qua xu ly hoac xir ly chua dat tieu chuan cho phep xa true tiep song Do la cac dong thai tit khoang 40 lang nghS nim ven song hoac gan song nhu det Van Phuc, det in hoa La N6i, cha gio Uoc Ll, bun Thanh Luong, g6m sir Bat Trang Cac dong thai cung nhu cac hoat dpng san xuSt ciia no mang tinh tu phat voi quy Danh gia chat lucmg mdi tmdng nudc md khdn^ ldn, dan xen vdi khu sinh hoat, bao gdm nhieu ngu6n thai phan tan tiong pham vi nhiing khu vuc rgng ldn, la nhirng ngudn thai rat kho kiSm soat [2] Cimg vdi nhihig ddng thai mang dam net dae thu eiia boat dgng san xuat theo nganh nghe va loai hinh san phSm do, sdng Nhue edn "ganh" tron ven 600.000 m^ nudc thai/ngay dem cua Ha Noi vdi khoang han tri?u dan sinh song, gom rat nhieu loai hinh nude thai sinh boat, b?nh vien, dich vu chua qua xu l^ va9 Do do, sdng Nhue dam dac hoa chat va chat thai hiiu ca Viec lay raau nudc song duae thirc hien vao dgt moi nam tai vi tri tren sdng Nhue tu dap Lien Mae den Cau Chiec (hinh 1) vao cac nam 2011, nam 2012 va nam 2013 Toa cua di6m lay mlu dugc xac dinh bang thiet bi dinh vi toan eau GPS (bang 1) Tang nudc thu mlu la tang nudc mat Song Nhue bi^o nhilm nang n6 nhung d§n cu quanh vimg vin diing nude song Nhue d% tudi cho nhiing canh dong nong nghiep Lieu chat lugng nudc song Nhue eo an toan dk cung cap cho muc dich nay^khong? Cau tra ldi n5ra d ket qua nghien cdu ve thue trang nudc song bi nhiira da dugc phan anh qua cac thong so ehat lugng nudc dugc thu thap_ sudt thdi gian nam vdi 15 dgt ldy mau va phan tieh mau nudc song TAI LIEU VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU Vi tri, thdi gian, t^ng nir&c thu mau Hinh Cac vi tii lay miu tien song Nhue Bang I Vi tri va thdi gian lay mau nude STT Vi tri lay m l u Lien Mgc Phuc La Tpadp VTdg 21''05'18" 20''57'24" 20"57'06" 20°56'06" Cau Chiec Kinh dp 105''46'30" 105"47'36" 105''48'42" 105''48'18" 105°50'06" Dung cu, phuang phap thu, bao quan va phan tich mau nud'c Dung cu lay mau la can nhua co dung tich L Phucmg phap thu mau tuan theo quy chuan lay mlu "Hudng din lay mlu d song va omi 27-29/3 Thcfi qian lav m Miia kho Offl Ool 15-17/3 16-18/11 MtianDots 28-29/7 Oali 15-17/9 sudi - TCVN 6663-6:2008" [3] Mau lay xong duge van ehuyen den phdng thi nghiem, dugc bao quan d 4"C va tuan theo TCVN 66631995 Mau duge phan tich phong thi nghiem vdi cac chi tieu va phuang phap theo bang [4] Bang Cac chi tieu phan tich mau nudc va phuang phap phan tieh Chi tieu phan lich HSm liriyng oxy h6a tan (DO) Photphat ( P O / ) (tinh theo P) Coliform till Tfing ct\k rin \a li>ng(TSS) Nhu ciu oxy hoa hgc (COD) Nhu c i u oxy smh hoc (80Di 20°C) Amoni (NH4') (tinh theo N) mg/l mg/l rv1PN/100ml Phifcng phap phan tich TCVN 6492^1999 Do nhanh bSng may i3o chat li/o'ng nu'oc da chi lieu TGA WQC - 22A TCVN 6625-2000 TCVN 6491-1999 TCVN 6001-1995- Phuong phap c^y va pha loang TCVN 5988 -1995 Phu'O'ng phap chung cat va chuan dfi TCVN 6494 -1999 Phi/org phap xac i3|nh orthophosphate hoa tan bing sac k^ long ion TCVN 6167-1 1996 - Phat hi#n va dem vi khuan colifomi Vu Thi Phuong Thao ngu6n nude tir sdng Hdng nen lugng nudc cting nhu chSt lugng nudc phu thugc nhieu vao nudc hd sung tir sdng_ Hong, nudc sdng eo dp Qua cae dot di dilu tia khao sat thuc te due, ham lugng chit r5n la lung cao va dang bi eiing vdi ket qua phan tich mau nude tiong nhilm bdi eae chat hiiu ea, cac mudi dinh nam lien tiie tir cu6i thang 3/2011 den giiia dudng Su nhilm tang dan ddng song tilp thang 11/2013 vao dgt moi nam, nhan thay nhan nudc thai cua Ha Ngi, dac bi§t chat lugng nudc song Nhue bi nhiem kha tai cac dilm Phuc La, Cau To, Cu Da, C§u nang Doan dau nguon song Nhue tir Lien Mac Chile, sau tilp nhan nude tir cac song Cau den trudc diem nhap luu vdi song To Ljch (Cau Nga, Kenh Phii Do, kenh La Khe, co mang To) CO chilu dai khoang 20 krn long song theo nudc thai tir eac boat ddng san xuat ciia tircmg d6i th&ng va co ehieu rgng on dinh tir 30 cac lang nghe nhu lang nghe Van Phuc, Duong - 50 m Doan song co nhirng nhanh nho la Ngi, Bun Phii Dd, cac khu cong nghiep, khu eac muang, kenh dao co chieu dai hi - km thi Mf Dinh, Xa La, benh vien 198, benh phuc vu cho tudi tieu, thoat nude, tiep nhan vien 103 va sdng To Lich vdi lugng nudc thai nudc thai sinh hoat, cong nghiep, eae loai hinh sinh boat cua Ha Ngi khoang 600.000 mVngay djch vu va lang nghe Imi vuc bao gom dem vao khien dong song den dac, hoc miii huyen Tir Liem, quan Cau Giay, quan Ha va bi nhiem nghiem trgng Nudc tren song Dong Tren doan song nay, muc nhiem Nhue tai khu vuc khong du tieu chuan tang dan theo chieu dai doan song Tai Cong nude cap tudi cho nong nghiep Lien Mac la dau ngu6n cua song, nai tiep nhan KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU VA THAO LUAN Bang Kit qua phan tich mau nude song Nhue miia kho va miia mua cac nam 2011-2013 C^c thong soCLN pH TSS COD BODs NH/ PC,'' » Coliform Do^nvl tinh mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/ 100ml MLia mi^a Milia kho Khoang QCVN D8'2008/BTNMT GTTB Al Bl B2 7,18 3,5 36,7 6-8,5 5,5-9 5,5-9 20 50 100 15 - 56 10 30 50 17 15 1,88 0,1 0,5 1,11 6+20 0,15 +3,56 0,21 0,75 0,6 0,1 0,3 0,5 29 639 11 800-71 667 58 959 500 500 10 000 7,14 +7.75 GTTB 7,32 7,0 Khoang 7,5 27,5 *195 45,8 25- 52,5 - 134 88 15 * 30 0,47*3,94 0,08 -2,27 2,2 200- 50 786 25 Trong do; GTGH (Gid tri gi&i hgn) Al- Sir dung lot cho mifc dich cdp nu&c sinh hogt va cdc muc dich A2, BI, B2 GTGH Bl- Dung cho muc dich tu&i lieu thuy lai hogc muc dich B2, GTGH B2- Giao thong thuy hogc cdc muc dich khac v&i yeu cdu chdt luang nu&c thdp Chat Iirgng nirdc song Nhue mua kho Vao cac thang miia kho (cac dgt khao sat 1,2, 5) nudc song doan dau eo mau xanh den, sau ehuyen mau den kit, dong chay thu nho He sinh vat tren mat song quan sat dugc rat ngheo nan, ngoai trir vai ngon rau muong va vai nhanh beo tay thua thdt, rat kho khan de co the bat gap duac nhirng ngudi song bang nghe danh bat thuy sinh vat tren song Nhue, ngoai tru eo vai ngudi cau luon, \A\ ceh, nhai, gan nhu khong eo ngudi danh bit ea d khiic sdng DD[mB/l) • Dotl • OfftZ 50 40 3.0 2.0 10 0.0 • Oats |l Lien M K TCVNfi/2 ^— Ph If 1,1 m r,i i H L_ ± In Al CirDj CauCn rCVNS/ 008 B l -TCVN8/2008 82 Hinh Dien bien ham lugng DO tren sdng Nhue vao miia khd (Dgt 1,2,5) Danh gia chat lugng moi trudng nude eac diem khao sat luon vuat qua ngudng cho phep QCVN 8/2008 loai Bl (hinh 3) Ham lugng COD cao gap 4,5 lan tieu chuan Bl tai Cu Da, gap lan tai Phuc La, Cau To, gap lan d Cau Chiec, gap ddi d Lien Mae BOD5 eao nhat tai Cau To, gap 3,5 lan tieu chuan Bl, BOD5 gap lan gia tri gidi ban Bl tai Phue La, Cu Da, Cau Chiec (3 Lien Mae, BOD5 eao hon gia tn gidi ban Bl vai mg/l (hinh 4) LienMae PhiicLa CauTo CirDa CauChiec TCVN8/2008 A l TCVN8/2008 Bl TCVN 8/2008 B2 Hinh Diln bien ham lugng COD tien song Nhue vao miia kho (Dgt 1,2,5) Ham lugng oxy hoa tan (DO) dugc d sdng NhuS rat thap (hinh 2) Ngoai tru tai e6ng Li8n Mac ham lugng DO dao dgng tir 4,1 den 5,2 tai cac thdi diem khao sat, dat quy chuan nudc mat Vi6t Nara loai nudc cap cho tudi tieu thuy lgi (QCVN 8/26o8loai Bl), d cac diem khac, hara lugng DO luon thap ban QCVN 8/2008 loai Bl Ham lugng DO c6 xu hudng giam dan, tai Phuc La, DO: 1,7 rag/1, Cau Td DO 1,5 rag/1, tai Cu Da 1,2 rag/1 Tai Cau Chiec ham lugng DO tang, nam tiong khoang 2,1 - 2,6 mg/l, nhien van khdng dat dugc muc QCVN 8/2008 loai Bl Ham lugng NH4^ va P04^"rat cao va vugt gia tii gidi lian Bl eua QCVN8/2008 nhilu lan (hinh 5, 6) Ham lugng NH)"^ cao nhat tai Cau To (5,1 mg/l- gap 10 lan gia tri gidi han Bl), tai Cu Da N H / la 3,52 mg/l - gap han lan gia tri gidi han B1 NH4* thap han d cac vi tii lai, tai cau Chile la 1,88 mg/l, tai Phiic La: 1,73 ing/1, thip nhat tai Lien Mac dat 0,67 mg/l, eao gap 1,5 lan gia tri gidi ban Bl NY / ( m g / l ) BOcftl »fWt2 • BfkrtS 1,-1 _ • • • LieiiMac PhiicLa U M 11 H H H CauTo ^—TCVNS/2008 Al CirDa CauChiec TCVN8/2008 Bl T C V N S / 0 B2 Hinh 5.Dien bien ham lugngNHi* tien sdng Nhue vao miia khd Lien Mac Phuc La Can To Cu' Da Cau Chiec -TCVNa/2008 Al - TCVNS/2008 Bl TCVN8/2008B2 Hinh Dien biSn ham lugngBODs tren sdng Nhue vao mua kho Cac thdng sd COD, BOD5 dae trung eho cac mue d nhilm hiiu cq cua thiiy vuc d sdng Nhue cd ham lugng rk cao, vugt quy chuan QCVN 8/2008 loai Bl Cu the, tiong cac dgt khao sat vao mua kho, hara luang COD d Lien Mac Phiic La Cau To Cu" Da Cau Chiec — ^ TCVNS/2008 Al -TCVN8/2008 Bl TCVN8/2008 B2 Hinh Dien bien ham lugngP04 " tren sdng Nhue vao mua kho Vu Thi Phuong Thao Ham lugng P04^" d cac vi tri quan trSe n5m tiong khoang 0,19 - 2,25 mg/l Ham lugng P04^ cao nhat tai Cfiu To = 2,25 mg/l, gdp 7,5 ikn gia tii gidi han B1 P04^' thdp nhit tai Lien Mac, dao dgng khoang 0,19 - 1,21 mg/l Ham lugng POa^" tai eac diem khac nam khoang 0,52 - 2,03 mg/l, gSp doi den lan gia tri gidi han B1 Mat dp coliform tai song Nhue ciing kha cao Vao miia kho, d tat ca cac diem khao sat, mat coliform cao gap den 20 lan gia tri gidi han Bl Mat coliform cao nhat tai Cau To, Cv Da la anh hudng cua cac dong thai sinh hoat tir Ha Ndi dd vao qua song To Ljch (hinh 7) i " 160000 C o t i f o r m ( M P N / 0 m l ) BOPtl • 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 J ••Dots L^ J •• Ll -1 • H •HI In u • •H ^ H H LienMae PhiicLa TCVN8/2008 B l CauTd CirDa Cau Chi« TCVNS/2008 B2 Hinh Dien bien mat Coliform tien song Nhue vao mua kho pH dugc frong mua khd nam khoang 7,2 - 7,6, nudc co tinh kiem yeu, luon nam gia tri gidi ban d tat ca cac dilra khao sat Hara lugng tong chat ran la lirng (TSS) dugc nara khoang 17,7 - 49,5 mg/l, thap han gia tri gidi ban Bl d tat ca eae vi tri khao sat Chat Iirgng nirdc sdng Nhue miia mua So vdi mua kho, vao miia mua, chat lugng nudc sdng Nhue duac cai thien dang kl nudc mua va nudc bo sung tir song Hong pha loang nudc sdng di rat nhieu Trong thdi diem miia mua bat gap rat nhieu ngudi sdng bang nghe chai ludi danh bat ea tom cua dc, chirng to sir song dong song Nhue da phong phu ban miia kho Xuoi dgc theo s6ng, quan sat thiy co nhieu loai ddng vat thuy sinh nhu ca, tdm va thuc vSt nhu rau mudng, b^o tay phu xanh tien nhieu khuc sdng Tuy nhien, qua nhiJng dgt quan sat va qua ket qua phSn tich mSu nudc thi song Nhu? vin hi d nhi6ra nang d doan chay qua khu vuc Ha Npi dung tich va ndng dg cac chat d nhiem co tiong eac ddng nudc thai tir cac lang nghe, cac khu cong nghi8p qua ldn, vugt qua kha nang tu lam sach eua ddng sdng Ham lugng oxy hoa tan (DO) d song Nhue vao mua mua (hinh 8) nhin ehung cao hem nhieu so vdi raua kho DO miia mua cao ban dong chay song dugc bo sung mgt lugng nudc mua ldn kem theo dong chay manh hon iam gia tang qua trinh xao trpn nudc song Tai Lien Mac DO nam tiong khoang 5,5-5,9 mg/l xap xi GTGH Al ciia QCVN 8/2008 Tuy nhien, ddng chay don nhan nude thai td cae quan huyfn Tu LiSm, Cau Giay, Ha Dong thi ham lugng DO giam di nhieu O diem quan trac eon lai ham lugng DO thap ban d Lien Mac, thap nhat d Cu Da (2,3 mg/l), cau To (2,5 mg/l), C^u Chile (2,5 mg/l), d Phuc La cao han (3,2 mg/l) Nhu vay, d diem hara luang DO thap va khong dat GTGH Bl( hinh 8) DO(mg/l) moot 7.0 • Ocrt 6.0 m H 5.0 4.0 3.0 • • M • _• • •I _•• •L-B-_H ^ H 0,0 -1 ! • • • • ,-iB-JH-^.^L 2.0 1.0 - LienMae PhiicLa CauTo ^~TCVN8/2008 Al Cu-Sa CauChiec TCVN8/2008 B l TCVN8/2008 B2 Hinh Diln bien ham lugng DO tien sdng Nhue vao miia mua Cae thdng sd chat luang nudc khac nhu COD, BOD5, P04^", colifomideu thap ban so vdi miia kho, nhien d hau het cac vi tri, cac thdng so vin eao han GTGH B1 Hinh bieu dien ham lugng COD tien song Nhue vao mua raua Hara lugng COD luon Danh gia chat lugng moi trudng nude nam khoang 31-82 rag/1, cao ban GTGH Bl Hara lugng COD cao nhat tai CSu To (82 mg/l - gip gin lin GTGH Bl), thap nhit tai Phiic La (31-44 rag/1), d eae vi tii khac hara lugng COD dat eao gap 1,5 din gip doi GTGH Bl (COD tai Lien Mac 51 mg/l, tai Cu Da 63 mg/l, tai Clu Chile 66 mg/l) Lien Mac Phiic La ^— Cau To Cy Da Can Chiec TCVN8/2008A1 TCVN8/200SB1 TCVN8/2008B2 Hinh Dien bien ham lugng COD tren sdng Nhue vao mua mua Ham lugng BOD5 vao mua mua (hinh 10) cung dat cac gia tri cao han GTGH Bl BOps cao nhat tai Cau Td (27 mg/I - gap gan lan GTGH Bl), thap nhit tai Phue La {ll mg/l), d cac vi tri khac ham lugng BOD5 xap xi gap 1,5 lln GTGH Bl (tai Lien Mac BOD5I7 mg/l, tai Cu Da 21 mg/l, tai Cau Chile 20 mg/l) BODsCmg/l) 30 - vao miia mua, ham lugng NHi^cung nhu ham lugng P04^" thip ban hin so vdi miia kho, lan lugt nam frong khoang tir 0,15-3,56 va tit 0,09-1,33 mg/l (hinh 11, 12) Ham lugng N H / d Cau T6, Cu Da, Cau Chiec kha cao vao cuoi miia mua, gip tii 7- lln GTGH Bl Ham lugng P04^" d Phuc La, Clu Td, Cu Da cung vin rit eao, dac biet la d Clu To la 1,33 mg/l, gip lln GTGH Bl hay Cu Da 1,02 mg/l, gip hon lln GTGH Bl Ham lugng PO4'" thip nhat tai cong Lien Mac va thip hon ea GTGH Al Mat cohform ciing rat cao, cao hem GTGH Bl d tat ca eac vi tri va theo chieu hudng tang dan cho den cuoi sdng, dao ddng tir 1,5 lan (tai Lien Mac) din hay lln (tai Clu To, c l u Chile) so vdi GTGH Bl (hinh 13) pH thudng thap hem mua kho va mang tinh kiem yeu, nam khoang 7,1^7,5 • Dfft3 f-S/'l 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 ô3 _ ãfhrt Jã ãã 11 r•'" P P 1J 1•" 1•"' •'•" UL • • Lien Mac Fhiic La • • Cau To ^ TCVN8/2008 Al — TCVN8/2008 Bl Cir Da TCVN8/2008 B2 Hinh 11 Dien bien ham lugng NH4 tren song Nhue vao mua mua • Otrt Coliforni(MPN/100ml) 80000 moats • 0^ 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 Lien Mac PhiicLa • Cau Chiec CauTo LienMae PIiiicLa -H'CVN8/2008 A l TCVN8/2008 Bl TCVN8/2008 82 Hinh 10 Dien biln ham lugng BOD5 tren sdng Nhue vao mua raua • • -1 H h J1 L •B B • 1• [JKIZMl, BB , W—ML LienMae PhiicLa TCVN8/2008 B l CaLiT6 C^BA CauChiec TCVN8/2008 B2 Hinh 12 Dien bien mat coliform tien sdng Nhue vao raiia raua 285 Vii Thi Phuang Thao PO.Mmg/l) 1.40 • • Dots aOtrt 1.20 1.00 LienMae PhiicLa CauTo TCVN8/2008 A l TCVN8/2008 Bl CvrDa CauChiec TCVN8/2008 I Hinh 13 Dien bien ham lugng P04"'" tren song Nhu? vao mua mua Banh gia chung hifn trang chat Iirong nirdc song Nhu| Ket qua phan tich chat luang nudc nam trd iai day cho thay tai hau het cac vi tii khao sat lay mau phan tich, cac thdng so chi muc nhiem hiJu co cung nhu dinh dudng va vi sinh deu khong dat GTGH Bl cua Quy chuin QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, nudc dung cho muc dich tudi tieu thuy lgi, tham chi d mgt so vi tii nhu Phuc La, Cau Td, Cu Da nudc Cling khdng du tieu chuan de diing lam nudc giao thong thiiy Ham luong eac thong sd chat lugng nude thudng eao gap doi den vai lan, dac biet la ham lugng amoni, mat coliform co the gap den chuc lan GTGH theo quy chuan chat lugng nudc mat Tir dau nguon la cong Lien Mac, nhiem nude song Nhue tang dan theo chieu dai doan song, dac biet sau nhan nudc thai cua quan Ha Dong d Phuc La va nudc tir song To lich d Cau To Dieu the hien ro qua ham lugng eac thong so chat lugng nude Ham lugng DO d Lien Mac vao ea hai miia kho va mua deu dat QCVN loai Bl (4,1 5,9 mg/l) nhung din Phiic La chi la 1,7 mg/l vao miia kho va 3,2 mg/l vao mua mua, rat thap d Cau To (1,5 mg/l vao mua kho va 2,5 mg/l vao mua mua) va Cu Da (1,2 mg/l vao miia khd va 2,3 mg/l vao raiia mua), Cau Chile (2,5 mg/l) Ham luang BOD5, COD, amoni, ciing eo xu hudng tuang tu, xIp xi hoac dat chuan a Lien Mac, khong dat chuan tir Phuc La, eao gap 2-3 lan d Cau To, Cu Da, Dieu chung td nhung anh hudng ro ret cua cac ddng thai tu cae lang nghe, tir ddng song Td Lich mang theo dong thai ciia phd Ha Ngi NhiJiig ddng thai chinh la nguydn nhan khiln cho dong song von tiong xanh xua trd n6n den dac bdi lugng thai da vugt qua kha nang tu lam sach ciia dong song Muc nhiem cd su khac rd ret giiia miia kho va mua mua Miia mua (khoang tir thang den thang 10), muc nudc sdng Nhue len cao dugc bo sung nudc mua va nude tii song Hdng nen nude song Nhue it bi d nhiem han Miia khd la cac thang edn lai, (tu thang 11 den giira thang nam sau), song Nhue chi dugc bd sung mdt lugng nudc rat it di tir song Hong ciing nhu nudc raua Mac du chinh quyen dS co mgt so bien phap tich cue nhu bom nude song Nhue song Hong (d tram Yen Sd) vao miia kho de giam bdt tai trgng d nhiem, 1/3 dung tich dong song van la nude thai vao nen chat lugng nudc song vin bi nhiem nang ne, nudc den dac va luon boc mui hoi thoi Ham lugng cac chat hiru co, cac muoi dinh duang, coliform tang dan theo sudt chieu dai doan song, cang ehung to hau qua ciia nhiing dong nudc thai chua dugc xu ly tu cac boat dgng dan sinh cung nhu tir eac hoat dgng cong nong nghiep, djch vu cua vimg luu vuc tdi chat lugng nudc sdng Nhue la rat nghiem trgng So sanh cac ket qua phan tich tien vdi cac bao cao cong bd trude day ve chat lugng nudc sdng Nhue vao eac nam 2005 [1], hoac chit lugng nudc song Nhue nam 2012 [2] nhan thay: mac dii chat lugng nude song Nhue da duge eai thien nhung thuc sir thi van chua dap ung dugc yeu cau sir dung iam muc dich tudi tieu cho nong nghiep Cu thi, so vdi nam 2006, thi ham lugng DO, COD, BOD5, POj^", amoni, tren sdng Nhue deu dugc cai thi?n dang ke Nam 2005, ham lugng BOD;cao gap gin lln GTGH theo quy chuin QCVN 8/2008 loai Bl thi giaidoan 2011- 2013, BODs cao nhat ciing chi gap gan lan tai Cu Da Ham lugng NH4* nam 2012 cd thi gip tdi hon chuc lln QCVN 8/2008 loai Bl [2] thi frong cac nam 2011- 2013 NH4^ cao nhat tai Clu To cung chi gip 10 lan QCVN 8/2008 loai Bl Theo Nguyen Manh Khai va cdng su [2], mat coliform nam 2012 cd chd vugt den gan 30 lln QCVN 8/2008 loai Bl thi giai doan Danh gia chat lugng mdi trudng nudc 2011- 2013, coliform cao nhit cung ehi gip din 20 lan QCVN 8/2008 lo^i Bl tai Cau Td D I xuit mdt s6 giM phap gi^m thilu nhiem nudc song Nhuf Ngu6n nude song Nhue sach, dap ung tieu chuan cho tudi ti8u la nhu clu cua ngudi dan Nhung nay, su xa thai nudc nhilm qua nhieu vao dong song nen nudc song Nhue khdng dii sach de dap iing eho nhu clu niia De bao ve va nang cao chit lugng nudc song Nhue, ben canh viec tri boat dgng thudng xuyen, xay d\mg va phat triln nhiing cong cu giam sat, kiem soat, phat hien va xu ly cae nguon nudc thai d nhilm de dan dan giam thieu dugc cac nguon thai khong dat chuin vao sdng de nudc sdng khong bi d nhilm them niia Nhin vao thuc te, tu De an tong thi bao ve moi trudng luu vuc s6ng Nhue - sdng Day di vao thuc Men (tir nam 2010), ta thay ehlt lugng nudc sdng Nhue da dugc eai thien Tuy nhien tiong qua tiinh thyc hien gap khong it kho khan va nhiing ton tai doi hoi su phoi hgp chat che ban giiia eac cap, cac nganh.Viec nao vet biin day thudng xuyen, thu gom nude thai ciia cae khu dan cu, lang nghe rdi xu ly so bo, tang cudng cac chuang trinh giao due tuyen truyen de ngudi dan lua chgn phat trien kinh tl theo hudng di ddi vdi bao ve moi trudng tien tdi phat trien ben virng eung can dugc day manh Tinh tiang d nhiSm ciing co the dugc cai thien dang ke neu ap dung mdt so phuang phap sinh hge nhu canh dong lgc, bai lgc ven song da dugc nghien ciru va ap dung de xu ly nudc d nhiem d Viet Nam [5] va nhieu nudc tien the gidi nhu sau: Bai lgc tidng cay; Nudc thai sinh boat dugc thu gom rdi cho chay qua cac bai lgc cay sau dd mdi xa vao song Thuc vat tiong tiong bai lgc thudng la cac loai thue vat thuy sinh than thao song not tien be m^t nudc hoac ngap ban tiong nudc, thudng frong co nln, say, beo tay, beo cai, sen, sung Nhd qua trinh sinh tnrdng cua he thuc vat, vi sinh vSt va cac qua tiirih vat ly nhu: lang, loc, hoc hai ma cac chit nhiem nudc thai dugc xu ly vdi hi|u qua cao Bai lgc ciing co kha nang luu giii tdt mgt sd kim loai nang, khir vi trung bdi biirc xa tu ngoai [6] Hd sinh hgc: la cac thiiy vuc tu nhien hoae nhan tao, vdi quy mo nhd se diln qua frinh ehuyen hda cac ehlt bin Nudc thai sinh boat hi cac khu dan cu se dugc din vao cac h i sinh hgc roi mdi thoat vao song Qua trinh tucmg tu nhu qua trinh tu lam sach frong cae sdng ho tu nhien vdi vai tio ehu ylu la cac loai vi khuIn va tao He thing hd sinh hgc c6 thi loai bd dugc 80% nita Phit dugc loai bo khoi nudc h i dn dinh bang each hip thu vao sinh khdi cua tao, ho hap va lang dgng [7] KET LU^N Qua ket qua nghien cuu nhan thay chat lugng nude sdng Nhue doan tir Lien Mac din Cau Chiec van bj d nhiem nang Dilu thi hien qua ham lugng cac thdng so ehi miic nhiem hiiu ca, dinh dudng, vi sinh khong dat GTGH Bl ciiaQuy chuan QCVN 08:2008/ BTNMT, nude dimg cho muc dich tudi tieu thuy lgi Sy d nhiem nhe d dau nguon (vj tri cong Lien Mae), eac thdng so chat lugng nudc chi xap xi hoac vugt qua chiit it so vdi GTGH Bl, nhung sau sir d nhiem nude sdng Nhue tang dan theo chieu dai doan song, dac biet sau nhan nudc thai ciia quan Ha Ddng d Phuc La va nudc tii sdn^ To lich d Cau Td Ham lugng cac thong sd chat lugng nudc doan tir Phiic La den Cau Chiec thudng cao gap doi den vai lan, dae biet la ham lugng araoni, mat coliforra cd the gap den chuc lan GTGH Bl Nguyen nhan la eac dong thai tir cac lang nghe hai ben bd song, tir dong song To lich raang theo dong thai cua Ha Ngi vdn chua eac chatcos ham lugng rat cao dd vao sdng So sanh eac ket qua phan tich fren vdi cac bao cao cong bd trudc day ve chat lugng nudc song Nhue nhan thay: mac dii chat lugng nudc song Nhue da dugc cai thien la kit qua cua cac bien phap va viec lam han che cac ngudn thai nhiem nhung thuc sy thi van chua dap ling dugc yeu cau su dung iam muc dich tudi tieu cho nong nghiep De chat lugng nudc song Nhue bdt nhiem ban niia, viee nao vet long song thudng xuyen, thu gom nude thai eiia eac cum dan cu, cac khu lang nghe, xu iy so bg trudc xa thai vao dong sdng, tuyen truyen de nang cao y thuc bao ve mdi trudng cua ngudi dan la nhiing viee lara raang lai hieu qua V u Thi P h u o n g T h a o TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O -i^/i^ T.Bo Tai nguyen va Moi truang, 2006 B a o cao Mdi t r u d n g Q u o c g i a 0 ^ „ ^ r^, rr ^ Nguyen Mgnh Khai Nguyen Thi Huyen Trang Nguyen Thiiy Linh, Chu Anh Dao, Pham Manh Con, NguySn Thi Nga, 2012 " N g h i e n c u u c h i t l u g n g n u d c s6ng N h u ? khu v u c Ha N d i " Tap chi khoa h g c D H Q G H N , K h p a hgc tir nhien va cong nghe Tap , s6 S Bg Tdi nguyen va Moi tru&ng, 2008 H u d n g dan lay mau d song va suoi T C V N 6663-6:2008 Bo Tai nguyen vd Moi tru&ng, 2009, Q C V N / 0 / B T N M T - Q u y chuan 1^ ^j^^.^ ^^^ • ^x ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ J^^^ ," „ , „ , , ' i, • • i r r a « D:fc//fl, 2002, Xir ly n u o c thai sinh j^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ b K h o a hgc va ^~ ^^^^^ ^ , '/ „ ^^ _ u • i, u/ r-L D Xanthouhs Leu Tho Bach, Wang Cheng D«an,,//fl«5 firrx, 0 X u ly n u a c tha, chi pW thap N x b X a y d y n g MaraDuncan, 0 D o m e s t i c wastewater ^^^?"^"* „_i?,., ^?^!.T?^ countries Earthscan Publisher, London ASSESSING WATER QUALITY OF NHUE RIVER FROM HEADWATERS TO CAU CHIEC V u Thi P h u o n g T h a o Hanoi University of M a n i n g and G e o l o g y ABSTRACTS: Receiving all of virtually untreated waste water of handicraft villages along river bank and wastewater from domestic sewage, hospital, industries, etc of Hanoi city, Nhue river IS heavily polluted This study provides the current status of water quality of Nhue river by water quality parameters in the years 2011-2013 The study results, show that typical parameters of organic pollution, nutrients and microbial contamination are much higher compared to the permitted standards (QCVN 8/2008 Bl - water supply fi>r agriculture) At some places, COD is times higher than the Bl standard, ammonia concentration is ten times higher than the standard Bl, and coliform concentration is 20 times higher than Bl standard Compared to some other reports on water quality of Nhue river luch as report of Vietnam Environment Administration (2010), the pollution of Nhue River has signal ofredcing al all survey locations However, the concentrations of organic matter, nutrient, total coliform are still quite high, not enough quality for agricultural water supply To reduce polluted level of Nhue riverwater, the regular dredging, sewage collection of residential areas, village areas, preliminary treatment before discharge into rivers and propaganda to enhance environmental protection consciousness of people are effective actions in order to improve water quality to meet clean water needs for river basin region Keywords; contamination Water quality, Nhue river, permitted standard, organic pollution, microbial