TRIET HOC, SO 11 (222), T H A N G 11-2009 *.o NfflfM MOI TOU6NG NUC)C TA fflfN NAYTHUC TRANG VA MOT SO GIAI PHAP KHAC PHUC TRAN DAC HlfiN *' Bdi vie't gdp phdn ldm ro thiic trang d nhiem moi trUdng d nUdc ta tren cdc phUcfng dien: nhiem moi trUdng ddt, niidc vd khdng khi; ddng thdi, phdn tich mot so nguyen nhdn khdch quan vd nguyen nhdn chu quan ddn tdi sii d nhiem mdi trUdng nghiem trpng nhU hien Tren cd sd dd, tdc gid de xudt, ludn chiing mpt he thd'ng cdc gidi phdp nhdm ngdn chqn hieu qud nhiing hdnh vi gdy d nhiem moi trUdng, hUdng tdi cdi thien vd ndng cao ehd't lUcfng mdi trudng sdng qud trinh cdng nghiep hod, hien dqi hod d Viet Nam ien nay, mdt van de ndng bdng, gay ' bfle xuc dfl luan xa hdi ca nfldc la tinh trang d nhiim mdi trfldng sinh thai cac hoat ddng s i n xuat va sinh hoat cua ngfldi gay cang t r i m trgng, de doa trvfe tie'p sfl phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ben vflng, sfl tdn tai, phat trien cfla the he hien tai va tfldng lai Hdn 150 nam trflde, Ph.Angghen tuiig nhic nhd chung ta r i n g , khdng nen qua tvf hao ve nhflng t h i n g ldi cua chung ta dd'i vdi gidi tvf nhien, bdi vi svf that n h i c nhd chung ta hoan toan khdng thd'ng tri dfldc gidi tfl nhien nhfl mdt ke xam lfldc thd'ng tri mdt dan tdc khae, nhfl mdt ngfldi sd'ng ben ngoai the gidi tfl nhien, va tat ca sfl thd'ng tri cfla chflng ta dd'i vdi tfl nhien la d chd chflng ta khae tat ca cac sinh vat khae, biet nhan thfle dfldc nhflng quy luat cua gidi tfl nhien va sfl dung nhflng quy luat dd mdt each dung d i n ( l ) Day la ldi khuyen cao sau sic ma chflng ta c i n nhan thfle va quan triet nghiem tuc hoat ddng thvfc tiin bao ve mdi trUdng T->-'- -• ' ' , Doi Vdl nUdc ta, nhflng nam dau ,., _ ~ ( ) ^'^" SI'Van phong Chinh nhn (i) Xem- C Mac va Ph A V thvfc hien dfldng Id'i dd'i mdi, vi tap trung Nxb Chinh tri Qud'c gia Ha No.""! q l f " f ^' ''^'^' 54 flu tien phat trien kinh te' va cung mot phan nhan thfle h a n che nen chfla chii trgng dung mflc viec g i n phat trien kinh te vdi bao ve mdi trfldng Tinh trang tach rdi cdng tac bao ve mdi trUdng vdi sfl phat trien kinh te - xa hdi diin phd' bien cl nhieu nganh, nhieu cap Tfl dd, din de'n nhflng he qua tieu cvfc ve mdi trfldng, dac biet la tinh trang d nhiem mdi trfldng diin phd bien va cang nghiem trgng, anh hfldng triic tie'p de'n sfl phat ^rien kinh te - xa hdi, cugc sd'ng sinh hoat ^^^ ^on ngfldi Giai quye't van de d nhiim ^^^ trfldng thdi ky day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda hien khdng ^^^ ^^ ^^^ hdi cap thie't dd'i vdi cac cap ^ ^ ^ " ^y- ^^^ doanh nghiep, ma cdn la ^^^^^ nhiem ciia h$ thd'ng chinh tri va ^^^ * ° ^ " ^^ '^^i^ ^ ° n h i i m mdi trUdng d nfldc ta hien ^^^' ^l^^'^ ^^^ ^^" ^ac dinh dd'i tfldng gay ° nhiem, dd chu ye'u la hoat ddng san NHIEM MOI TRl/CJNG NUOC TA HIEN NAY xuat cua cac nha may, lang nghe va sinh hoat tai cac dd thi ldn nhiim mdi trUdng bao gdm loai chu ye'u la: d nhiem dat, d nhiem nfldc va d nhiim khdng khf Trong ba loai d nhiim dd d nfldc ta thi tinh trang d nhiem khdng khf tai cac dd thi ldn, khu cdng nghiep va lang nghe la nghiem trgng nhat, mflc d nhiem vfldt nhieu lin tieu ehuan cho phep Theo bao eao cua Bg Tai nguyen va Moi trfldng, tfnh de'n 20/4/2008 ca nfldc cd 185 khu edng nghiep dfldc Thfl tfldng Chfnh phfl quyet dinh lap tren dia ban 56 tinh, phd' trvfe thugc Trung fldng(2) De'n het nam 2008, ca nfldc cd khoang tren 200 khu cdng nghiep Ngoai ra, cdn cd hang tram cum, diem cdng nghiep dfldc Uy ban nhan dan cac tinh, phd' trvfe thudc Trung fldng quyet dinh lap Theo bao cao giam sat cua Uy ban khoa hgc, cdng nghe va mdi trfldng cua Qud'c hoi, ti le cac khu cong nghiep ed he thd'ng xfl ly nfldc thai tap trung d mot sd' dia phfldng rat thap, CO ndi chi dat 15 - 20%, nhU Ba Ria Vung Tau, Vinh Phuc Mdt sd' khu cdng nghiep cd xay dvfng he thd'ng xfl ly nUde thai tap trung nhUng h i u nhU khdng van hanh vi de giam chi phi De'n nay, mdi cd 60 khu cdng nghiep da hoat ddng cd tram xfl ly nude thai tap trung (chiem 42% sd' khu cdng nghiep da van hanh) va 20 khu cong nghiep dang xay dvfng tram xfl ly nudc thai(3) Binh quan mdi ngay, cac khu, cum, diem edng nghiep thai khoang 30.000 tan chat thai r i n , long, va chat thai ddc hai khae Tai Hdi nghi trien khai De an bao ve mdi trfldng Iflu vvfc he thd'ng sdng Ddng Nai 26/2/2008, cac ed quan chuyen mdn deu CO chung danh gia: ngudn nUde thudc lUu vvfc sdng Sai Gdn - Ddng Nai hien dang bi d nhiim nang, khdng dat chat lUdng mat nUde dung lam ngudn cap nUde sinh hoat Theo sd' lieu khao sat Chi cue Bao ve mdi trUdng phd'i hgp vdi Cdng ty cap nUdc Sai Gdn thvfc hien nam 2008 cho thay, lUdng NH3 (amoniac), chat r i n Id Iflng, d nhiem hflu cd (dac biet la nhiim diu va vi sinh) tang cao tai h i u het cae rach, cd'ng va cac diem xi Cd khu vUe, ham lUdng ndng NH3 nUdc vUdt gap 30 l i n tieu chuan cho phep (nhu cfla sdng Thi Tfnh); ham Iflgng chi nUdc vUdt tieu chuan quy dinh nhieu lin; chat r i n Id Iflng vflgt tieu chuan tfl - lin Tae nhan chu yeu cfla tinh trang d nhiem chfnh la tren 9.000 cd sd sin xua't edng nghiep n i m phan tan, xen ke khu dan cfl tren Iflu vflc sdng Ddng Nai Nhin chung, h i u het cac khu, cum, diem cdng nghiep tren ea nfldc chfla dap flng dfldc nhflng tieu ehuan ve mdi trfldng theo quy dinh Thvfc trang dd lam eho mdi trfldng sinh thai d mot so dia phUdng bi d nhiim nghiem trgng Cdng ddng dan eU, nha't la eae edng ddng dan eU lan can vdi cac khu cdng nghiep, dang phai dd'i mat vdi tham hoa ve mdi trUdng Hg phai sd'ng chung vdi khdi bui, ud'ng nUde tfl ngudn d nhiim chat t h i i cdng nghiep Tfl dd, gay bat binh, d i n de'n nhflng phan flng, dau tranh cua ngfldi dan dd'i vdi nhflng hoat ddng gay d nhiim mdi trfldng Neu cac cd quan chflc nang khdng cd cac bien phap ngan ehan, khie phuc va xfl ly kien (2) Xem: Bp Tai nguyen va Moi trUdng Vdn bdn so^ 67/BC-BTNMT ngdy 25/4/2008 ve tinh hinh sU dung ddt cua cdc khu cong nghiep tren dia bdn cd nUdc (3) Xem; Bp Ke hoach va Dau tU Bdo cao tinh hinh hoat dong cdc khu cong nghiep, khu che xudt vd khu kinh tendm 2008, Ha Npi, 2009 55 TRAN D A C H I E N quyet, kip thdi se lam tang nguy cd gay mat d'n dinh xa hdi Viec phat trien cac lang nghe cd vai trd quan trgng dd'i vdi svf phat trien kinh te xa hdi d cac dia phfldng Tuy nhien, hau q u i ve mdi trfldng cac hoat ddng s i n •xua't d day dfla lai cung cang nghiem trgng Tinh trang d nhiem khdng khf, ehu ye'u la nhien lieu sfl dung cac lang nghe la than, Ifldng bui va khf CO, CO2, SO2 va Nox thai qua trinh s i n xuat kha cao Khdng gian ndng thdn cang bi thu hep dat hi chiem dung de xay dflng cd sd s i n xuat, chfla nguyen vat lieu, chat dd't, s i n pham va nhat la chat thai du cac loai Theo dieu tra lap ban dd lang nghe thu cdng toan qud'c ciia td chflc JICA (Nhat Ban) phd'i hdp vdi Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn, Viet Nam cd 2.017 lang nghe, thu hut khoang 11 trieu lao ddng Cac lang nghe dflge phan bd' rdng k h i p ci nfldc, dd cac khu vflc tap trung phat trien nha't la Ddng bang sdng Hdng, Bac Trung Bd, Tay Bac Bd, Ddng bang sdng Cflu Long Rieng d Ddng bang sdng Hdng cd 866 lang nghe, chiem 42,9%) ea nfldc Do s i n xuat van mang tfnh tvf phat d tflng dia phfldng, khdng ed ke hoaeh, lai thieu mdt cd che quan ly, giam sat eua cac cd quan chflc nang cua Nha nfldc (nha't la cac sd, phdng Tai nguyen - Mdi trfldng), nen cac lang nghe dang phai dd'i mat vdi nhflng thach thfle ldn ve mdi trfldng Tinh trang d nhiem mdi trfldng d mflc nghiem trgng xay d h i u het cae lang nghe; mau nfldc t h i i d cae lang nghe deu vfldt qua tieu ehuan cho phep, nfldc mat, nfldc ngam deu cd dau hieu nhiem Theo bao cao cua Phdng Tai nguyen - Mdi trfldng huyen Hoai Dfle, Ha Ndi, hdn 80% sd' xa huyen cd nghe phu nhflng 56 khdng cd mdt can bd chuyen traeh ve mdi trfldng P h i n ldn cac lang nghe truyen thd'ng sv( dung cdng nghe thu cdng lac hau, chip va, mat b i n g s i n xua't chat chdi; viec d i u tfl xay dvfng he thd'ng xfl ly nfldc thai, khf thai ft dfldc quan tam; y thfle bao ve mdi trfldng sinh thai, bao ve sfle khoe cho chfnh minh va cho cdng ddng eua ngfldi dan lang nghe nhin chung rat kem Nhieu loai benh dich tfl dd phat sinh, lan tran k h i p ndi, va chfnh ngfldi dan d cac lang nghe phai ganh chiu hau qua hanh vi cfla minh gay dau tien Nhin chung, tinh trang d n h i i m mdi trfldng tai cac lang nghe hien da d mflc "bao ddng dd" Trong dd, Nha nfldc v i n chfla cd dfldc cd che kiem soat va k h i e phuc b i n g cac ke hoach, quy hoach phat trien lang nghe mdt each khoa hgc, hdp ly; chfla thie't lap dfldc mot he thd'ng giam sat, quan ly cac hoat ddng sin xuat eua lang nghe cd kha nang gay d nhiem mdi trfldng; chfla cd nhflng che tai du manh dd'i vdi nhflng hd lam nghe thu cdng gay d nhiem mdi trfldng, va cung chfla kien quyet dinh ehi hoat ddng cua nhflng nghe gay d nhiem mdi trfldng nghiem trgng Vi vay, tinh trang d nhiem mdi trfldng sinh thai tai cac lang nghe tie'p tuc dien ra, anh hfldng trvfe tiep de'n cude sd'ng, sinh hoat va sfle khoe cua ngfldi Ben canh cac khu cdng nghiep va cac lang nghe gay d n h i i m mdi trfldng, tai cac dd thi ldn, tinh trang d n h i i m cung d mflc bao ddng Dd la cac d nhiem ve nfldc t h i i , rac thai sinh hoat, rac thai y te, khdng khf, tieng dn Nhflng nam gin day, sfl md rdng va phat trii'n cua cac dd thi tang nhanh khien he thd'ng cap thoat nfldc khdng dap flng nd'i va xud'ng cap nhanh ehdng Nudc thai, rac t h i i sinh hoat (vd cd va hflu cd) d dd thi hau het NHIEM MOI TRUdNG N U c TA HIEN NAY deu trfle tie'p xa mdi trUdng ma khdng CO bat ky mdt bien phap xfl ly nao ngoai viec van chuyen de'n bai chdn lap Theo thdng ke cfla cd quan chflc nang, mdi ngfldi dan d cac phd' ldn thai hang nghin tan rac; cac cd sd san xuat thai hang tram nghin met khd'i nfldc thai ddc hai; cac phfldng tien giao thdng thai hang tram tan bui, khf ddc Trong td'ng so khoang 34 tan rac thai r i n y te moi ngay, thi Ha Ndi va phd' Hd Chf Minh chiem de'n 1/3; b i u khdng khf cua Ha Ngi va phd' Hd Chf Minh cd mflc benzen va sunfua dioxit dang bao dong Theo mdt ket qua nghien cflu mdi cong bd' nam 2008 eua Ngan hang the gidi (WB), tren 10 tinh phd' Viet Nam, xep theo thfl hang ve d nhiem dat, nfldc, khong khf, phd' Hd Chf Minh va Ha Noi la nhflng dia ban d nhiem dat nang nha't Theo bao cao cua Chfldng trinh mdi trfldng cua Lien Hdp Qud'c, Ha Ndi va phd' Hd Chf Minh dflng d i u chau A ve mflc d nhiem bui Tinh trang d nhiem mdi trfldng neu tren cd nhieu nguyen nhan chfl quan, khach quan khae nhau, song tap trung d cac nguyen nhan chfl yeu sau day: Thd nhdt, nhflng han che, bat cap cua cd che, chfnh sach, phap luat ve bao ve moi trUdng va viec td chflc thfle hien cfla cac cd quan chflc nang Theo thd'ng ke cfla Bo Tu phap, da cd khoang 300 van ban phap luat ve bao ve mdi trUdng dUdc ban hanh de dieu chinh hanh vi cfla cae ca nhan, td chflc, cac hoat dong kinh te, cac quy trinh ky thuat, quy trinh sfl dung nguyen lieu s i n xuat Tuy nhien, he thdng cac van ban van chfla hoan thien, thie'u ddng bd, thieu chi tiet, tfnh on dinh khdng eao, tinh trang van ban mdi dUde ban hanh chUa lau da phai sfla dd'i, bd sung la kha phd bien Tfl dd, lam han che hieu qua dieu chinh hanh vi cua cac ca nhan, td chflc, cae boat ddng kinh te viec bao ve mdi trUdng ThU hai, quyen han phap ly cua cac td chflc bao ve mdi trfldng, nhat la cua lUc lUdng canh sat mdi trUdng, cdn nhflng han che, bat cap, anh hfldng de'n hieu qua boat ddng n i m tinh hinh, phat hien, dau tranh ngan ehan eae hanh vi vi pham phap luat ve bao ve mdi trUdng Ching ban, gin day, Ivfc lugng canh sat moi trUdng mdi duge bd sung tham quyen xfl phat vi pham hanh chfnh, khdi td' vu an, thvfc hien mdt sd' hoat ddng dieu tra theo Phap lenh Td ehfle dieu tra hinh sU Thd ba, cac cd sd phap ly, che tai xfl phat dd'i vdi cac loai hanh vi gay d nhiem mdi trfldng va eae loai tdi pham ve mdi trfldng cdn thie'u va chfla du manh, dan de'n han che tac dung giao due, phdng ngfla, ran de dd'i vdi nhflng hanh vi xam hai mdi trfldng Hien nay, cac mflc xfl phat vi pham hanh chfnh dd'i vdi hanh vi gay d nhiem mdi trfldng thvfc hien theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh sd81/2006/ND-CP 9/8/2006 cfla Chfnh phfl; theo dd, mflc phat td'i da eho mdi hanh vi gay d nhiim la 70 trieu ddng Mflc phat khdng tham thap gi so vdi ldi nhuan ma dd'i tUdng gay d nhiem kiem dUdc Trong Bd luat Hinh svf nam 1999, cae mflc xfl ly tgi pham ve mdi trfldng cdn rat thap, mflc phat tu td'i da dd'i vdi ea nhan vi pham chi tfl den 10 nam; 10 dieu quy dinh tdi pham ve mdi trfldng thi cd dieu quy dinh ve dau hieu "da bi xfl ly hanh chfnh", dieu quy dinh day la dau hieu dinh tdi b i t huge; vay, nhieu trfldng hdp vi pham nghiem trgng nhflng khdng dfl dau hieu nhfl "chfla bi xfl ly hanh chfnh" nen khdng xfl ly hinh sfl dfldc Cae 57 TRAN D A C H I E N bien phap xfl ly nhfl budc phai di ddi, ddng cfla va dinh chi hoat ddng cua cac cd sd gay d nhiem mdi trfldng chfla dfldc ap dung nhieu, hoae cd ap dung nhflng hieu qua thap Nhfl vay, ca che tai ve xfl ly hanh chfnh l i n truy cflu traeh nhiem hinh svf deu khdng du sfle ran de hanh vi vi pham ve mdi trfldng Do dd, tinh trang tai vi pham, tham chf vdi mflc t r i m trgng hdn, thfldng xuyen dien va da cd dau hieu "thach thfle phap luat" Dien hinh la trfldng hdp gay d nhiem mdi trfldng nghiem trgng ciia Cdng ty cd p h i n hflu han Vedan Viet Nam Thd tu, cac cap chfnh quyen chfla nhan thfle diy du va quan tam dung mflc dd'i vdi edng tae bao ve mdi trfldng, dan de'n budng long quan ly, thie'u traeh nhiem viec kiem tra, giam sat ve mdi trfldng Cac sd, phdng Tai nguyen va Mdi trfldng d cac dia phfldng - ed quan chiu traeh nhiem chfnh viec bio ve mdi trfldng, cung chfla thfle hien day dii traeh nhiem cua minh van de Cdng tac tra, kiem tra ve mdi trfldng cfla cac cd quan chflc nang dd'i vdi eae cd sd s i n xuat dfldng nhfl van mang tfnh hinh thfle, chieu le Viee td' giae, khieu nai eua ngfldi dan dia phfldng ve cac hanh vi gay nhiem mdi trfldng chUa dUde cae cd quan chflc nang coi trgng, tham chf ed hien tfldng dun day traeh nhiem, lam ngd trflde nhflng thiet hai ve sfle khoe, tai sin cua ngfldi dan dang phai sinh sd'ng mdi trfldng d nhiim Tfl dd, gay bat binh va lam mat ldng tin cua ngfldi dan vao cd quan nha nfldc; ddng thdi, tao y thfle COI thfldng phap luat cua cac dd'i tflgng gay d nhiem mdi trfldng Cdng tac tham dinh va danh gia tac ddng mdi trfldng dd'i vdi cac dfl an d i u tU cdn tdn tai nhieu bat cap va chUa dUde coi 58 trgng dung mflc Theo quy dinh cua Luat Bao ve mdi trfldng va cac van ban phap ly lien quan, cac chu dau tfl phai cd Bao cao danh gia tac ddng mdi trfldng trinh hd sd de nghi phe duyet va cap phep dau tu Tuy nhien, tai khdng ft dia phUdng, de "trai tham dd" thu h u t dau tU, viec lap, tham dinh bao cao danh gia t i e ddng mdi trUdng cua cac dfl an dau tfl chi dfldc tien hanh mdt each hinh thfle d i n den chat Ifldng tham dinh va phe duyet khdng cao Ben canh dd, viec thie'u nhflng chuyen gia tham gia vao hdi ddng t h i m dinh de phan bien nhflng van de lien quan den mdi trfldng ciia dfl an; thie'u dai dien cua nhflng ngfldi dan sinh sd'ng xung quanh khu vflc dfl an, chiu tac ddng manh nhat dfl an di vao thfle hien cung la mdt nhan td' lam cho ket qua va chat Ifldng danh gia tac ddng mdi trfldng vfla thie'u khach quan, vfla khdng cao Ngoai ra, ket qua tham dinh cung chi mang tfnh chat tfl van, cdn chap n h a n y kien cua hdi ddng tham dinh hay khdng la chu quan cfla ngfldi cd t h a m quyen quyet dinh dau tfl ThU ndm, cdng tac tuyen truyen, giao due, dao tao ve mdi trfldng xa hdi cdn han che, d i n de'n chfla phat huy dfldc y thfle tfl giae, traeh nhiem cua cac td chflc, ca nhan, cgng ddng viee tham gia gin gifl va bao ve mdi trfldng ThU sdu, trinh chuyen mdn, nghiep vu ciia ddi ngu can bg chuyen traeh cdng t i c bao ve mdi trfldng cdn han che; phfldng tien ky t h u a t phuc vu cdng tac kiem tra chfla dap flng dfldc ddi hdi cua thvfc tiin Do dd, nhieu trfldng hdp, doan kiem tra khdng the phat hien dfldc nhflng thu doan tinh vi cua doanh nghiep thai cae chat gay d n h i i m mdi trfldng Bao ve mdi trfldng sinh thai qua NHIEM MOI TRUdNG NU