Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khi Viet Nam trifdc them theky 21'''' 0 NHI§M MOI TRLTdNG DO CHl PHA TRONG X A N G VA CAC BIEN PHAP GIAM THI^U Nguyen Phuang Hal, Nguyen Ngoc Lan Tong cong ty Dau khi Viet N[.]
Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau Viet Nam trifdc them theky 21' NHI§M MOI TRLTdNG DO CHl PHA TRONG X A N G V A C A C BIEN P H A P GIAM THI^U Nguyen Phuang Hal, Nguyen Ngoc Lan Tong cong ty Dau Viet Nam TOM TAT Xang la loai nhien lieu chu yeu sd dung cho cac ddng ca d td Mdt nhung chi tieu chat lugng chinh ciia xang la tri sd octan Chi dudi dang tetraetil chi la mot eae loai phu gia chii yeu dugc pha vao xang de tang tri sd octan cua xang Khi thii cOa cac dgng ca td thii mdi trudng bao gom nhieu phan cd nang gay d nhiem mdi trudng dd cd cae hat ehi dudi dang nguyen td Cac hat ehi cd the bay di xa gay d nhiim khdng khi, dat va nude Chi cd the gay nhieu can benh nan y cho eon ngudi dae biet la tre em nhu inh hudng tdi he than kinh lam glim th nhd, cac can benh ve he hd hap, than, v.v Hien nay, nhieu nude tren the gidi da cam sd dung xang pha chi Viet Nam hien cung dang chuan bi de thue hien viec khdng su dung xang pha chi Tong cdng ty Dau Viet Nam dang chuan bi xay dung nha may loc dau sd va tiep dd la cae nha may Igc dau sd va Sa cong nghe nha may Igc dau sd cho phep sin xuat xang khdng chi va day la mot dong gOp tich cue ciia Tong cdng ty Dau va viec thuc hien cac quy dinh cua Nha nude nham xd bo viec sd dung xang pha chi a Viet Nam XANG TO Xang la ten gpi chung eho nhien lieu sir dung ddng ea eae bua rata hay ddng cd lam vide theo nguyen ly phun true tiep nhien lieu vao ddng ea sau dd ddt chay hon hpp lam vide bang tia lira dien Chi tieu chat lupng eiia loai xang d td dang sir dung tai Viet Nam dupe trinh bay Bang sau day: Bang 1: Chi tieu chat luang xang chi - TCVN5690 -1998 , Ten chi tieu TT Trj sd octan theo phuang phap nghien curu (RON), khdng nhd han Xang ; ^^j 33 no 83 Xang Xang ^^^ 92 | chi 97 ' „^ 92 i ; „^ 97 „ P''^"^ phap thi/ ^ ASTM 02699-95 Thanh phan eat phan doan: - Oiem sdi dau, °C, khdng Idn han -10% the tieh, X , khdng Idn han 70 - 50% the tieh, X , khdng Idn han 120 -10% the tieh, X , khdng Idn han 190 -10% the tieh, X , khdng Idn han 210 - Can cudi, % TT, khdng Idn han 2,0 An mdn manh ddng d 50°C/3h, mg/IOOmI, khdng Idn han Ham luang nhua thuc te, mg/IOOmI, khdng Idn hdn \ - San xuat -Tdn ehda, sir dung TCVN 2698-1995 N°1 i TCVN 2694-1995 ' ASTM D381 - 94 Op dn dinh d xy hoa, phut, khdng nhd han 240 ASTM D525 - 95 Ham luang luu huynh tdng, % KL, khdng Idn han 0,15 i ASTMD1266-91 Ham luang ehi, g/l, khdng Idn han 0,15 :TCVN 6020-1995 Ap suat hai bao hoa (Reid) d 37,8°C, KPa 43-80 TCVN 5731-1993 443 Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau Viet Nam trifdc them theky 21' Trj sd octan la tinh chat quan trpng nhat eiia xang, la mdt dan vi qui udc dae trung cho kha nang chdng kich nd ciia nhien lieu va dupe bang % the tich (%TT) ciia iso - octan (2,2,4 Trimethyl Pentan CgHig) hdn hpp eiia nd vdi n-Heptan, tuang duang vdi kha nang chdng kich nd cua nhien lieu thir nghiem d dieu kien tieu chua'n (n-heptan dupe qui udc ed chi sd octan = va iso - octan dupe qui udc ed ehi sd octan = 100) Odi vdi ddng ea ky, d eudi giai doan nd, hon hpp nhien lieu va khdng (NL+KK) xylanh se dupe bugi phat tia lira de ddt chay Qua trinh chay mac dii xay rat nhanh (binh thudng tU 15 - 40m/s) nhung khdng ddng thdi toan bd xylanh ma chay lan truyen theo tUng Idp, phan ehia khdng gian eiia xylanh hai phan: phia ngpn lira bao gdm eae san pham da chay va phia ngoai ngpn lira bao gdm eae loai caebuahydro (C-H) dang bj oxy hoa sau d nhiet dd va ap suat eao, tao cae loai hpp chat trung gian khdng ben, gay cae phan irng ehudi lam cho cae C-H tu oxy hoa sau them va tu bde chay mat lira lan truyen tdi Khi tdc dp lan truyen qua Idn (hdn 40m/s) thi qua trinh chay xay gan nhu ddng thdi sau tia lira dien ciia bugi phat chay, hien tupng dd gpi la chay kich nd Hien tupng chay kich nd se gay nen cac sdng xung kich, va dap manh vao xylanh lam xuat hien tieng gd kim loai khae thudng, lam hao tdn cdng suat ddng ea, thie't bj sdm bj hu hdng Oe' dam bao dp dn djnh kich nd ciia xang, ngudi ta thudng pha them cae phu gia tang trj sd octan, dd eae phu gia cd chira ehi la hii'u hieu va kinh te nhat Trong sd eae hpp chat cd chira ehi thi Tetraethyl chi dupe sir dung nhieu va lau nhat (tU nam 1922), sau dd yeu eau bao ve mdi trudng nen ngudi ta da tim each thay the mdt phan hoae toan bd chi bang cac phu gia khae TAI SAO LAI PHAI LOAI B C H I ? Hoat dpng ciia eae phuang tien giao thdng van tai sir dung xang pha ehi la mdt nhirng nguyen nhan chinh gay d nhidm khdng d cac phd Idn, dd ehi la mdt chat gay d nhidm de dpa nghiem trpng sue khde eon ngudi Trong thai ciia ddng ea d td sif dung xang pha ehi, ngoai eae chat ddc hai nhu CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, HC thi cdn cd cac hat chi d dang hat rat nhd va rat dd xam nhap vao ca the' qua da va qua dudng hd hap 75% lupng ehi xang dupe thai khdng sau chay, chie'm 95% tdng lupng chi gay d nhiem mdi trudng d eae phd Idn Chi edn ed the' gay d nhidm ea d nhung nai each rat xa cae ngudn thai Cac hat chi lan khdng cd the' vupt qua ea bien gidi eiia cac nude va lang dat, nude, bam vao cac vat dung, dd diing Do van de d nhiem chi khdng chi mang tinh qudc gia ma cdn mang tinh qudc te nen vide loai bo chi da dupe tat ea eae nude iing hd va thue hien Cac anh hi/dng cua chi ddi vdi sifc khde ngi/di Theo cac nghien cuu ciia td chifc Bao ve mdi trudng eua My ehi ed eae tae hai ddi vdi sire khde eon ngudi nhu sau: • Chi la mdt chat ddc gay anh hudng ldn de'n sire khde eon ngudi Khi vao ea the eon ngudi chi dupe tieh tu lai va tdi mot ham lupng nhat djnh se pha hiiy sire khde nghiem trpng, tham chi ed the gay tif vong • Tre em thudng nhay cam ddi vdi ehi han ngudi Idn va he thdng than kinh eiia tre em rat de bj tdn thuang ehi Chi ti'eh tu ca the ciia tre em dan tdi giam tri thdng minh, giam kha nang tap trung Phu m mang thai cung rat nhay cam ddi vdi ehi ca d ham lupng chi nhd • Chi cd the gay mdt sd can benh nhu tang huyet ap, gay ung thu 444 Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau Viet Nam trifdc them theky 21' Chi cd the tham nhap vao ca the qua dudng: Oudng hd hap: qua phdi va di khap ca the Mdt mdt ngudi ed the hap thu 6-9|.ig chi neu lupng chi thai ed khdng la 30|.ig [1] Hap thu qua dudng tieu hda: thde an nude udng bj d nhiem ehi Hap thu qua dudng da: qua cac ehd da bi xay xat Cac anh hudng ciia chi ddi vdi cac he thd'ng ciia ca the: He thd'ng tao huyet: anh hudng tdi qua trinh tdng hpp Hemoglobin, gay thieu hdng cau, thieu huyet sac to He thd'ng than kinh: Chi anh hudng tdi ca he thdng than kinh trung uang va than kinh ngoai bien Benh nao nhiem ddc ehi huu ea xang dau rat de gay tir vong Mat khae ehi ed the gay rdi loan hanh vi d ngudi Idn va tre em Ndi bat nhat la vide gay giam ehi sd thdng minh (IQ) Ngudi ta thay rang d tre em cd ham lupng chi mau la 10 i^g thi chi sd IQ bat dau giam va cir tang them 10 |ag thi chi sd IQ giam di 2,58 dan vj • He tim mach: chi gay eo mach ngoai vi, cac mach nhd, gay xa vua ddng mach va dd ehi gay tang huyet ap, ehi anh hudng tdi eatim va ddng mach vanh • He tiet nieu: Than la ep quan dao thai chi nhung cung la ea quan hap thu chi nhieu nhat Neu su hap thu qua nhieu va keo dai thi than dd bj suy [1] • He tieu hda: anh hudng tdi gan, mat, gay cdn dau bung ehi • He sinh san: Lam giam kha nang sinh san ddi vdi phu nir, anh hudng tdi qua trinh rung trdng • Anh hudng de'n ndi tiet: chii yeu la cac chire nang tuyen giap • Anh hudng de'n xuong khdp: ehi tieh luy d xuang (95%) va thdi gian ban huy d xuang la 10.000 dd nhung ngudi bi nhiem ddc chi thudng hay bi dau khdp xuang Oe danh gia ve anh hudng eiia ehi ddi vdi sire khoe, ehi tieu xet nghiem ehi huyet (dupe bang ).ig/dl) dupe xem la chi tieu khaeh quan nhat Ve mat ly thuyet thi lupng chi huyet phai bang O^g Theo td chire y te the gidi thi lupng ehi huyet d tre em phai dudi 10|ig, ngudi Idn phai nhd han 25(ig, nhung thuc khdng cd mdt ham lupng chi huyet nao la an toan ddi vdi sure khoe ngudi [1] Md'i tu'cfng quan giu'a ham li/cfng chi khdng vdi ham li/dng chi mau cung nhU" ngiTdng gay ddc hai cho ngi/di Cae nha nghien cuu My ket luan rang ed mdi quan he chat che giua ndng dp chi khdng va ndng dp chi mau Md'i tuang quan giua ham lupng ehi mau va ham lupng chi mdi trudng xung quanh dupe trinh bay d Hinh Neu chi dua vao hd hap true tiep thi ty sd giua ehi mau va ehi khdng vao khoang 1,6 ddi vdi ngudi Idn va ddi vdi tre em, vi vay lam giam ham lupng ehi khdng Ijag/m^ hy vpng lam giam ham lupng ehi mau la 2|.ig/dl ddi vdi ngudi Idn va 4|ig/dl ddi vdi tre em Chu ky ban ciia ehi mau la gan 36 nen ham luang ehi mau ed the dupe coi la irng vdi cac thay ddi ndng dp chi xung quanh thang 445 Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau Viet Nam trudc them theky 21' ML Ngudi Idn rr, ^^ 03 -10 Treeni/ Đã E ãCD 11 -20 k -4 -3 -2 -1 ^ Ham lupng ehi trung binh khdng (|ag/m^) Hinh Su thay ddi ham lupng chi trung binh mau thay ddi ham lupng chi khdng Hien trang van de chi khdng d Viet Nam • Tieu chuan chi khong ciia Viet Nam so vdi the gidi Theo Td chuc Y te the gidi thi tieu chuan chi khdng cd the' chap nhan dupe (1977) la 0,5^g/ml Nhung thue khdng cd ham lupng ehi nao khdng dupe coi la an toan ca vi tiep xue vdi ham lupng ehi thap nhung lau dai van cd the' bj nhiem ddc Tieu chua'n Viet Nam 5937 -1995 quy djnh mifc tdi da eho phep ve ndng dp ehi trung binh gid (cue dai ngay) cung nhu trung binh khdng xung quanh la 0,005mg/m^ hay 5|ig/ml Theo To chire Y te the gidi tieu chuan chi trung binh nam cho phep la 0,5|ig/m^ gia trj d Thai Lan la 1,5|ig/ml Gia trj tieu chua'n eho phep ndng dp chi trung binh thang d eae nude Malaysia, Philippine, Singapore deu la 1,5^g/m^ Nhu vay ed the' thay quy djnh ham lupng ehi khdng khf ciia tieu chuan Viet Nam la thap so vdi cac quy djnh ciia cae tieu chua'n eua khu vue va the gidi Mdt sd ket qua khao sat ham lifdng chi khdng d mdt sd phd Idn d Viet Nam Viet Nam hien ed rat it cac dieu tra ve mdi trudng sdng cung nhu cac anh hudng eiia ehi tdi sire khoe cdng ddng Trong thdi gian vUa qua da ed mdt sd td chirc mdi trudng Viet Nam da tien hanh ham lupng chi khdng d Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Thii dd Ha Npi cung nhu d mdt sd kho xang dau Dudi day la mdt sd ket qua khao sat tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va Ha Ndi ma chiing tdi dua vao bao eao de' tham khao la chinh: 446 Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau Viet Nam trifdc them the ky 21' Bang 2: Ket qiia quan trac d nhiem khdng giao thdng tai nga tu Dinh Tien Hoang - Oien Bien Phii- Tp HCM Thdi gian CO (mg/m^) Bui (mg/m^) Chi (mg/m^) m, (mg/m^) Od dn (dBA) 08/09/99 15,80 1,736 0,00323 0,084 83-89 09/09/99 14,57 1,833 0,00303 0,208 82-88 16/09/99 17,31 1,893 0,00306 0,323 82-89 28/09/99 26,40 1,950 0,00293 0,213 82-89 04/10/99 11,00 1,800 0,00363 0,266 83-88 14/10/99 10,83 1,856 0,00340 0,154 82-89 16/10/99 19,58 1,940 0,00326 0,290 82-89 19/10/99 10,43 1,853 0,00300 0,319 81-87 21/10/99 23,19 1,853 0,00346 0,179 92-88 Ghi chii: Cac gia tn tren day la trung binh cua thdi diem (7 gid, 10 gid, 15 gid) Trich dan tu cac tai lieu cua Vien Cong nghe Moi trudng va Tai nguyen, Dai hoc quoc gia Thanh Ho Chi Minh Bang 3: Ndng dp chi trung binh cac thang nam 1999 tai TP Hd Chi Minh Thang 10 Ndng dd chi Ndng chi Ndng chi ciTc dai (mg/l) trung binh (mg/l) ci/c tieu (mg/l) 0,0031 0,0024 0,0022 0,0032 0,0024 0,0021 0,0033 0,0026 0,0021 0,0032 0,0024 0,0021 0,0030 0,0024 0,0020 0,0032 0,0026 0,0021 0,0032 0,0023 0,0017 0,0028 0,0022 0,0016 0,0031 0,0024 0,0018 0,0034 0,0028 0,0021 Bang 4: Ndng dp chi khdng ben canh mdt sd nut giao thdng tai Ha Ndi Ndng TB Ndng mg/m^ ciTc dai (mg/m^) Thdi gian 0,003020 0,00431 31/7/98 Le Thanh Tdng - Trang Thi 0,001800 0,00310 31/7/98 Trang Tien - Hang Bai 0,002650 0,00378 31/7/98 Ngatusd 0,004100 0,00450 10/9/98 Ngatuvpng 0,008150 0,00890 10/9/98 TT Vj tri Nga Cira Nam Nga tu Kim Lien 0,002850 0,00260 10/9/98 Nga Cau Chui - Oudng 0,000415 0,00058 18/6/97 TCVN 5937-1995 0,000500 0,00500 (So lieu cua Trung tam ky thuat moi trudng thi va khu cong nghiep) 447 Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau Viet Nam trifdc them theky 21' Cae ket qua sa bd tren day eho thay rang ham luong chi tai cac diem khao sat d cae niit giao thdng hau het deu khdng vupt qua tieu chuan cue dai cho phep, nhung so vdi qui djnh ciia cae nude xung quanh va the gidi thi eao han, nhien da cd mdt sd sd lieu cao hon mUe cho phep cua tieu chua'n Viet Nam Vi vay neu sd luang dtd mpt tang va tinh trang tac giao thdng tang len thi van de d nhiem khdng chi va giao thdng van tai se trd mdt van de nghiem trpng CAC GIAI P H A P N H A M C H U Y E N 001 SANG SLT DUNG X A N G KHONG CHi VIET NAM Khi chuyen ddi sang xang khdng pha ehi de' dam bao tri sd oetan quy djnh, ngudi ta phai thay the chi bang hoae nhieu phu gia tang tri sd octan khae pha them cac cau tir cd tri sd octan cao Tuy nhien bien phap dn dinh va lau dai nhat la nang cap Nha may Ipe dau, xay dung them cae phan xudng de' chuyen hoa hydroeaebon cd trj sd oetan thap nhu parafin mach thing eae hydroeaebon cd tri sd octan eao nhu parafin mach nhanh, napthen, hdn hpp hydrocacbua tham Hien tai, d nude ta hien vin sir dung xang ehi Tuy nhien de' hoa nhap chung vdi cac nude khu vue va tren the gidi, eae van de can giai quyet de thuc hien viee chuyen ddi sang sir dung xang khdng ehi da dupe nhieu ea quan, ban nganh nghien eiru va da dupe Nha nude quan tam chi dao So sanh vdi cac nude khae thi de chuyen ddi sang sir dung xang khdng ehi chung ta cd mdt sd thuan lpi ep ban nhu sau: • Trong nhiing nam gan day, sd lupng d td, xe may da va dang tang rat nhanh, ty le xe ddi mdi thich hpp vdi xang ehi cung tang dang ke, dan dan thay the eae xe ddi cu Tuy nhien, neu so vdi cae nude khu vue thi sd lupng xe d Viet Nam cdn rat khiem ton Theo sd lieu ciia Cue Oang kiem Viet Nam, tinh de'n het nam 1998 nude ta ed 5,752,928 xe may, dd xe banh trd len la 443.000 chiee, xe hai banh la 5.309.928 chiee • Nha may Ipe dau sd ciia Viet Nam dupe thie't ke de san xuat xang khdng chi day la mdt thuan loi rat ca ban vi Nha nude se khdng phai dau tu thdi gian va chi phi cho vide nang cap Nha may Ipe dau So dd edng nghe eiia NMLD sd dupe trinh bay d Hinh Tuy nhien, dieu chiing ta can xem xet la he thdng phan phd'i hay ndi each khae la ca sd vat chat hien cd eiia Nganh xang dau Nhin chung, ea sd vat chat ciia Nganh xang dau, ngoai kho Cat Lai eiia SaigonPetro va kho Hai Phdng eiia Petee mdi dupe xay dung, edn eae kho eiia Petrolimex ed tudi thp eao nen da cu ky, lac hau, ty Id hao hut cao He thd'ng kho trung chuyen cung nhu vay Cae cira hang ban le d cac dia phuang binh quan ehi ed cdt bdm (1 eho xang, eho diesel) va cdt bam (cho xang 83, xang 92 va diesel) ddi vdi eae cira hang ban le d phd Nhu vay ehuye'n sang phan phd'i xang khdng chi lap tire thi tat ea cac he thd'ng bdn be ehira, dudng d'ng va cac tram ban le deu phai dupe xiic rira de loai bd lupng ehi da tham nhap vao he thd'ng tu trudc tdi Viec xiie rira cung can tdi mdt khoan kinh phi khdng nhd va can mdt khoan thdi gian nhat djnh mdi ed the loai bd dupe lupng chi tdn du dudng dng, be ehira va cae phuang tien chuyen ehd Neu loai bd xang ehi dan dan bang each ban ca hai loai xang khdng ehi va xang pha chi eho tdi mdt thai die'm nao dd thi bd hoan toan xang pha ehi thi chiing ta bude phai dau tu them kho chira trang thie't bi ciia tram ban le hoae loai bd mdt mat hang dang ban Vdi kha nang tai chi'nh ciia eae doanh nghiep kinh doanh xang dau hien thi viec dau tu them ed sd vat chat la rat khd khan Mirc dp dap img eiia ea sd vat chat ciia Tdng cdng ty Dau Viet Nam vdi vide chuyen sang xang khdng ehi: Tdng edng ty Dau cd nhieu thuan lpi vide chuyen ddi sang sir dung xang khdng ehi: • 448 NMLD sd cd cdng nghe hien dai, lai dupe thie't ke de san xuat xang khdng chi Neu khdng cd gi true Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau Viet Nam trifdc them theky 21' o c in '•X f D S J3 u ec 13 : B C 'x•X- J^ '.J f sn B B '•o U a: X '-J il u, U H I 33 a: U yj JS O r^ ri f*^ , M hii z hung/ngay 1t t 147.510 590 Tan/nam ON MON '>; B an SP tru so X FCC O th/ng (S CO • ^ 449 Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khf Viet Nam trifdc them theky 21' trac thi eudi nam 2002 chung ta se cung irng cho thi trudng Viet Nam sang xang khdng pha ehi NMLD sd di vao hoat ddng • He thdng kho: hien Tdng edng ty Dau dang tien hanh cae edng tae xay dung mdt sd td'ng kho de' tang kha nang chie'm tinh thj trudng xang dau eu the nhu sau : Kho ciia PTSC tai Vung Tau dung tich 65.000m^ dang phat huy tdt edng tac kinh doanh xang dau Tdng kho Nha Be cua Petechim dung tieh 50 000m^ ed kha nang tiep nhan tau 25.000 DWT Td'ng kho Can Tha eiia lien doanh PetroMekong dung tich 36.000m^ cd kha nang tiep nhan tau 15.000 DWT - Tdng kho Hai Phdng eiia PVPDC dung tieh 45.500m^ cd kha nang tiep nhan tau 10.000 DWT - Td'ng kho Thanh Hoa ciia PVPDC cd kha nang tiep nhan tau 5.000 DWT Cae tdng kho se di vao hoat ddng vao cudi nam 2000 va 2001 • He thd'ng cay xang: mdi tham gia vao thj trudng ban le xang dau va gap nhieu khd khan viec thue dja die'm nen sd lupng cay xang ciia Tdng cdng ty edn d mire khiem tdn (dudi 20 cay), hien eae dan vj da va dang tieh cue cho vide trie'n khai xay dung cac cay xang Cac tdng kho va cay xang ciia Tdng cdng ty Dau Viet Nam dupe thie't ke de' tang tru va phan phdi loai xang, phan Idn ehua hoae mdi di vao hoat ddng nen chuyen ddi se khdng gap khd khan viec thau rira be' va he thd'ng dudng d'ng Neu Nha nude ed chien luac chuyen ddi lap tire thi se rat cd lpi eho chung ta vi sd lupng kho chura va tram ban Id cua chiing ta it nen ehi phi thau rira se nhd Neu ehuye'n tirng bude nhung van ehi ed loai xang thi chiing ta cung khdng gap khd khan gi Idn Trong trudng hpp xau nhat song song ciing phan phd'i loai xang thi ed the' se phai dau tu them K^T LUAN Hien nay, Nha nude dang chua'n bj trien khai cac bien phap ddng bd dd' chuyen ddi sang xang khdng chi Tdng cdng ty Dau Viet Nam vdi chire nang mdt doanh nghiep hang dau ciia Nha nude se cd gang lam het sire minh de gdp phan vao vide ehuye'n ddi cdng sang sir dung xang khdng chi va giam de'n mire tdi thieu kha nang d nhidm mdi trudng TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Hd Huy Ky Anh huang cua chi doi vdi sdc khoe va mot so kien nghi Bao eao trinh bay tai Hdi thao ve loai bd xang pha ehi d Viet Nam Vien Y hoc lao ddng va ve sinh mdi trudng Schwartz va n.n.k., 1985 Oe tai khoa hpc cap Bd eiia Bd Thuang mai Sd dung xang khong chi a Viet Nam va cac giai phap dong bg dethi/c hien chu truang nay, 12/1999 450 ... xang khdng pha ehi de'' dam bao tri sd oetan quy djnh, ngudi ta phai thay the chi bang hoae nhieu phu gia tang tri sd octan khae pha them cac cau tir cd tri sd octan cao Tuy nhien bien phap dn dinh... khd khan gi Idn Trong trudng hpp xau nhat song song ciing phan phd''i loai xang thi ed the'' se phai dau tu them K^T LUAN Hien nay, Nha nude dang chua''n bj trien khai cac bien phap ddng bd dd''... quan nhat Ve mat ly thuyet thi lupng chi huyet phai bang O^g Theo td chire y te the gidi thi lupng ehi huyet d tre em phai dudi 10|ig, ngudi Idn phai nhd han 25(ig, nhung thuc khdng cd mdt ham