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SU" D U N G B E N V T j N G T A l N G U Y E N D A T V i M U C T I E U P H A T T R I E N C O N N G l / C ) I DAO THI MINH HUONG* Mff dau Dat dai khong chi la nguon tai nguyen quan trong phuc vu cho san[.]
SU" D U N G B E N V T j N G T A l N G U Y E N D A T V i M U C T I E U P H A T T R I E N C O N NGl/C)I DAO THI MINH HUONG* Mff dau Dat dai khong chi la nguon tai nguyen quan phuc vu cho san xuat nong nghiep noi rieng, ma la nguon vdn to Ion ddi vdi hoat ddng kinh te ndi chung Khai thac dat dai mdt each ben vung cd tac ddng tich cue to ldn den phat trien ngudi Nguoc lai, sir dung khdng ben vung dat dai cd the d i n den suy thoai mdi trudng, can kiet tai nguyen, gay anh hudng tieu cue den phat trien ngudi, lam bung phat cac mau thuln xa hqi, tham chi ca nhung bk 6n chinh tri Bai v i l t dudi day phan tich mdi quan he giua sir dung bdn vung dat dai va phat trien ngudi thuc tien o Viet Nam, tir dd de xuat mot sd giai phap xir ly hieu qua nhung bat cap ton tai Uong mdi quan he Tinh hinh su dung dat dai 6* Viet Nam Chinh sach khoan va cac cai each kinh te thi trudng cudi thap nien 1980 - dau thap nien 1990 da dua san xuk nong nghiep d Viet Nam thoat khdi tinh trang khung hoang tram trong, budc vao giai doan tang trudng nhanh, khdng chi dam bao an ninh luong thuc ma bien nude ta trd qudc gia xuat khau nong san hang dau the gidi Tir 1988 - 2007, GDP nong nghiep tang lien tuc vdi tdc dd binh quan 4,2% nam - muc rat cao so vdi the gidi Tuy nhien, tir nam 2006 trd lai day, tdc tang trudng nong nghiep bat dau suy giam, cu the la nam 2006 chi dat 2,8% va nam 2007 la 2,3% (Dang Kim Son, 2009) Do qua trinh cdng nghiep hda-hien dai hda, ty le ddng gdp cua nong nghiep vao GDP chung cua ca nen kinh te cung giam xuong 1/3 giai doan 2001-2010 chi khoang 20% (nam 1990 la 32%, nam 1995 la 26%, nam 2000 la 23%, nam 2007 la 18%, nam 2010 udc tinh khoang 19%) (Hinh 1) Hinh 1: Ty GDP cua cac nhom nganh chinh giai doan 1990-2007 60% # S 40% " • m, - — • 18% 8 0% 1990 1995 2000 2007 —•— Nong nghiep —•—Cong nghiep —at—Djch vg Ngudn: Bq KH&DT; UNDP- Du an ho trq xay dung chidn luqc phat trien kinh td xa hqi Viet Nam thdi ky 2011-2020 * TS.; Vien Nghien ciru Con nguoi Viet Nam hien co mat hang xuat khiu dat muc tren ty USD la thuy san, ca phe, gao, cao su, go, ti le gao danh cho xuSt khau hang nam vao khoang 20% (T6ng cue Thong ke) 20 Nghien cuu Con nguoi so (51) 2010 Su dung ben vung Ca nuac hien co t6ng dien tich dk tu nhien la 33.115.000 ha, dat nong nghiep la 24.997.200 ha, chidm g i n 75,5%, d i t phi nong nghiep la 3.232.715 Ngoai co 4.732.100 d i t bing va doi nui chua sir dung, khong ke 368.800 la nui da khong co rirng cay Cho ddn nay, nganh nong nghiep van chiem khoang 50% luc luong lao dong va khoang 70% dan sd van song a nong thon - ty le cao nhat khu vuc, dien tich dat nong nghiep binh quan dau nguoi a Viet Nam rat thap so vdi muc trung binh cua khu vuc (Hinh 2), he so dat dai/lao dong cua Viet Nam cung a muc thap nhat the giai Nam 2008 ca nuac co 21.950.400 lao dong lam khu vuc nong nghiep, binh quan mot lao dong la 1,13 dat nong nghiep H i n h 2: Dien tich dat canh tac b i n h quan dau nguoi 6* Viet Nam va mot so nen kinh te chau A giai doan 1990-2007 Thai Lan ——Malaixia Han Quoc In-do-ne-xi-a Philipin Trung Quoc -e—Viet Nam Nguon: Bq KH&DT; UNDP- Du an ho trq xay dimg chien luqc phat trien kinh te xa hqi Viet Nam then ky 2011-2020 Tir thai diem Luat Dat dai duqc ban hanh vao nam 1993 , qua trinh chuyen dich dat dai da va dang dien theo hai xu huang chinh: 1) Chuyen doi muc dich sir dung tir dat nong nghiep sang dat phi nong nghiep; 2) Tich tu dat dai Theo Ravallion va Van de Walle: Tinh hieu qua duqc cai thien dang ke nha vao cai each dat dai 1988, Uong nhung cai each dan den tinh trang cac hq gia dinh khong co dat tang len nhung day khong phai la nguyen nhan dang lo ngai - tham chi d Uong nhom - v i doi ngheo da giam rihanh" (Ravallion va Van de Walle, 2008) Sir phat trien on dinh cua nganh nong nghiep giai doan tai khong chi phu thuoc vao viec nang cap co so tang nong thon, ma mot phan quan la vao viec tiep tuc day manh qua trinh chuyen dich dat dai gan lien voi viec doi moi quan ly va sir dung tai nguyen dat, hinh mot thi truong dat dai canh tranh lanh manh, minh bach, co su dieu tiet cua nha nuac, khuyen khich dau tu chieu sau, ap dung ky thuat, cong nghe va cac hinh thire quan ly tien tien Luat dat dai ban hanh nam 1993 va thay ddi lan gan day nMt vao nam 2004 vai viec cac ho nong nghiep duac giao dat san xuat on dinh lau dai, 20 nam doi vai dat cay mua vu hang nam nhir lua va 50 nam ddi vdi cay dai va rung; quyen su dung dat duoc cdng nhan bang viec cap giay chung nhan quyen sir dung dat Giay chirng nhan dupe sii dung d£ chuyen nhuong, the chap, cho thue, trao ddi va thira ke Nghien cuu Con nguoi so (51) 2010 21 Dao Thi Minh Huang Chuyen doi muc dich sir dung dat va phat trien ngirdi Neu nhu vao nam 2000, dien tich d i t lua ca nude la 4.467.770 thi den nam 2005 da giam di 463.300 ha, va tiep tuc giam cac nam sau (Bui Chi Buu, 2010) Mot nhung nguyen nhan dan den giam dien tich dat nong nghiep la Nha nude thu hdi dat, chu yeu de phuc vu cho viec xay dung cac khu cdng nghiep, khu thi va cac cdng trinh cdng cdng Trong nam 2001-2005, dat nong nghiep da thu hdi chuyen sang d i t phi nong nghiep la 366.440 (chiem 3.89 % d i t san xuat nong nghiep dang su dung), binh quan mdi nam 73.288 Tinh rieng nam 2005, tdng dien tich d i t nong nghiep bi thu hdi la 109.031 ha, dd vung Ddng b i n g sdng Hong va Ddng Nam Bq la 64.524 ha, chiem 59,2% Trong giai doan 2001-2005, tdng sd hq nong dan bi thu hdi dat tren ca nude la 627.495 hq, Ha N q i 138.291 hq, TP Ho Chi M i n h 52.094 hq, Da N i n g 29.147 hq Dac biet, cd khoang 10-20% tdng sd hq b i thu hoi toan bq dien tich dat, 20% bi thu hoi 2/3 dien tich va 60-70% b i thu hdi 1/2 dien t i c h Thu hdi d i t de lam san golf cung gdp phan lam giam dat nong nghiep Theo bao cao cua Bd Nong nghiep va Phat tridn nong thon ( N N & P T N T ) , ca nude hien cd 123 san golf duqc cap phep vdi tdng dien tich d i t la 38.445ha, dd cd 15.264ha dat chuyen doi tir nong nghiep (dat lua la 2.433ha) K h u vuc cd nhieu san golf nhat la Ddng Nam Bq v d i 36 san, dd TP.Hd Chi M i n h cd 13 san, Ba Ria - Vung Tau cd 12 san, Binh Duong va Ddng Nai mdi tinh cd san Thanh phd Ha N d i hien yeu cau dirng dau t u 11 san golf tren tdng sd 19 san golf duqc cap phep v d i tdng dien tich 6.362ha Viec xay dung hang loat cac cdng trinh thuy dien cung la nguyen nhan quan gay chuyen dich dat dai Nhieu hd dan vung long hd, dd 90% sdng bang nong nghiep, da phai di adi den noi d mdi tinh trang thieu dat san xuat, khdng cd he thdng thuy l q i , v i vay thudng xuyen ddi mat vdi tinh trang thieu luong thuc Dieu dang ndi la dat danh cho cac khu cdng nghiep, thi va san golf thudng la Theo Bao cao ciia Bp Tai nguyen va Moi truong, tinh den nam 2009 ca nuac co 223 khu cong nghiep duac Thii tuong Chinh phu quyet dinh lap tren dja ban 56 tinh, ph6 true thuoc Trung uong vai dien tich 57.264ha Trong do, 171 khu cong nghiep da di vao hoat dong, 52 khu cong nghiep dang xay dung Tu nam 1998 din nam 2005 da co gan 150 KCN va KCX duac cSp phep xay dung Trong vong nam tu 2005-2009, so cac khu cong nghiep da tang len gan 60%, cho thay co su tang tdc ro ret Ngoai ra, c6 hang tram cum, diem cong nghiep duac uy ban nhan dan cac tinh, thanh lap Nam 2003, so luong thi tren ca nude la 300, nam 2005 da len din 670, du kiln nam 2010 la 1000 vai dien tich sii dung dit la 243.200 va du kien din n8m 2020 la 1.500 thi voi dien tich su dung la 460.000 Bao cao Ke hoach sir dung dat 2001- 2005 ciia Bo Tai nguyen va M6i trudng IPSARD, CIEM, ILSSA 2007 trich theo D3ng Kim Son, 2008 Chi rieng tinh mien Trung din nam 2010 da co 472 du an (Kong Turn - 68, Gia Lai - 78, Lam Dong 71, Quang Nam - 61, ) voi tdng cdng suat 7525 MW, vuot qua quy hoach qudc gia Ke't qua nghien cuu tai xa Tra Bui, huyen Bac Tra My (noi cd cdng trinh thuy dien sdng Tranh) cho thay xa da mat toan bd dat nong nghiep (1.266ha), chi lai 45ha dat trdng cay lau nam, 674 tren 875 hd da phai di chuyen Thuy dien A Vuong cd tren 941 dat bi ng'ap long hd va cd 318 hp phai di ddi den nai d mdi 22 Nghien cuu Con nguoi s66 (51) 2010 Su duns ben vung _ dat dong bang, ven bien, vi tri giao thong thuan loi, co gia tri cao, Viet Nam chi co 1/4 la d i t dong bang, 3/4 la dat doi nui Them vao do, nhieu du an khu cong nghiep, san golf, thi m d i da duoc giao dat nhung khdng trien khai xay dung, gay lang phi d i t Viec trien khai ddng loat nhieu du an chuyen ddi muc dich sir dung dat da tf'c dong ldn den ddi sdng cua ngudi dan bi thu hdi dat, dac biet la van de giai quyet cdng an, viec lam, cap dat san xuat va dat tai dinh cu Kinh nghiem tai cac nen kinh te khu vuc da thuc hien cdng cdng nghiep hda cho thay, viec di dan khdi khu vuc nong nghiep va nong thon lam tang ty le dien tich dat/lao ddng va lam giam he sd phu thudc d nong thon Yeu td thu nhat kich thich tich tu ruong dat va tai phan bd quyen sir dung ruong dat cho nhung ngudi san xuat hieu qua hon Yeu td thu hai lam tang thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi nhd giam sd ngudi phu thudc vao nong nghiep Kinh nghiem chua cdng tai Viet Nam Theo tinh toan ciia Vien Vien Chinh sach va Chien luqc phat trien nong nghiep va nong thon (IPSARD), cu chuyen ddi dat nong nghiep sang muc dich khac thi 10 nguoi nong dan se b i that nghiep Cac khu cdng nghiep m d nhieu, nhung ty le nong dan tim duqc viec lam sau bi thu hdi dat lai thap mot mat, ty le hoat ddng cac khu cdng nghiep khdng cao; viec ap dung may mdc han che tao nhieu viec lam mdi; ngudi nong dan khdng cd tay nghe, khdng dap irng duqc yeu cau cua cac nha tuyen dung lao ddng; y thuc t u van ddng, vdn dau tu de chuyen ddi viec lam thap, dan den kha nang that nghiep rat cao Sir that la, nhieu ngudi sau nhan tien den bu dat dai khdng he hoc nghe m d i , ma chu yeu mua sain vat dung, tien nghi gia dinh Mat khac, cac chinh sach hd trq on dinh ddi sdng, dao tao chuyen ddi nghe va tim viec lam mdi chua duqc thuc hien tot Chinh sach dao tao lao ddng td kem hieu qua, chi chu den cung, it quan tam den cau, ddi tuqng nong dan mat dat khdng duqc dinh hudng dao tao nghe, lam giam co hdi lua chqn viec lam Day la can trd ddi vdi viec dich chuyen lao ddng tir lTnh vuc nong nghiep sang phi nong nghiep Sd lieu cua tinh Quang Nam cho thay, cac hd bi thu hdi dat san xuat cd 578 ngudi roi vao tinh trang that nghiep, chiem 8,46% tdng sd ngudi tudi lao ddng cd nhu cau viec lam Tuy nhien, ddi vdi nhung ngudi cd viec van xay tinh trang thieu viec: 779 ngudi lam viec dudi 40 gid/mdt tuan va 454 ngudi khdng cd viec lam Tdng sd that nghiep, thieu viec va khdng cd viec lam la 1.811 ngudi, chiem 26,5% Nam 2005 tren ca nude co hon 150 khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat lap tir 1998 ve truac ma chua lap day 50% V&o nam 2009, so han 223 khu cong nghiep vai dien tich 57.264ha da hoan viec xay dung, chi co 171 khu hoat dong, rat nhieu khu cong nghiep quay hang rao de khong hoac duac cip dit nhung cham trien khai xay dung (Bao cao moi truang qudc gia 2009 - Moi truang khu cong nghiep Viet Nam) Tai Bac Ninh, qua khao sat ciia Vien Chinh sach va Chien luge Phat trien nong nghiep va nong thon, s6 lao dong c6 vi?c lam sau bj thu hdi dit chi khoang 5% - 6%, xa cao nhit la 10%, xa thip nhit la 1% NghlSn cuu Con nguoi s6 (51) 2010 23 Bao Thi Minh Huang sd nguoi bi thu hdi dat san xuat hien co nhu cau tim viec lam (Pham Quang Tin, 2006) Viec ddn bu d i t bi thu hdi cung dang la van de ndi com viec sir dung tai nguyen tir gdc binh ding xa hpi Vuong mac chinh la gia tien den bu Y kien phd bidn cua nong dan la chinh quyen nhieu dia phuong ddi xir khdng cdng bang thu hdi d i t gia ddn bu qua thip Gia d i t dd tinh bdi thudng uy ban nhan dan cap tinh ban hanh hang nam tren co sd khung gia cac loai d i t Chinh phu quy dinh thudng thip hon 30-40% muc gia thi trudng, chu ydu tinh theo hang d i t cu each day 20 nam Chenh lech ve gia boi hoan vdi gia chuydn nhuqng thuc te qua cao khdng nhung gay buc xuc dan ma gay nhidu tieu cue d cac c i p chinh quydn sir dung cac bien phap phi kinh te dd day nhanh vide thu hdi dat, khdng minh bach, khdng nhat quan Cac bien phap hanh chinh thu hdi d i t gap phai su phan doi, tham chi xay xd xat vdi nong dan Cac chinh sach ho trq nhu vide tai dinh cu cho ngudi dan bi thu hdi dat chua duqc tridn khai mdt each ddng bd Ben canh dd, vide sir dung d i t nong nghiep chua that hieu qua Chi tinh rieng d 68 nong trudng qudc doanh va 33 vung kinh te mdi da cd tren 30.000 dat sau khai pha lai roi vao tinh trang "dat khdng nha trong" Dang bao ddng la, ben canh su suy giam dien tich dat canh tac chuydn ddi muc dich, chat luqng dat nong nghiep cang thoai hda xdi mdn, khd han, man hda, phen hda, lam giam kha nang san xuat, giam da dang sinh hoc va nhidu hau qua khac Dac biet la khu vuc midn Trung , mac du san xuat nong nghiep la nguon thu nhap chinh cua cac hq dan, nhung 2/3 dien tich dat cat duqc phan loai la dat bac mau, khdng cd kha nang trot qua trinh sa mac hda, gid cat, han han va lut lqi Trong hoan canh nay, nhidu tinh da tap trung bao vd dat, xay dung cac lang sinh thai, cai tao dat cat sang dat ndng-lam nghiep ket hop Tang canh tac tren sudn ddc d cac 10 vung nui cung gay hau qua phat trien mdi trudng khdng ben vung dat bi xdi mdn manh, va dd chdng lai vide phan bdn bi trdi xdi mdn, ngudi dan lai dimg nhidu phan bdn hon dan ddn vide san xuat khdng cd hieu qua va gay nhiem nhidu hon d luu Hien tuqng dat ngap man d dong bang sdng Ciru Long (DBSCL) cung lam giam chat luqng va dien tich dat canh tac dang ke Hon nua, vide quy hoach cac khu cdng nghiep gan vdi cac khu dan cu, dan trai tren khap cac dia phuong, cung tao didu kien dd cac chat thai ddc hai phat tan dien rdng, gdp phan gay nhiem va thoai hda dat dai T i c h t u dat dai va phat trien nguoi Trong san xuat nong nghiep d Viet Nam, trot v i n la nganh chinh, chidm tir 70-80% GDP cua toan nganh nong nghiep Tuy nhien, quy mo canh tac nhd le, manh miin dang la can trd ldn doi v d i phat tridn nganh nong nghiep va la nguydn nhan dan Khu vuc mien Trung chiSm 54,4% dien tich dit tu nhien ca nuac va dan so chiem 27,9% tdng dan so Cac khu vuc ddi nui chilm 81% tdng dien tich dit tu nhien ciia vung 9,5 % dien tjch khu vuc ven bien miin Trung bi sa mac hoa va cat va phin lai la dit trung co kha nang trot (Tong cue Thong ke, 2002) 10 24 Nghien ciiu Con nguoi sd (51) 2010 Su dung ben vung den nang suat tren d i u ngudi va thu nhap cua nguoi dan nong thon thap Sue ep cua thi truong dang budc cang dong nong dan phai chuyen sang nghe khac O nhieu noi, nhat la tai dong b i n g song Hong (DBSH), nong dan bo dat khong san xuat vi thu 11 nhap khong du dam bao cuoc song Tich tu dat dai dang noi len van de chinh cua giai doan phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon, nong dan hien H i n h 3: Ca cau ho nong thon theo nganh nghe 100% • H6 khac 80% llli H6 djch vu 60% • Ho cong nghiep va xay dung • H6 ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san 40% 20% 0% 2001 2006 Nguon: Agro - Census, Tong cue Thong ke, 2006 Thuc te cho thay, bang nhieu each khac tich tu ruong dat dang dien voi quy mo tang dan Tir mot phia, cang nhieu hq nong dan ban dat, tham chi tro nguoi lam thue tren chinh nhung manh dat trudc day la cua minh Tir mdt phia khac, lai xuat hien nhung "ty phu nong dan" cd tay tir hang chuc den hang tram hecta dat Chinh sach ddn dien ddi thira duqc ap dung d hau het cac tinh tir nam 2000 cd the coi la budc dau tien cua qua trinh Nghien ciiu cua Bq NN&PTNT thon tai Ha Tinh cho thay, cd den 100% sd xa lap ban chi dao trien khai ddn dien ddi thua va ket qua la sd thira binh quan giam 66,6%, binh quan giam tir 14 xuong 4,2 thira/hd Neu khdng tinh den cac van de mdi trudng va xa hqi, thi hieu qua kinh te cua viec tich tu dat dai la mot dieu khdng phai ban cai Khac vdi chinh sach hop tac hda nong nghiep trudc day, dat dai tap trung vao tay tap the va ngudi nong dan trd ngudi lam cdng an luong, do khdng cd ddng lire de tao nhieu san pham, qua trinh tich tu dat dai hien da khuyen khich viec dau tu phat trien nhirng md hinh san xuat hieu qua nhu tai Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Bac Giang, Kien Giang, Dac Lac "Muc thu nhap chung ciia cac ho nong dan nam 2006 chi dat 506 nghin ddng/ngudi/thang (so sanh GDP dau nguoi) c6n thap Nam 1994, binh quan mot ngudi d nong thon chi de danh dugc 172.000 ddng/nam, hau nhu khdng cd tich luy Den nam 2006, miic tich luy tang len rd ret, trung binh mdt ngudi d nong thon cd thi danh dugc 1.592.000 ddng/nam, hd la trieu ddng/nam vdi 0,63 san xuat Dieu tra muc sdng dan cu nam 2002, ty 1? hd cd tai san cd djnh la thap, chuong trai ch3n nudi cung chi chiem gan 30% Cac tai san cd dinh khac chi tren duoi 15% Tai san cd dinh cd gia tri cao nhu nha xudng, d td, may keo, chiem ty 1? rat nhd (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2006) Nghien cuu Con nguoi sd (5f) 2010 25 Dao Thi Minh Huong Co sir khac biet Ion qua trinh tich tu dat dai tai khu vuc DBSCL va BBSH Thi truang dat dai mien Bac kem linh hoat han d mien Nam, ty le cac hq tham gia chuyen nhuqng quyen sir dung dat d mien Bac chi bang 1/3 d mien Nam, luqng lao dong rdi khdi nong nghiep cao hon, chung td: 1) Dat nong nghiep tai DBSH khong dii giai quyet viec lam cho luc luqng lao ddng cang ddng; 2) K h i nong dan vung DBSH rdi khdi nong thon thi d i t khdng chuyen nhuqng cho nhung ngudi d lai lam nong nghiep ma bi bd hoa hoac cho thue thai gian ngan Han the nua, ty le dk tren dau ngudi r i t thip lai phai chia lam nhieu manh de dam bao cdng bang ve chat luqng dit, nen dit dai manh mun, moi gia dinh thudng chi cd 0,2 dat nong nghiep va mot sd it " d i t 5%", gom nhilu manh nhd rai rac d nhieu dia diem Thuc te la d DBSH, cac trudng hop tich tu ruong dit tir vai d i n vai chuc hau het deu cd nguon gdc tir dat chinh quydn dia phuong quan l y Tuy nhien, dat cdng dien chi chiem ty le nhd 5-10% va duqc diing vao nhieu muc dich khac nhau, nen sd trudng hop tich tu dat dai cdng la kha it, cac md hinh tich tu dat dai lam nong nghiep thdng qua chuyen nhuang la r i t hiem Theo nhan xet cua Kompas va cdng sir, "he thdng quyen sir dung dat hien thdi cung day den su manh mun ve dat dai nong nghiep, dac biet d vung DBSH vdi mat dan cu cao Mac dii su manh mun dudng nhu dang giam di, nhung nhung gidi han ve han dien (vao nam 2007 tang len tai DBSCL va vung Ddng Nam Bq va d hau het cac vung khac) va nhirng rao can ve hanh chinh ddi vdi viec tap trung dat lam cho quy md trang trai rat nhd vdi viec canh tac kem hieu qua" (Kompas va cdng sir, 2009) Rd rang la neu khdng cd co che rd rang thi viec tich tu dat dai tren dien rdng thdng qua chuyen nhuqng, thue mudn giiia cac ca nhan la het sire khd khan V i du, mudn tich tu duqc dat nong nghiep lien thira tai DBSH phai thda thuan, thdng nhat duqc vdi vai chuc hq gia dinh Day la nguyen nhan tai nong dan DBSH van canh tic theo kieu truyen thdng Quy md ruong dat manh miin can trd viec ap dung may mdc, cdng nghe hien dai va phuong thiic quan ly d trinh cao hon , chua ke den viec tren ciing mot canh dong, 12 13 15 He so quay vong tren dat canh tac ca nuoc nam 2006 la 1,76, giam 5% so vai nam 2003 (trung binh moi n5m giam 1,6%) O DBSH dien tich mau vu dong giam manh, dien tich mau luan canh lua a DBSCL cung giam Rieng tinh Thai Binh den cuoi nam 2005 co khoang 6.400 hp a 100 x3 bo rupng Trung binh moi hp a DBSH co dien tich 0,2 Ca DBSH va khu IV cu, binh quan moi hp nong dan cd 8-12 thua rupng nhd vdi dien tich trung binh 200-400m2/thua Thj trudng budc dau lam tang quy md dien tich dat ciia mdt sd hp nhung rat cham, hp cd dien tich dat dudi 0,5 van chiem tren 70% tdng sd hp Hp cd quy md tren lha tang len nhung rit it, thap han sd hp khdng cd dat tang len (D3ng Kim San, 2008) Nong dan Tran Ngpc Lau, thon Ai Qudc, xa Binh Djnh, huyen Kiln Xuong (Thai Binh) sau tich tu dupe gin 10 dit dl trdng lua va chan nudi mang lai hieu qua cao xin thau tren 10 dat hoang hoa, khai khin, be vimg dl trdng lua va tra tien thue rupng cho xa Nghien ciru d DBSCL cho thiy, san xuit lua mudn dat hieu qua cao phai md rdng quy md san xuit hp gia dinh Mdt hp Udng lua vuot muc han dien se dat hieu qua cao gip 5-6 lan cac hp quy md san xuit nhd dudi Nang suit lao ddng ciia cac hp nong dan cd dudi 0,25 dat thap hon cac hp cd tren dit la 2,5 lin (Ngan hang Thi gidi: Phuc lai nong hp va chuyen ddi d Viet Nam 1998a; Vien Lua DBSCL Bao cao dieu tra kinh t l - xa hdi hp nong dan Ddng Thap Mudi, 1995) 12 13 14 15 26 Nghl6n cuu Con nguoi s66 (51) 2010 Sir dung ben vimg cac ho canh tic khac ve thai vu, cay trong, gay kho khan cho viec tuoi tieu, phun thuoc trir sau, Theo khao sat nam 2008 cua Cue Trong trot (Bo NN&PTNT), co toi 20-30% nong dan khong muon canh tac va dang song bang nhung nguon thu nhap khac ngoai nong nghiep O cac dia phuong co nhieu lang nghe va khu cong nghiep, co hon 30% lao dong tham gia cac hoat dong phi nong nghiep, gan 30% di lam thue, ty le lam nong nghiep rat thap Mac du vay, so nguoi muon chuyen nhuang dat khdng nhieu Ngay ca neu chuyen nhuqng theo gia thi trudng, thi sd tien den bu va san lap mat bang vao khoang 200 trieu -1 t i ddng/ha la phuong an khdng kha thi cho nhung ngudi tich tu dat dai de lam nong nghiep Chi cd nhirng ngudi dau ca hoac mua dat lam nha vudn mdi cd kha nang thu gom Chinh v i vay, phan ldn giao dich dat dai tap trung tai cac vung ven do, la nai dat chuyen nhuang cho cac muc dich khac san xuat nong nghiep, cd gia tri cao va ngudi nong dan cd nhieu ca hpi thay ddi viec lam han Viec cho thue dat phd bien d mien Bac, viec ban dat lai phd bien d mien Nam (Marsh va cong su, 2007) Ngudi dan coi dat nhu tai san de danh nen phuong an cho thue dat la hop ly va an toan, nhimg cung chi cho thue thai gian ngan, thudng tirng nam mot, ca ngudi thue lan ngudi cho thue dat deu lo lang ve nhung thay ddi that thudng cua thi trudng va chinh sach dat dai Hien chi cd khoang 6% tdng sd manh dat ma ho sir dung thdng qua thi trudng thue mudn, 9% sd hq thue hoac muqn dat va 10% cho thue hoac cho muqn dat Viec cho thue dat thai gian ngan gay khd khan khdng nhd cho nhirng ngudi mudn canh tac tren quy md ldn vi hq khdng the yen tam dau tu vdi dieu kien bap benh Han nua, viec khdng cd giay chung nhan quyen sir dung dat can trd ca hqi tiep can cua ngudi di thue den nguon vdn de dau tu vao md rdng san xuat Viec tich tu dat dai tai DBSCL dien manh hon, dd, d cac tinh mien nui qua trinh cd quy md ldn han d ddng bang Ket qua khao sat cua tac gia tai huyen Hdn Dat, tinh Kien Giang, cho thay, sd nhirng ngudi sd huu tir 10 -15 lua khdng it, ca biet cd nhung ngudi tich tu duqc vai chuc dat Den nay, gia dat cad, viec mua ban trd nen khd khan, thi nhirng ngudi lam nong nghiep gidi lai chuyen sang thue dat cua ngudi dan de trdng lua va hoa mau Viec thue mudn dat tai day dien tuong ddi de dang cac thira dat kha rdng, chat luqng dat dai, dieu kien thai tiet thuan lqi cho viec trdng lua, quy hoach dat dai it thay ddi "Vao nam 1996, ddt mua 500-600 ngdn ddng/cdng, tinh 5-6 trieu/ha Con hien thdi co gid tdi 200 trieu/ha Nhimg mua ddt thdy kho rdi, cd ngudi ban, nhung sd it, lqi le te, khdng lien thira, lien canh nhu trudc Luc ddu tdi mua 3ha, sau dd nhdn ddn len qua tien ldi cua tirng vu lua, cir the mua ddt trd ddn" (Ngudi dan xa M y Thai, Hdn Dat, Kien Giang) "To/ thue ddt de trdng lua, nhd tdi cd ha, tdng cdng mdi nam tdi canh tdc tren 16 17 Ket qua dieu tra cua tac gia tai huyen Ba Vi, Ha Npi, cho thay, lua khong hieu qua, nhieu gia dinh d6 them dat de mau, gay tac dong ngan nuoc vao cdc thua ruong lua phia trong, anh huang den thai vu va nang xuat, sau benh lua lai gay hai cho hoa mau Theo kit qua tong dieu tra nong thon, nong nghiep va thuy san cua tinh Kien Giang, tinh hien co 102 hp c6 di?n tich dat canh tac tir 20 tra len, rieng dia ban huyen H6n Dit chilm hon nua (62 hp) C6n tong s6 884 hp c6 dien tich dit tir 10 din 20 thi 437 hp la nong dan Hon Dit, chii ylu a cac x3 Nam Thai Son, My Thai, My Phudc 16 17 Nghle~n ciiu Con nguoi sd6 (51) 2010 27 Dao Thi Minh Huang khoang ddt 13 Chinh sdeh thue duoc Nhd nude khuyen khich nen khong phdi la dieu qua lo Nhdn cong chinh la ngudi nhd, toi chi thue ngirdi lam thudng xuyen, lqi thue theo mua vu di phun thuoc, bon phan, trd 100 ngdn dong ngdy Toi mua may gat vita lam nhd minh vira lam dich vu cho nhung canh dong ldn can ddt di thue, trie di moi chi phi miia cung ldi khoang trieu ddngfha Thudng thi vu ddng-xudn thi hui vdn, he-thu thi di ra" (Nguoi dan xa M y Thai, Hon D i t , Kien Giang) Han dien la v i n dd duoc nhieu ngudi dan de cap K h i vuot muc han dien (sau la ha), nhung nguoi tich tu d i t qua mua ban Uao tay gia cao thuong nho ngudi than gia dinh hoac ba dung ten Didu co the phat sinh rui ro hanh chap ye quydn su dung dit, kho-khan viec tidp can nguon von vay de mo rong san xuat, ddng thdi thdi han sir dung chi gidi han vong 15 nam la qua ngan, gay khd khan ddi viec thu hdi vdn ndu so sanh vdi cac loai du an cdng nghiep, san golf cd thdi han cho thue keo dai 50 nam "Cdch [nhd ngudi dung ten - Chu thich cua tac gia] ddu cd gi pham phdp^ luat, minh Id nong ddn mua ddt de lam an, ddu cd "phdt canh thu td " nhu dia chu hdi xua ddu Md chinh quyin dia phuong cung tao dieu kien" (Ngudi dan xa M y Thai, Hdn Dat, Kien Giang) Ket qua san xuat da chung td hieu qua cua viec tich tu dat dai Nhd dat rdng, quy md san xuat ldn nen ngudi dan d day tiet kiem duqc nhan cdng, dua duqc cac phuong tien ky thuat hien dai vao san xuat, giam duqc chi phi, nang nang suat tu dudi tan/ha len tan/ha Viec tich tu dat dai giup cho ngudi nong dan cd co hqi chuyen mdn hda va tang nang lire canh Uanh, khai thac thi trudng mdi Hon nua, da tich tu duqc dat dai, ngudi nong dan chu ddng hon viec len ke hoach san xuat va tieu thu, chu ddng hoc hdi kinh nghiem san xuat, each thuc quan ly, chu khdng trdng chd vao su trq giup cua Nha nude Tuy nhien, dieu dd ciing ddi hdi vdn va ky nang ldn hon, va mot lan nua tinh hop phap cua viec tich tu dat dai lai dat Khd khan cua qua trinh tich tu ruong dat hien la cac van de the che nhu Giay chung nhan Quyen su dung dat, chinh sach han dien, kha nang tiep can vdn de md rdng san xuat Ngan hang The gidi udc tinh khoang 2/3 so t i t ca cac manh d i t hien van khdng duqc cap Giay chung nhan Quyen su dung dat (Ngan hang Thd gidi, 2008) Hon nua, han che ve nang lire cua dia phuong nhu kha nang thuc hien khao sat dia chinh, ciing nhu cac rao can hanh chinh va phap ly da khien cho viec thd chap hoac chuyen giao dat trd nen rac rdi va ton kem, va ket qua la thi trudng cho thue d i t van r i t nhd (Kompas va cdng su, 2009; Vien Khoa hoc xa hqi Viet Nam, 2009) Bao cao danh gia ve ngheo ddi cd su tham gia cua cdng ddng cua Vien Khoa hoc xa hpiVidt Nam cung ket luan, "cac trang trai khdng cd Giay chung nhan Quyen sii dung dat khdng the tiep can duqc cac khoan vay vdn ngan han, chua ndi den viec chuyen giao quyen su dung dat mot each chinh thuc" Dieu cung thudng xay ddi vdi cac trang trai cd quydn 18 Kit thiic nam 2009, mot nhtrng tin hieu lac quan la cac tinh vung DBSCL van tri tdc tang truong kinh t i hon 10,8% (ca nude la 5,2%) GDP binh quan dau ngudi viing nhd vay van dat 973 USD, tang hon 9,3% so vdi nam 2008 Mot tuu ndi bat khac la nam nay, mac du chiu tac ddng ciia suy thoai kinh ti, nhung san xuit nong nghiep vung van thing lgi ldn Theo dd, san lugng lua toan vung dat hem 20,6 trieu tin, tang 1,6 trieu tin so vdi n3m 2008; dua nude ta lin diu tien dat miic ky luc xuit khiu gin trieu tin gao (Bao edo tong kk cdng tic 2009, Kien Giang) 18 28 Nghl€n cuu Con nguoi s6 (51) 2010 sii dung dat sap h i t han ma phin ldn cac trang trai hien roi vao dugc cap phep sir dung dat vong 20 nam k l tir nam 1993 (Kompas va cong su, 2009) Mat trai cua qua trinh tich tu dat dai la nhung ngudi ban dat trd nhung ngudi nong dan khdng cd tu lieu san xuat tren que huang minh Dieu tiem an nguy ca bung phat mau thuan, tham chi xung dot xa hqi Tai xa M y Thai, huyen Hdn Dat, hien cd tdi 30% ngudi dan khdng dat de san xuat Viec lam thue tai dia phuong kha bap benh, hau nhu chi theo mua vu, thdi gian nong nhan ngudi lam thue phai tim nhirng viec khac de muu sinh Phan ldn ngudi dan deu cho rang, khdng cd dat la nguyen nhan chinh khien hq cang ngheo di, bi gat ben le nhung l q i ich cdng ddng, it cd ca hqi tiep can tin dung khdng cd tai san the chap Day ciing la mot nhung nguyen nhan quan lam cho cac chinh sach giam ngheo d mdt sd dia phuong trd nen khdng ben vung Tir gdc xa hqi, ngudi nong dan cd the khdng lam nong nghiep tren chinh ruong dat cua minh, ma lam thue cho cac trang trai, ddn dien ldn, hay dau tu vdn chuyen nhuqng dat vao cac nganh nghe, tai san sinh ldi khac Dieu quan la lam de hq khdng bi gat le cua sir phat trien, dugc dam bao cac quyen lgi, chu khdng phai bi roi vao tinh trang sdng bap benh "Ddt mdi khai hoang bi nhiem phen man chi gieo sa moi nam vu Tlxdi tiet khdc nghiet, nam ddu thu hoach mdt trdng Lam ruong khong dii an, toi bdn ruong chuyen sang nghe khdc, thue gi lam nay" (Ngudi dan xa M y Thai, Hdn Dat, Kien Giang) "Ddt dai sinh lua gao, lua cdng duoc gid, chung toi cdng mirng, nhien vi khdng cd ddt, lua gao len gid chung toi cdng ngheo di vi khdng dii an" (Ngudi dan xa My Thai, Hdn dat, Kien Giang) "Nhd tdi cd tdi mieng an, nhung cdng ddt thi lam khd len, du cd lam qudn qudt quanh nam ciing khdng dii an Luc dd ddng ddt nhiem phen, kenh rqch chua cd nen lua trdng chd dii an nen bdn ddt rdi phd mac cudc ddi lam mudn, sau thi Bay gid nhin thdy ddt dai mau md md dec hui, nhung an chd du thi lay gi md mua Ngdy miia di lam thue, ngdy thudng thi di bat cd Ai thue gi lam ndy" (Ngudi dan xa M y Thai, Hdn Dat, Kien Giang) Qua trinh tich tu dat dai d Tay Nguyen lai mang sac thai khac Viec ddng bao dan tqc ban dat cho ngudi nai khac den khdng phai v i hq khdng the sdng ndi tren manh dat cua minh, ma dieu phan nao phan anh ldi sdng va phuong thuc sdng cua hq Ddi vdi hq, dat dai thuoc sd huu cua cong ddng, sd huu t u nhan, tham chi sd huu hq gia dinh ve dat dai khdng ton tai Theo truyen thdng, dan lang cd quyen chiem dung dat dai chua cd chu, xac nhan bang each minh la ngudi den dau tien, quyen chiem dung dat dai bi tudc bd neu ngudi dd khdng la vien cdng ddng Chinh v i vay, viec nhuqng lai dat cho ngudi khac, ban than di khai pha dat mdi khdng dugc hieu nhu la su tudc bd quyen sd huu cua cdng ddng Trong dd, nhung ngudi di cu mdi den lai khao khat cd dat, mudn tich tu dat de san xuat, cd vdn va ky nang Do dd, viec tich tu dat dai d Tay Nguyen la khdng the dao ngugc "Nhung ngudi di cu tang dien tich dat san xuat cua gia 19 Tai Tning Quoc da phat trien mo hinh nguoi nong dan gop co phan cho cac cong ty san xuat nong nghiep bang dat va chuyen sang hoat dong lTnh vuc khac Thu nhap ngudi dan tang len, bao gdm cd tuc cd phan sinh ldi va thu nhap tir hoat ddng khac, dd ngudi dan vln giu dugc dat cua minh Tai Viet Nam da cd du an thu nghiem md hinh tuong tu nhung khdng cdng dat dai qua manh mun, khd tap trung 19 Nghien cuu Con nguoi s66 (51) 2010 29 Dao Thi Minh Huong dinh bang each mua lai d i t cua ddng bao dan tdc tai cho, thuc te la ung tien cho ddng bao dan tdc tai cho khai hoang vdi gia re" (UNDP,2008) Mat khac, hien tuong ban dat cua ngudi ban dia d Tay Nguyen p h i n nao phan anh viec san x u i t khdng hieu qua cua ddng bao tren nhung dien tich dit dugc giao Rd rang, viec giao dat, rirng cho ddng bao la chua du de ho cd the sinh sdng lau dai teen manh d i t dd, chim dut du canh Nhirng ngudi dan ban dia dugc hdi cho biet, san lugng cay trdng teen nhung dien tichdat giam mdt each nhanh chdng chi sau vai vu v i ho khdng cd tidn mua phan bdn de cai tao dit, va d i t bac mau, ba lai di tiep vao rirng d l khai hoang dat mdi Trudc tinh hinh nay, chinh quydn mot sd noi cd ging lam cham lai qua trinh chuydn nhuqng, tham chi cd noi c i m chuydn nhugng d i t dd han chd d i u co d i t , giam dien tich dot rirng lam nuong ray Chinh v i vay, ngoai vide c i n xac dinh lai dien tich giao dat, giao rung thi phai tao cdng an vide lam va da dang hda sinh kd cho ngudi dan Tay Nguyen dd hq khdng tidp tuc ddi sdng du canh Vide giao d i t chi cd thd phat huy hieu qua, trd nguon thu nhap chinh cua ngudi dan hq dugc hd trg tai chinh va ky thuat cho hoat ddng san xuat Mot hien tuong kha phd bidn d Tay Nguydn la khdng it can bq nha nude cd nhidu dit (10-50 ha), chu yeu dd cho thud kidm ldi, chii khdng true tidp tham gia san xuat Thuc td, day la cac dia chu mdi kidm ldi bang hinh thuc phat canh, thu td Ket luan va khuyen nghj Tai nong thon, dac biet la cac vung sau, vimg xa, ngudi nong dan Viet Nam phu thudc rat nhidu vao dat dd kidm sdng Ty Id dat nong nghiep tren dau ngudi va he sd dat dai/lao ddng cua Viet Nam kha thap so vdi mire trung binh cua khu vuc va thd gidi la mot nhiing nguydn nhan chinh khien nang suat lao ddng nganh nong nghiep thap, thu nhap thap, ddi sdng ngudi nong dan bap benh Qua trinh cdng nghiep hda khien dien tich dat nong nghiep giam di, ddng thdi gia tang sd luqng nong dan khdng cd dat, khd khan viec chuydn ddi vide lam tir lTnh vuc nong nghiep sang phi nong nghiep, dan ddn kha nang that nghiep cao Trong do, cac chinh sach hd trg on dinh ddi sdng, dao tao chuyen ddi nghe va t i m vide lam mdi chua dugc thuc hien tot: chinh sach dao tao lao ddng td kem hieu qua, chi chii ddn cung, it quan tam ddn cau; ddi tuqng nong dan mat dat khdng dugc dinh hudng dao tao nghe, lam giam co hqi lira chqn vide lam ddi vdi nguoi dan Ben canh dd, chat luqng dat nong nghiep cd x u hudng cang thoai hda xdi mdn, khd han, man hda, phen hda, nhiem, lam giam kha nang san xuat, giam da dang sinh hoc Hoat ddng cua nhidu khu cdng nghiep ciing tao didu kien dd cac chat thai ddc hai phat tan dien rong, gdp phan vao gay nhiem va thoai hda dat dai Ngoai ra, tai nguydn dat dai cua Viet Nam cung dang bi de dqa tinh trang bidn ddi hau Thuc te cho thay, cac chinh sach vd dat dai hien it cd tac dung thuc day vide vdn hda dit dai, dd khdng phat huy dugc gia tri that su cua thu tai nguydn khan hidm nay, kim ham sir phat tridn cua nong nghiep ndi rieng va nen kinh td ndi chung Hon nua quan ly nha nude ddi vdi d i t dai van bi budng long, vide cap dat, chuydn ddi muc dich sii dung d i t tidn, gia ca den bu khdng hgp ly, chinh sach han dien va thi trudng dit dai khdng hoan hao han chd vide tich tu dat dai, md rdng san xuat theo hudng hien dai, quydn sir dung d i t chua dugc bao dam va giao dich khdng thuan tidn han che kha nang vdn hda dat dai 30 Nghien cuu Con nguoi so (51) 2010 Su dung ben vimg Mot chinh sach hop ly ve dat dai can the che hoa chac chan qua trinh tich tu dat, han che, hoa giai nhung bat on tiem an cho xa hoi, vua la tang gia tri va san luqng nong nghiep, vira giup nguoi chuyen nhuang dat tim duqc viec lam moi, khong bi day le xa hoi Can co ca che hop ly de khuyen khich dau tu vao nong nghiep, dac biet la hoan thien thi truang dat dai, nhat la the che quyen sir dung dat, thuc day viec chuyen dat dai von tao thuan led cho viec giao dich, phan bo va sii dung tai nguyen dat dai mot each hieu qua 7771? nhdt, Nha nude can dieu chinh quy hoach sir dung dat dai phu hop vdi chien luqc phat trien muoi nam 2011-2010, tranh tinh trang thay ddi tien, dd dac biet chu quy hoach dat nong nghiep, dat rirng, han che su suy giam qua nhanh dat nong nghiep Can sira ddi Luat Dat dai theo hudng bd khung gia dat, thuc hien ca che mot gia, dau gia dat, tang thai han giao dat va chi giao cho cap huyen quyen cap phep chuyen nhuqng dat nong nghiep sang cac muc dich sir dung khac Nen xay dung nghi dinh rieng cua Chinh phu ve tich tu dat dai Thii hai, can dieu hda su phan bd dan sd va di dan giua cac vung mien nham giam ap luc cua dan sd ddi vdi tai nguyen dat; tao dieu kien thuan lqi cho dich chuyen lao ddng cung nhu tai phan bd dat dai, dam bao moi ngudi dan ke ca ngudi ngheo nhat cung duqc hudng lqi tir tang trudng Thu ba, tiep tuc bd sung, sua ddi, hoan thien the che ve dat dai, dac biet la ca che tinh gia tri dat, thi trudng bat ddng san, chinh sach va phap luat ve quyen sd hiiu, sir dung dat, thuc day qua trinh tich tu dat dai ddng thai han che tinh trang dat bd hoang khdng sir dung hoac cau dam dau ca Viec thu hdi va den bu thu hdi dat phai dam bao tinh cdng bang giua ngudi dan, ngudi bi mat tu lieu san xuat vdi cac doanh nghiep thu lqi tir viec sir dung dat vao cac muc dich khac, xda bd ca che cac doanh nghiep tu thda thuan gia den bu vdi ngudi dan Can cd co che khuyen khich, tham chi bat buqc cac doanh nghiep dau t u dao tao nghe, tuyen dung lao ddng tai dia phuong, dac biet uu tien cho lao ddng thudc dien bi thu hdi dat Cdng khai, minh bach hda cdng tac quy hoach, tao ca hqi cho cac ca quan dan cir dai dien cho lqi ich cir tri, cho ngudi nong dan duqc tham du vao viec xay dung cac chinh sach cdng, qua trinh quy hoach dia phuong, cac du an phat trien tang Thii tu, de giam thieu su suy thoai dat, can cd cac quy dinh ve quan ly dat ddc, dat luu vuc sdng va dat ngap nude Long ghep chinh sach qudc gia vdi cac ke hoach hanh ddng qudc te ve viec chdng thoai hda va sir dung dat ben virng Ve ky thuat, ap dung cac bien phap ky thuat tdng hop (nong hoc, sinh hoc, hda hoc, ca hoc ) va dau tu tham canh sir dung dat theo chieu sau Tai tao ldp phu thuc vat bang cay rirng hoac td hop ndng-lam ket hop de bao ve phi nhieu cua dat De giam thieu tac dong cua bien ddi hau ddi vdi tai nguyen dat can xay dung va cung cd he thdng de bien va de sdng bao ve d i t canh tac trudc tinh trang trieu cudng va xam man Tiep tuc bao ve va phat trien rirng, phu xanh ddi trqc chdng xdi mdn dat, dau tu md rdng dien tich rirng ngap man ven bidn, ven sdng Nghien cau Con nguoi sd (51) 2010 31 Dao Thi Minh Hircrtig Tai lieu tham khao Bui Chi Buu : Ban vi chuyin dich va sir dung ddt nong nghiep qua trinh cdng nghiep hda a nude fa.Tap chi Cong san, s6 8, 2010 Dang Kim Son : Cdng nghiep hod tir Nong nghiep - Ly luan thuc din vd trien vong dp dung a Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2004 Dang Kim Son: Nong nghiep, nong ddn, nong thon Viet Nam horn vd mai sau, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2008 Kompas va cong su: Nang sudt, lai nhuan rdng vd hieu qua: cai each ddt dai va thi trudng san xuat gao tai Viet Nam Canberra: Dai hoc quoc gia Uc, Trudng kinh te va quan ly Crawford: Nghien cuu Kinh te quoc t i va phat trien so 09-02-2009 Marsh, S.P va cong su: Luat Dat dai so 2003/QH11 cua nude Cong hoa xa h§i chii nghTa Viet Nam Canberra: Luat Dat dai Phdt triin nong nghiep vd chinh sdeh ddt dai tai 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