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• Tap san KHOA HOC ft CONG NGHE 29 KET QUA DIEU TRA TRONG NHAN DAN VE HIEN TU''''OING DONG SET TREN DIA BAN BA HUYEN TAN BIEN • TAN CHAU • BEN CAU I I • TS Le Ngoc Thanh, Ths Le Thj Viet PhiTofng, Ths Ng[.]
• 29 Tap san KHOA HOC ft CONG NGHE KET QUA DIEU TRA TRONG NHAN DAN VE HIEN TU'OING DONG SET TREN DIA BAN BA HUYEN TAN BIEN • TAN CHAU • BEN CAU I I • TS Le Ngoc Thanh, Ths Le Thj Viet PhiTofng, Ths Nguyin Ngoc Trpng Vien Dia ly Tdi nguyen Tp Ho Chi Minh D dng set la mdt hien tupng thien nhien xay k h i p noi, Tuy theo dieu kien td nhien, ddng set cd t h e x a y mpt khu vUc nhieu hdn so vdi khu vUc khac Cac dieu kien td nhien nhu khf hau - khf tddng, dja hinh - dja mao, hien trang s d d u n g dat, dien trd dat, tdti'nh, dja chat va dja chat cdng trinh - dja chat thiiy van la cac ye'u td gdp phan gay set danh cd tfnh chpn Ipc Cho den nay, tren the gidi v i n chua cd mpt bien phap nao cd kha nang k h i c phuc hoan toan thiet hai set danh Td lau viing Ddng Nam Bd ndi chung va khu vUc Tan Bien - Tan Chau - Ben Cau, tinh Tay Ninh ndi rieng, ddng set la hien tUdng da trd mpt noi am anh va lo sp cho nhan dan dja phUdng Hang nam vao mua mUa, nhat la vao nhdng thang dau mua mUa, hien tupng set danh da gay cac thiet hai khdng nhd cho ngudi, sue vat, tai san cua nhan dan, cd quan Nha nudc va cac cdng trinh cdng cpng Dieu dd da anh hudng khdng nhd den sU phat trie'n kinh te - xa hpi khu vuc ThUc te dd ddi hdi phai lam ro nguyen nhan xuat hien ddng set mang tfnh tap trung vao ba huyen ndi tren nham de xua't cac giai phap phdng tranh, lam giam nhe thiet hai ve ngUdi va cua cai Ngoai ra, ket qua cija de tai cdn la mpt bp cd sd dO lieu dong bp ve dieu kien tU nhien va kinh te - xa hpi, cd kha nang s d d u n g cac nghien cdu khac phuc vu phattrien k i n h t e - x a hpi khu vUc nghien cdu De tai "Nghien cdu nguyen nhan gay dong set va de xuat cac giai phap phong tranh lam giam nhe thiet hai khu vdc Tan Bien, Tan Chau, Ben Cau, tinh Tay Ninh", Phan vien Dia lyTp Ho Chf Minh (nay la Vien Dja ly Tai nguyen Tp Ho Chf Minh) thUc hien nham muc dfch: Xac dinh cac nguyen nhan xuat hien dong set cd tfnh tap trung cao; Phd bien kien thdc va cung cap tai lieu cho nhan dan nham nang cao sU hieu biet ve ddng set, tren cd sd dd hudng d i n ngUdi dan cac bien phap tU phdng tranh; De xuat cac giai phap phdng tranh cd hieu qua nham lam giam nhe cac thiet hai hien tupng ddng set gay cac khu vUc nghien cdu De dat ddpc muc tieu de ra, de tai tien hanh theo tiep can da nganh, bao gom cac nghien cdu ve dieu kien tU nhien va kinh te - xa hpi cu the khu vUc nghien cdu, Tren cd sd dd tim mdi tUdng quan va xac lap cac ye'u td chii dao gay xuat hien ddng set mang tfnh tap trung tren moi trddng GIS va de xua't cac giai phap phdng tranh lam giam nhe thiet hai mot each thiet thuc, bao gom cac van de: Dieu tra va lap cd sd nhan dan sU xuat hien ddng set cd tinh tap trung Nghien cdu dac diem khfhau - khftUdng Nghien cdu dien bien hien trang s d d u n g dat Nghien cdu dac diem dja hinh - dia mao Nghien cdu dac diem dja chat, dja chat cdng trinh, dja chat thuy van Nghien cdu dac diem dia vat ly - cau tnic dia chat Phan tfch va tdng hdp ket qua nghien cdu td cac chuyen de, Ba huyen ddpc chpn nghien cdu cd mpt sd dac trUng tieu bieu cho dieu kien tU nhien, kinh te - xa hpi ciia hai khu vuc phia B i c va Nam: - Huyen Tan Bien va Tan Chau:Ham d phfa B i c ciia tinh, dja hinh cao (cd noi den - m ) , nhdm dat dd vang, da't xam chiem phan Idn dien tfch, Dien tfch rdng cua Tay Ninh ciing vdi cac loai ra- • 30 Tap san KHOA HOC ft CONG NGHE Hoi thdo phdng trdnh dong set tqi Ben Cdu 'cay cdng nghiep dai cung tap trung nhieu ndi day Day la hai huyen cd dat rdng, ngUdi thUa, mat dp dan cdthap nha't tinh, - Huyen Ben Cau: Nam ve phfa Nam cua Tinh, ndi cd dia hinh thap vdi nhieu bau, dia hinh trung binh td - m, cd nhieu dien tfch dat phen; cay trdng n g i n chiem phan Idn dien tfch Mat dp dan cd xap XI mat dp dan cd toan tinh (Bang 1) Bang 1: Dien tfch va dan s d cac huyen khu vdc khao sat [6] STT Ddn vi hanh chinh (cap huyen) Tan Bien Dien tich (km') 853,33 Tan Chau Ben Cau 1.110,39 233,32 Tinh Tay Ninh 4.035,45 Mat (Ngddi/km^) DV hanh chinh (xa, thi Iran) 85.631 100,35 108.593 64.040 97,80 274,47 10 12 L053.278 261,01 Dan so' (Ngddi) 95 De cd the lam rd nguyen nhan xuat hien ddng set mang tfnh tap trung, ngoai nhdng nghien cdu ve dieu kien tu nhien cd lien quan den ddng set thi nhdng thdng tin theo ddi, ghi nhan td dan gian cung la nhdng tai lieu thuc te gdp phan viec tim kiem cac giai phap phdng tranh cd hieu qua va phu hpp vdi td nhien va nhan van cua khu vUc, Sau day la mdt so ket qua td viec quan sat ddng set nam 2007 Tinh hinh dong set nam 2007: De theo ddi hoat ddng cua ddng set, cac nha nghien cdu da diing nhieu thiet bi de dac va tfnh toan, thdng ke cac chi sd: Sd ddng, sd gid ddng, s o l a n set phdng dien xudng dat [1] Thdng so thddng sd dung de phan cap ddng set dupe xay ddng nhu sau: Bang 2: Phan cap dong set [1] TT Phan c a p Vung nhieu dong set VCing ddng set trung binh Vung it dong set Chi tieu (so' co dong set/nam) Tren 30 10 - Du'di 10 • 31 T$p san KHOA HQC ft CONG NGHE •*" Trong dieu kien cua chuyen de, khdng cd thiet bj chuyen diing nen viec quan t r i e dddc thuc hien bdi cac cdng tac vien tai dia phUdng (Bang 3) DUa vao van tdc truyen di cCia anh chdp, ciia tieng no, cua am cac nha nghien cdu da dda cdng thdc tfnh khoang each td ndi quan sat den ndi set danh nhUsau; L= (t X 340) + (300 ^ 500)m Trong dd (300 ^ 500)m la khoang each truyen tieng nd thdi gian 0,3 - 0,5 giay dau, li/ng dung cdng thdc tren cho viec quan t r i e , cac cpng tac vien cd the ghi nhan lai sd lan set danh khu vUc each noi quan t r i e la: - 2km, - 3,7km va 3,7 - 5,5km Tuy nhien, cdng tac vien chi la nhdng "quan trac vien quan chung" nen ket qua cd nhieu han che cam nhan ve ddng set cua mdi ngddi khac Tac gia sd dung ket qua nhd mdt thdng tin dddc cung cap td ngddi dan de bd sung them cd sd gidp de tai cd them nhdng dd kien dedd'i chieu, suy luan dieu kien cdn qua nhieu thieu thdn ve thiet bi chuyen dung nghien cdu ddng set B a n g 3: Danh sach c p n g tac vien va dja diem quan sat d o n g set STT Cong tac vien Huyen Tan Bien Nguyen Van Sdn I Le Van Chdng Nguyen Thi Hong Khanh Nguyen Van Hai Nguyen Van Chuc Tran Hdu Phdde Huyen Tdn Chau Nguyen Thanh Tail Trinh Khac Duan Vddng Van Xen 10 V6 Hd Yen Oanh 11 Vo Thi Khanh 12 Phan Tan Dat 13 Phan Thi Thdc 14 Dinh Thi Hoan Huyen Bdn Cau 15 Tran Van Cd 16 Ho Van Hdng 17 Le Thi Gai 18 Cao Quang Hai Nghe nghiep Dia diem quan sat Nong dan Nong dan Noi trd Nong dan Giao vien Nong dan Ap xa Tra Vong To 5, Thanh Hda, Thanh Binh Ap Tan Thanh, xa Tan Binh Td 19, KP2, Thi tran Tan Bien Ap Bau Ben, xa Thanh Bac Td 15, Hoa Dong A, Hda Hiep Giao vien Giao vien Ndng dan Giao vien CB Y te Giao vien CB hdu tri CB van boa Giao vien CBxa Giao vien Giao vien Td 4, Tan Hiep, Tan Thanh Ap Dong Tie^n, xa Tan Ddng Td 3, Hoi Thang, Tan Hiep Td 7, Tan Dong, Tan Hdng Td 6, Tan Dong, Tan Hdng Ap 2, xa Sud^i Ngo Ap Tan Thuan, Xa Tan Hoa Td 6, Thuan Hoa, Ldi Thuan UBND xa An Thanh Td 2, Phdde Ddng, Long Phdde Ap Long Phi, xa Long Thuan Qua ket qua quan sat ciia cac cdng tac vien tren dja ban khu vUc khao sat, cd the rut mdt sd nhanxetsobpnhusau: Ve phan cap ddng set:Tay Ninh la tinh nam viing cd nhieu ddng set - vdi sd cd ddng nam tren 30 (bang 2) Ve thdi gian cd ddng set nam,-Trong nam 2007, cac thang 5-6-7 va la thang cd sd xuat ra- • Tap san KHOA HOC ft CONG NGHE 32 hien ddng set nhieu nhat, chiem 60 - 65% set da xay tren dja ban nghien cdu, liic thang cdn lai cua miia mda chi xua't hien td 35 - 40% sd Idpng cdn set Ve thdi diem cd ddng set ngay: Cac cdn mda xay d cac thdi diem khac nhau, nhieu nhat vao budi chieu va tdi - Mua budi sang (td 5g -11 g) Chiem 8,3% - Mda budi trda (td 11 g -15g) Chiem 6,6% -Mua budi chieu (td 15g-17g) Chiem 30,4% Chiem 44,7% - Mda budi tdi (td 19g -5g) Cac cdn mua budi chieu va budi tdi cd sd xuat bien ciia ddng set nhieu nhat Bang 4: Tan suat xuat hien dong set cua nam 2007 Toan bo ba huyen Buoi sang - So' Iddng (cdn - Tl le % Budi trifa - Sd Iddng (cdn - Ti le % Budi chieu - So' Iddng (cdn - Ti le % Budi toi - So Iddng (cdn - Ti le % Tan Chau Tan Bien Ben Cau set) 144 2,90 80 5,38 57 1,92 1,35 set) 592 11,90 121 8,12 395 13,31 76 14,73 set) 1.733 34,86 530 35,60 940 31,68 263 50,97 set) 2.503 50,34 758 50,90 1.575 53,08 170 32,95 {Sdlieu quan trac cUa cong tdc vien de tdi ndm 2007) Thiet hai dong set gay ra: Trong qua trinh dieu tra thdc te, viec thdng ke va phan vung ve thiet hai (con ngddi) ddng set gay rat khd khan vi nhdng ly sau: - Khdng cd sd lieu thdng ke hoac cac thdng tin lien quan ciia cac cd quan chdc nang (nganh thdng ke, ban phdng chdng lut bao, benh vien ) - Ngudi dan ft quan tam hoac thdng tin khdng chfnh xac, ddc Idpng, ddi cd sd triing lap thdng tin, - Sd Idpng nan nhan hang nam rat ft, cd nam khdng cd va cd nhdng trudng bdp xay qua lau (trddc 1990), Tuy nhien, qua thdng tin td ngddi dan, neu tfnh binh quan tren dien tfch, ddng set xay d dja ban ciia huyen Ben C i u nhieu hdn d hai huyen Tan Bien va Tan Chau Thiet hai ve ngddi va tai san d Ben Cau cung nhieu hdn (bang 5) i • 33 Tap san KHOA HOC ft CONG NGHE B a n g 5: Thiet hai ve ngddi va tai san t r o n g giai doan 1997 - 2007 ra- Nan nhan bi set danh (Ngu'di) Huyen Tan Bien Tan Chau Bdn Cau Chet Khong chdt 3 Gia siic (chet) 10 Vat dung hiT (Tivi, dien thoai, dien gia dung ) >200 cai/nam 140 cai/nam >400 cai/nam (Sd lieu dieu tra dan nam 2007) Neu so sanh vdi mpt sd khu vuc khac cua viing Ddng Nam Bd nhu Ddc Linh, Tanh Linh, thiet hai ve ngddi tren dia ban khao sat ft hon Dieu cd lien quan den thdi diem xay ddng tren dia ban huyen Tan Bien, Tan Chau, Ben Cau thudng xay d buoi chieu va budi tdi (ngoai gid lao dpng dong an, sinh boat chu ye'u d gia dinh.,.) Tuy nhien, v i n cd nhdng trudng hpp xay tai nan cho ngUdi bat can, thieu kien thdc phdng tranh ddng set nhd sd dung thiet bi dien, dien td cd kha nang thu hiit set nhU hat karaoke luc mda ddng NgUdc lai, thiet hai ve tai san (chii yeu la thiet bj dien, dien td gia dung nhutivi, dau may, dien thoai, md dum ) ddng set gay cd xu hudng tang (theo nhu cau trang bi cua ngUdi dan) set truyen theo dudng day dien, dien thoai So bp nhan d i n h mdi quan he gida d o n g set va tai nan d o n g set gay r a v a hien t r a n g s d d u n g dat: Dac diem sd dung dat ciia ba huyen tUPng ddi khac [3]; hai huyen Tan Bien v a T a n Chaued dia hinh cao, dat sd dung chij yeu cho trdng rdng phdng hp, cay lau nam cdng nghiep (cao su) va mpt sd cay hang nam khac cay liia nhu mfa, b i p , khoai mi.,,; ddi vdi huyen Ben Cau, dja hinh thap, cd ngudn nudc tudi nen cd nhdng dien tfch lua tap trung tUPng ddi Idn [4,5], Ngoai ra, tren dja ban huyen Ben Cau dien tfch bau kha nhieu, Trong hai nam 2006 va 2007, d hai huyen Tan Chau va Tan Bien cd sU thay ddi cay trdng tren dien tfch da't ndng nghiep vdi xu the giam dan dien tfch lua chuyen sang trdng cay cdng nghiep (mfa, mi ) Tren dien tfch cd dja hinh cao, chuyen sang cay cao su,, Dien tfch da't hoang hda d huyen Ben Cau cung dUpc cac cdng ty dau tU khai thac cay dai ngay, cay an trai, lap trang trai hoa va khu kinh te cda khau Mpc Bai [6], Cac loai hinh sd dung dat khac se cd mua vu va Ijch lao dpng khac Dac diem va thdi gian lao dpng tren dong rupng cung lien quan it nhieu den viec phdng tranh ddng set - C d the tha'y, d huyen Tan Bien va Tan Chau ft xay ratal nan ddng setvi: 1- Dien tfch rdng va cay lau nam (cao su) kha Idn nen cd kha nang giam dddc sd Iddng set danh [2] '^ Dac diem canh tac: cao mii cao su, cham sdc mfa, mi : phan Idn ngUdi dan lam dong vao budi sang den xe trda ve nghi (dong set thudng xay vao budi tdi) nen it xay tai nan dong set gay vdi 'f ngddi Ndng trddng cao su phan bd kha nhieu tren dia ban cac huyen, nen co cac nha xddng dkhip ndi, nen cong nhan co cho tru mda, dong set an toan - d huyen Ben Cau: Ddng set va tai nan nhieu hdn so vdi hai huyen Tan Chau va Tan Bien cd the cac nguyen nhan sau: •^ Cd nhdng canh ddng Idn, xa khu dan cd (xa diem tru mda an toan) k- Phan Idn la ddng trdng, nhieu bau, nhieu dien tich trung thap ven sdng Vam Cd [1 ] , 34 r TSp san KHOA HOC ft CONG NGHE ^ Dac diem ciia canh tac lua cd nhdng thdi diem phai lam ca tren canh ddng (luc gieo sa, bdm tddi, lam cd,,.) Cac cd dan lau ddi, cung nhan dinh cd mdt sd "diem ndng" ddng set (ndi xay set nhieu hang nam) d khu vdc nghien cdu huyen Tan Bien, khu vdc cd tan suat ddng set cao tap trung d mdt sd khu vdc nhddpc sdng Vam Cd cua xa Hda Hiep, nga Ld Gd, khu vdc Thj Tran, Thanh Ldc, Thanh Hda cua xa Thanh Binh,,, C) huyen Tan Chau, tan suat ddng set tap trung nhieu d khu vdc Ld dddng Khu III (ndng trUdng mia Nddc Trong), xa Tan Hdi, Tan Ha, khu vdc bien gidi giap vdi Campuchia thudc xa Tan Ddng, huyen Ben Cau, tan s u i t ddng set xay nhieu hPn d khu vpc ven sdng Vam Cd, cae khu vUe trung thupc xa Long Khanh, Long Thuan, Tien Thuan, An Thanh Phan tfch cac "diem ndng" ngudi dan ghi nhan va ddi chieu vdi hien trang s d d u n g dat ciia cac khu vUc ta thay: cac canh ddng trung thap, ngap ung, co nhieu bau tich nddc la ndi tap trung dong set nhieu Dieu cung phii hpp vdi nhan djnh ciia cac nghien cdu trddc day [1]: "nPi co mach nude ngam hoac dpc sdng cd nude am udt, d i n dien tdt thu hiit cac tia md dddng tao set", M o t s o g i a i phap p h o n g c h d n g d o n g s e t t d k e t q u a d i e u tra t h d c t e t r o n g d a n : Qua khao sat thuc te, "trdi danh" v i n la td ddpc dan gian s d d u n g rdng rai de chi hoatddng dong set gay thiet hai ve ngudi Tuy quan niem tam (thuyet nhdn qua, lam viec ac mdi bi trdi danh) da dan dan bi mat di thay vao dd sd viec dddc ly giai theo hudng khoa hpc nhUng y thdc phdng chdng ddng set de bao ve tfnh mang va tai san ciia ngudi dan cdn rat kem • Cac giai phap trddc mat: - Viec chu dgng phong tranh dong set cua ngddi dan la giai phap hdu hieu nhat Do dd, trUdc m i t can nang cao nhan thdc cua ngddi dan va tuyen truyen cac bien phap phdng tranh set bang phUdng tien thdng tin dai chung, cac td rdi (leaflet) nhat la vao cac thang cao diem ciia set - Nhdng thdng tin td rdi la nhdng nguyen t i e can ban nhat phdng tranh ddng set, dd chap hanh dddc cang nhieu nguyen tac phdng tranh thi an toan cang cao co cac bien phap bao ve tai san (thiet bj dien, dien td ) - Tang cUdng cong tac dd bao ddng set, nhat la cac bien phap cung cap thong tin ve dong set kip thdi6e cac dja phuong va ngddi dan cd cac bien phap phdng chdng thfch hdp - Lao ddng tren ddng rupng can chu y thdng tin thdi tiet, can chu dong tru mda va dong set d nhdng nai an toan (khdng tru lieu tam ngoai ddng rupng), td't nhat la cd the chu dong trd ve nha mda dong - Cot thu Idi la mdt bien phap hdu hieu cho viec phdng tranh set Tuy nhien de dat ddpc hieu qua, viec xay dUng va thiet ke phai dam bao yeu cau ky thuat cho tdng cdng trinh, tdng khu vdc cu the, cot thu Idi khdng dam bao thdng sd ky thuat se la mdt lang phf Idn - Ve m a t x a hpi, cae trudng hpp tai nan dong set gay hang nam cung la mot thiet hai thien tai, cung can dddc tham vieng, cdu trd gia dinh nan nhan nhdcae thien tai khac (lu lut, mda bao ) va can dddc dda chi tieu thdng ke de theo doi thiet hai dong set de co cac ke hoach phong chdng cu the cho tdng dia phddng > Nhom giai phap lau dai: - Trdng them nhieu cay cao (loai cay chda nhieu nude, d i n dien tdt, cac cay tan Idn dang cd thu.,.) d ria khu dan cd, d khu vUc ddng trdng de thu hiit tia md dddng cua cac dam may ddng, han che set danh vao nha dan, - Nghien cdu, danh gia vai trd thuc te ciia mang Iddi cot dien viec thu hut set, Nganh dien ldc, nen cd nghien cdu thiet bj thu Idi theo mang ludi day dien de han che thiet hai cho dan cd, nhat la huhao hang dien td gia dung, vidn thdng,,, - Tdng bddc hoan thien cac cdng trinh thiiy ldi, giiip chuyen ddi miia vu va cd cau cay trdng d cac khu vUc thuan ldi nham giam tdi da lao ddng ngoai ddng miia mda lu • ... trd Nong dan Giao vien Nong dan Ap xa Tra Vong To 5, Thanh Hda, Thanh Binh Ap Tan Thanh, xa Tan Binh Td 19, KP2, Thi tran Tan Bien Ap Bau Ben, xa Thanh Bac Td 15, Hoa Dong A, Hda Hiep Giao vien... huyen Ben Cau cung dUpc cac cdng ty dau tU khai thac cay dai ngay, cay an trai, lap trang trai hoa va khu kinh te cda khau Mpc Bai [6], Cac loai hinh sd dung dat khac se cd mua vu va Ijch lao dpng... phap phdng tranh set bang phUdng tien thdng tin dai chung, cac td rdi (leaflet) nhat la vao cac thang cao diem ciia set - Nhdng thdng tin td rdi la nhdng nguyen t i e can ban nhat phdng tranh ddng