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TRIET HOC, SO 8 (219), TIIANG 8 2009 TifACH NHmm mm TttroiM© MOT PHU''''dNG DIEN CUA TRACH NHIEM XA HOI NGUYEN TH! LAN HLrONG(*) Trong bai viet nay, tacgia tap trung lam rd trach nhiem moi tru&ng vdi tin[.]
TRIET HOC, SO (219), TIIANG - 2009 TifACH NHmm mm TttroiM© MOT PHU'dNG DIEN CUA TRACH NHIEM XA HOI NGUYEN TH! LAN HLrONG(*) Trong bai viet nay, tacgia tap trung lam rd trach nhiem moi tru&ng vdi tinh each mdt phuong dien cua trach nhiem xa hdi Trach nhiem moi trudng la khai niem tuong ddi mdi, la npi dung can ban cua dao due mdi trudng Theo tie gia, trach nhiem mdi trudng cua ngudi cang quan trpng khdng kem so vdi trach nhiem cua ngudi ddi vdi ngudi; nd khdng don thuan la trach nhiem vdi gidi tu nhien, ma quan trpng hem, cpn ngudi phai hanh ddng khdn ngoan de khdng lam ton hai den mdi trudng vi Ipi ich ciia chinh ngudi va cac sinh the khac gay nay, ngudi dang tien trinh toan c i u hda manh me, vol su p h i t trien cang Idn manh ciia cac cdng ty da v i xuyen qud'c gia, vdi su phu thudc chat che ciia cac qud'c gia, khu vuc vao mdt ndn kinh te toan cau, mdt nen kinh te, ve ca ban, la kinh te thi trudng tu thi nhiing mau thuan, giiia ngudi vdi ngudi va ngudi vdi thien nhien cang hidn hien rat rd rang Nhung mau t h u i n ngiy cing cang t h i n g den miic ta't ca cic ben tham du vao qua trinh s i n xua't vat chat cho xa hdi, vao ndn kinh te toin ciu, ddu cam nhan r i n g neu hp khdng ngdi lai, thio luan, ban bac va nha't tri vdi ve nhiing van de ca ban thi cd nguy ca ta't ca ddu bi hiiy diet Vi the, trach nhiem xa hdi l i mdt nhiing cum til chiing ta dugc chung kien nhidu nha't, ca tren cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chung lin cac hdi thao mang tinh hpc thuat d pham vi qud'c gia hay qud'c te Mau t h u i n cang tang gliia tang trudng kinh te va bio ve, giii gin mdi trudng sd'ng da budc chiing ta phai nhin nhan van dd trach nhiem ciia ngudi vdi chinh ban than minh va vdi tu nhien vdi mdt thai dp nghiem tiic hon va khoa hpc han Xua't phat tii nhiing ly dd, bai viet gdp phan tim hieu mdt nhiing van dd cap bach hien nay, dd l i trach nhiem ciia ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng sd'ng ciia 32 minh tii gde nhin t r i c h nhiem xa hdi Trach nhiem mdi trudng la thuat ngii tuong dd'i mdi he cac thuat ngii ban vd trach nhiem, n h u trach nhiem ca nhan, trach nhiem doanh nghiep, trich nhiem nha nude, hay trach nhiem chinh tri, trach nhiem p h i p ly, O day, chiing tdi se tap trung xem xet mdi quan he glira trach nhiem mdi trudng vdi trach nhiem, trach nhiem xa hdi cUng nhu mdt sd quan niem ve trach nhiem mdi trudng tren ca sd ciia dao diic hoc mdi trudng Trach nhiem va trach nhiem xa hpi Ke tii ngudi budc vao giai doan lich sii t h a n h van, tiic la tdn tai vdi tu each mdt cpng ddng, mot xa hdi thi cUng la liic ngudi b i t d i u hinh thinh y thiic v i hanh vi t r i c h nhiem Thuat ngu trach nhiem xua't hien kha mudn Theo mdt sd hpc gia, van hda phuong Tay, thuat ngu trach nhiem "la s i n pham ciia thdi hien dai", tiic la thdi dal each mang cdng nghiep the ky XVII XVIII Tuy nhien, nhiing ndi dung ciia thuat ngii da xua't hien tii rat lau trudc dd dudi dang cac pham trii, nhu nghia vu, bdn phin Ngay nay, trich nhiem dugc hidu khdng chi l i kha nang n h i n thiic vc bdn phan, nghia vu v i hau C'^iTlen si, Vien Triet hpc, Vien Khpa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam TRACII NHIEM MOI T R U O N G - MOT PHUONG DIEN CUA qua nhiing hanh ddng ciia minh dua lai, ma cdn dugc hidu rpng hon, trach nhiem - dd la thai dp cua ca nhan ddi vdi cdng ddng Thai dp n i y bidu thi d viec thuc thi nghia vu dao diic va tuan thii cac tieu chuan ciia luat phap, tiic la tuan thii cac quy chuan dao diic va sau n i y la luat phap, ma cac ca nhan cdng ddng da thoa thuan(l) Cung vdi su phat tridn manh mc ciia xa hdi hien dai, ndi dung cua trach nhiem ngiy cang dugc md rpng, lam giiu v i dan ddn ket qua l i su xua't hien pham trii trich nhiem xa hdi Hien tai, linh vuc nghien ciiu hpc thuat ngudi ta dang khdng ngiing xay dung nen nhiing hpc thuyet ve trach nhiem xa hdi tren ca sd nhiing quan diem triet hpc, dao due hpc va tham chi c i nhiing quan diem kinh te va luat phap het siic khac Thdng thudng, ndi den t r i c h nhiem la ndi den mdi quan he giua ca nhan vdi cdng ddng Thuc thi trach nhidm la each thiic de ngudi didu chinh h i n h vi ciia minh cho lgi ich cua ca nhan phii hgp vdi lgi ich ciia cpng ddng, hoac it n h i t ciing khdng lam phuong hai den Igi ich ciia cac ca nhan khac bay toan cdng ddng Nhu vay, cd thd thay, ngudi ta chi cd thd y thiic va thuc hien dugc trich nhiem ngudi ta tdn tai mdt cdng ddng n h i t dinh Dieu dd cd nghia trach nhiem la trach nhiem dd'i vdi xa hdi hay trach nhiem xa hdi Ve thuc chat, trach nhiem la phuong tien dd ngudi kich thich hay kiem che hanh ddng ciia minh theo hudng cho dat dugc su thd'ng n h i t giiia lgi ich ciia ca nhan vdi Igi ich cua cdng ddng Bdi vay, trach nhiem khdng chi la nang luc, y thiic vd hau q u i ciia h i n h vi, ma cdn la b i n than vice thuc hipn hanh vi dd ciia chii thd ddi vdi ddi tugng Ben canh dd, ndi den trich nhiem la ndi den mdi quan he cu thd, xac dinh Nd tra Idi cho cau hdi: chii thd chiu trach nhiem la v i chiu trach nhiem trudc ai, trudc cai gi (dd'i tugng m i nd tac dpng)? Vdi cau hdi t h u nha't, ta cd the thay cau tra ldi rang chii thd chiu trach nhiem la ngudi cd y thiic (con vat thi khdng phai chiu trach nhiem vd hanh vl ciia nd, vi nd hoan toan khdng cd y thiic) Con ngudi d day cd thd la ca nhan, doanh nghiep, td chiic, nha nude, chinh phii, tham chi la ca cac nhdm hanh dpng xa hdi hay cac cdng ddng dia phuong Tdm lai, dd la ngudi vdi ta't ca cac kieu td chiic hay thd chd ciia nd Vdi cau hdi thii hai, cau t r i ldi rpng nha't se l i : ngudi phai chiu trach nhiem trudc b i n than minh va trudc mdi trudng tu nhien ma nhd dd nd cd the tdn tai dugc Cu the, dd la trach nhiem ciia ngudi trudc ngudi (bao gdm c i the he hien tai va cac the he tuong lai), trudc tu nhien (gdm cac ngudn tai nguyen, nhu rung, da't, nude, khdng khi, thuc vat, ddng vat ), tiic la toin bp mdi trudng tu nhicn xung quanh ngudi chung muc ngudi cd thd tac ddng true tiep hoac gian tiep den nd Trach nhiem xa hcii la b i t budc, song cao hon dd l i su tu nguyen Nd vugt qua nhung gi dugc coi la vi va bing luat phap (trach nhiem phap ly), ddng thdi kdo theo tu tudng cho r i n g hay hanh ddng trudc xay nhiing tinh hudng cd v i n dd hon la phan ung lai nhiing tinh hudng dd Trach nhiem xa hdi nghia l i loai bd nhiing hanh vi vd trach nhiem va phi dao diic nhiing thii mang lai su thiet hai cho cdng ddng, cho chinh ban than va mdi trudng Trong thdi dai nay, nen kinh te thi trudng phat tridn d quy md toan ciu, di kem vdi nd la su tieu ton mdt lugng khdng Id tai nguyen thien nhien va su lion kdt chat chc giiia cac ca nhan khdng phan biet ve mat dia ly, thi ngudi ta cang dd cap nhidu hon ddn trach nhiem xa hpi Dieu cho t h i y pham vi ciia trich nhiem xa hdi dang dugc md rpng Nd khdng chi gidi ban pham vi mdt cdng ddng, khu vuc nhd hep, ma la trach (1) Xem: M.M.Rozentan 7'u dien Triet hoc Nxb Tien bp, Matxcova, 1986, tr.55 33 NGUYEN THI LAN HUONG nhiem ddi vai toin bd xa hdi loil ngudi Ngudi ta Cling khdng chi b i n den trach nhiem ddi vdi ngudi, m i cdn ban den trich nhiem ddi vdi t u nhicn hay trich nhiem mdi trudng - mdt van de cap bach ddi vdi ta't c i mpi ngudi mud'n tdn tai tren hanh tinh ciia chiing ta Vi the, dd cap den npi dung ciia trach nhiem xa hdi, ngudi ta ciing thudng ban den hai phuong dien ciia nd, dd l i t r i c h nhiem ngudi va trach nhiem mdi trudng(2) Trach nhiem ngudi (human responsibility) la mdt phuong dien ciia trach nhiem xa hdi Nd cd nghia l i chii the ciia hanh vi phii chiu trach nhiem trudc ngudi, chiu trach nhiem vd cac hoat ddng anh hudng den ngudi Trach nhiem ngudi bieu hien mpi linh vuc ciia ddi sdng, nhu trach nhiem kinh te, trach nhiem chinh tri, trach nhiem van hda Trach nhiem ngudi cUng la phuong dien dugc dd cap den nhieu nhat va ddi khi, cung dugc hieu la ndi dung nhat ciia trach nhidm xa hdi Trach nhiem ngudi, tren thuc te, nhin manh nhieu hon den hau qua true tiep ciia nhiing h i n h vl ma mdt thuc the gay cho ngudi xung quanh Ching ban, llnh vuc kinh te, trach nhiem ciia mdt doanh nghiep trudc het la phai tim kiem, tdi da hda lgi nhuan cho cac cd ddng, ddng thdi phii cd trach nhiem ddi vdi cdng ddng xung quanh Dd cd the l i nhiing ngudi lam viec cho doanh nghiep, nhung khach hing, ddi tac, hay dan cu nai doanh nghiep dd dang boat ddng Viec dd'i xii vdi khach hang, ngudi lam cdng v i ddi t i c mdt each cd trach nhiem khdng phii la van dd mdi Diem mdi d day la doanh nghiep khdng chi quan tam den viec thu dugc lgi nhuan tii khach hang; hon the, cdn phii thuc su quan tam den hp Khi xay hanh vi thieu trich nhiem thi doanh nghiep phai biet nhan ldi v i tich cue khic phuc nhiing hau qua ciia nd thay vi bao bien, che day hay trdn tranh trach nhiem O nhieu nude tren the gidi, luat phap 34 quy dinh trach nhiem ciia mdt cdng ty la kiem dugc cang nhieu tien cho cac cd ddng cing tdt (dd l i trach nhiem kinh te), ddng thai phai tuan theo luat phap (trach nhiem phap ly) Trach nhiem xa hdi budc cac cdng ty v i cac td chiic phii cd trich nhiem vdi nhung ngudi m i hp cd anh hudng den, kd ca anh hudng gian tiep Trach nhiem xa hdi cdng giu cho mdt cdng ty p h i l nang ddng, quyet doan hoat ddng kinh te de cd du siic manh giiip dd mpi ngudi, hoac it nhat ciing khdng lim phuong hai den hp Dd cUng chinh la trach nhiem dao diic ciia mdt doanh nghiep Phuong dien thii hai ciia trach nhiem xa hdi l i trach nhiem mdi tru&ng (environmental responsibility) Trach nhiem mdi trudng la mdt khai niem tuong ddi mdi, nd xuat hien cilng vdi dao diic mdi trudng va la ndi dung can ban ciia dao diic mdi trudng Ve mat thdi gian, trach nhiem mdi trudng xua't hien ngudi bit d i u y thiic dugc r i n g nhiing hanh vi, boat ddng cua minh dang tac ddng hiiy hoai den mdi trudng, de dpa su sdng cua hp Mac dii vay, nhiing nghien ciiu ve trach nhiem mdi trudng mdi chi thuc su dugc nhin nhan diing miic khoang vii thap nien gan day, nhiing boat ddng ciia ngudi anh hudng den thien nhien cing tram trpng Nhung tac dpng hiiy hoai mdi trudng khien ngudi dan n h i n thiic dugc rang, neu khdng quan tam den mdi trudng sd'ng tu nhien ciia minh thi sdm mudn, ngudi ciing hi tu nhien tra thii, bi hiiy diet Trach nhiem mdi trudng cho r i n g , ngudi khdng nhiing phai chiu trach nhiem ve hinh vi ciia minh dd'i vdi cac ca nhan khac va ddi vdi xa hdi, ma cdn phai chiu trach nhiem ve cac hanh vi ciia minh trudc tu nhien mdi trudng sdng ciia ngudi Vd mat hpc thuat, trach nhiem mdi trudng vdi t u each ndi dung cd't ldi ciia dao diic mdi trudng - mdt nhanh nghien ciiu (2) Xem: http://en.wlklpedia.prg/wlkl/Soclal Resppnsiblllty TRACH NHIEM MOI TRUONG - MOT PHUONG DIEN CUA triet hpc ling dung cac truyen thdng dao diic khac n h i m ly giai va giai quyet cac van de mdi trudng - cd ca sd ly luan tii cic hpc thuyet triet hpc dao diic Dao diic mdi trudng la nhanh nghien ciiu hien dang rat phat trien tai phuong Tay Hai van de ca ban nhiing quan tam ciia nd l i : thu nhat, mdi quan he dao diic phii hgp giua ngudi va mdi trudng tu nhicn la gl; va thu hai, ca sd triet hpc ciia mdi quan he giiia ngudi vdi mdi trudng tu nhien la gi? Khi di tim ca sd ly luan de t r i ldi cac cau hdi tren, mot so nha triet hpc da van dung cac ly luan ve chuan muc dao diic lich sii, nhu thuyet vi lgi, thuyet hau qua, hay bdn phan luan de giai quye't van de niy Tuy nhien, cau tra ldi thuc su cdn k h i ma hd Ben canh dd, viec van dung cic quan diem mang tinh tdn giao de giai quyet mdi quan he giiia ngudi vol t u nhien, nhieu trudng hgp, dudng nhu lai thiic day viec hiiy hoai va lam thoai hda mdi trudng hon la gin giii v i bio ve nd Triet hpc phuong Tay truydn thd'ng phii nhan bat cii mdi quan he dao diic true tiep nao tdn tai giiia ngudi va mdi trudng tu nhien Nhiing ly thuyet mang tinh dao diic chuan muc nhat pham vi ciia truyen thdng cho rang, chi cd ngudi mdi cd vi tri dao diic; t i t ca nhiing su vat khac, neu cd gia tri dao diic, thi cung chi chiing muc chiing phuc vu cho nhiing \a\ ich ciia ngudi Vi the, can nhic mdt quye't dinh mdi trudng nhat dinh, mdt chii the dao diic chi can hdi quyet dinh se anh hudng den ngudi nhu the nao? Nhu vay, chiing muc niy, ta thay co sd ly luan ciia "dao diic mdi trudng" dua tren thuyet vi lgi va thuyet hau qua (consequentialist ethics) Theo dd, su tdt xau vd mat mdi trudng phu thudc vao hau qua ciia hanh vi dd ddi vdi ngudi Mac dii ngudi phai cd trach nhiem ve (regarding) gidi tu nhien, song ngudi khdng phai chiu trach nhiem true tiep ddi vdi (to) gidi tu nbien(3) Ben canh quan diem ve trich nhiem mdi trudng dua tren thuyet vi lgi va thuyet hau qua, quan diem dua tren bdn phan luan cho r i n g ngudi phai cd trich nhiem true tiep ddi vdi gidi tu nhien Trach nhiem dd khdng phu thudc vao viec nd cd gay hau q u i cho ngudi hay khdng Bdi vi, bat ky su tac ddng nio cua ngudi den mdi trudng dii mud'n, dii khdng cUng gay i n h hudng den cac loai khac v i d i n den nhiing hau qua khdng ludng trudc dugc Su thay ddi ve mat quan niem danh da'u mdt su thay ddi tii nhiing ly thuyet dao diic lay ngudi lam trung tam sang cac ly thuyet dao diic lay phi ngudi lam trung tam(4) Tinh hinh tren cho thay, mdt mat, ngudi dang thuc su quan tam den van de mdi trudng va cd ging ly giai trach nhiem ciia minh ddi vdi mdi trudng trcn phuong dien ly luan; mat khac, nd cUng chi r i n g viec giai quyet van de thuc su khdng don giin, va hien van cdn rat nhidu tranh cai xung quanh viec tim kiem mdt CO sd ly luan thuyet phuc cho viec xac dinh ndi dung, pham vi trach nhiem ciia ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng Khi nhin nhan hai phuong dien ciia trach nhiem xa hdi nhu tren, theo chung tdi, cd the thay su khac biet giiia chiing nhu sau: Trach nhiem ngudi cd thd dugc bleu la y thiic vd nghia vu va hanh vi cho nhiing hanh vi dd khdng lam phuong bai den nhiing ca nhan hay cdng ddng ngudi cd quan he true tiep vdi Ro rang, trach nhiem ngudi nhan manh vao hau q u i true tiep ma nhiing thuc the (3) Xem: Envirpnmental Ethics, An Intrpduction to Environmental Phllospphy, Second Edition, Joseph K Dos Jardins-CoUcge of Saint Benedict, 1997 by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Introduction of Chapter 5, p.90-p.91, (4) Xem: Environmental Ethics, An Introduction to Environmental Philesophy, Second Edition, ioscph R Des Jardins-College of Saint Benedict, 1997 by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Introduction of Chapter 5, p.91 35 NGUYEN Till LAN HUONG xa hdi giy cho ngudi Vi le dd, ngudi ta dd ding n h i n t r i c h nhiem ngudi danh gia, xem xet viec thuc thi nghia vu dao diic v i luat phap ciia mdt thuc the nao dd, nhu n h i nude, doanh nghiep, td chiic hay ca nhan v i tham chi, ca cac nhdm hanh dpng hay cac cdng ddng dia phuong Tac ddng den ngudi bao gid Cling la tac ddng d i u tien v i dd nhan thay nha't Trong dd, trach nhiem mdi trudng thudng khd nhan thay ngay, song nd lai cd tac ddng xa xdi, lau dai va Idn hon rat nhieu Ban den trach nhiem ngudi va trich nhiem mdi trudng, ve thue chat, la ban den hai phuong dien cua trach nhiem xa hdi Ne'u t r i c h nhiem ngudi la su nhan manh, chii trpng nhieu hon den cac mdi quan he gliia ngudi vdi ngudi, thi trach nhiem mdi trudng nhan manh vio mdi quan he giua ngudi vdi t u nhien Hai phuong dien gin bd chat che va khdng thd tach rai Trach nhiem ngudi chi diy dii nd dugc dat mdi quan he vdi trach nhiem mdi trudng, cdn trach nhiem mdi trudng khdng phai la thii trach nhiem triiu tugng xa rdi thuc te hoac khdng gin vdi cac Igi ich ciia ngudi Thuc te cho thay, xa hdi hien dai, trach nhiem mdi trudng ciia ngudi cang quan trpng khdng kem so vdi trach nhiem ciia ngudi vdi ngudi Cac mau thuan ve Ipi ich gliia cac tap doan, cac nhdm ngudi, tham chi la ca cac ca nhan gid day khdng chi bd hep pham vi lgi ich kinh te, ma cdn dugc md rpng vd phuong dien mdi trudng Trach nhiem mdi trudng khdng don thuan la trach nhiem vdi gidi tu nhien Hon the, ngudi p h i l h i n h ddng mdt each khdn ngoan dd khdng lam phuang hai den mdi trudng vdi tu each toan bd he thd'ng sinh tdn ciia ngudi v i cic sinh the khac vi lgi ich cua chinh ngudi v i cac sinh the dd Chiing ta bao ve mdi trudng Cling chinh la tu bao ve lgi ich ciia minh va lgi ich cua cic the he tuong lai 36 Y thiic dugc van dd nay, may chuc nam qua, cac hdi nghi thugng dinh ve mdi trudng a cap dp toan ciu da dien thudng xuyen va tap trung ban den nhiing van de mdi trudng cap bach nhi't Mac du cdn nhiing diem b i t ddng hay chua nha't tri tuyet ddi, song nd lite trcn da cho thi'y su CO gang rat Idn ciia nhan loai ddi vdi cac vi'n de mdi trudng toan ciu Dac biet, trach nhiem mdi trudng cua cdng ddng the gidi cang dugc quan t i m , thao luan vi nhat tri giiia cac qud'c gia ve cac van de rat cu the Mdt nhiing cot md'c quan trpng ghi da'u cho quan tam n i y l i Tuyen bd Xaun ve dao due mdi trudng vdi nguyen t i c ca ban, dd cd nguyen tic chia se trach nhiem Ndi dung ciia nguyen t i c l i "mpi vien ciia xa hdi loai ngudi deu cd trach nhiem tri su toan ven ciia mdi trudng toan ciu nhu mot he thdng - su sd'ng tdng the Chiing ta cin phai nhan thay trach nhiem l i su the hien quyet tam thuc thi nghia vu va su kien dinh bio ve tinh toan ven ciia mdi trudng toan cau cudc sd'ng hing Cic nd luc ddc lap dd cin dugc tang cudng hd trg bang viec xay dung cic mang ludi lien ket va cic nhdm quan chiing xa hdi va chinh phii, gidi cdng nghiep va doanh nghiep, ciing nhu cic td chiic phi chinh phii (NGOs) Nhd su tham gia vi phdi hpp hgp tac nhu vay, nhiing chinh sach thich hpp se cd thd duoc xiy dung va thuc hien mot each cd hieu qua"(5) Tdm lai, viec nghien ciiu s i u co sd ly luan cung nhu ca sd thuc tien cho viec xac dinh trach nhiem mdi trudng thuc su la van dd cap bach Trong pham vi van de nay, mdt su phd'i hgp nghien ciiu v i hanh ddng giua ly luan v i thuc tien, giiia triet hpc va cic khoa hpc nghien ciiu mdi trudng thuc su la dudng tdi uu de dua nhiing phuong i n kha thi n h i m giai quye't hieu qua nhung van de mdi trudng loan cau ma nhan loai dang phai ddi mat.LJ (5) Tuyen bd Xoun ve dao due moi trudng, cam ket ciia quin chung, 1997