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QUAN LY CHAT THAI NGUY HAI DUOC DUA VAO VIET NAM Nguyen Due Viet 1 NghTa vu quan ly viec van chuyen chat thai nguy hai qua bien gioi ciia cac quoc gia theo Cong uoc BASEL nam 1989 Bao ve iii6i truofng[.]
QUAN LY CHAT THAI NGUY HAI DUOC DUA VAO VIET NAM Nguyen Due Viet NghTa vu quan ly viec van chuyen chat thai nguy hai qua bien gioi ciia cac quoc gia theo Cong uoc BASEL nam 1989 Bao ve iii6i truofng dang la mot nhirng van de cap bach ciia toan nhan loai Cho den cong d6ng iii6i truong quoc te da thiet lap mot be thong phap ly de bao ve ni6i truong voi hang tram dieu uoc da phuong va song phuong eo C6ng HOC BASEL nam 1989 ve kiem soat viec van chuyen qua bien gioi chat thai nguy hai (CTNH) va viec tieu buy chiing (sau da}' ggi la C6ng uoc BASEL) Viec tham gia Cong uac la mot huong di ehung eua hau bet cac qii6c gia tren the gioi Viet Nam da tham gia rat nhieu cae cong uac qu6c te ve bao ve ni6i truong quan trgng nhu C6ng uoc BASEL 1989 ma chimg ta la vien ke tir nam 1995 Viec tham gia Cong uoc khong nhung da va dang gop phan hoan thien cac co che, chinh sach kiem soat va van chuyen phe thai nguy hai qua bien gioi va viec loai bo chiing ma giiip chiing ta co them nhirng co che hiru hieu de ngan chan chat thai doc hai dang dugc dua vao nuoc ta trai phep Dieu C6ng uoc BASEL quy dinh nghia vu quan ly viec van chuyen CTNH qua bien gioi ciia cae quie gia vien C6ng uoc Theo Dieu cac ben phai eo cae boat dgng cu the lap phap va hanh phap nham kiem soat co hieu qua quan ly CTNH, nhat la viec van chuyin CTNH qua bien gioi va viec tieu buy chiing Cae ben tham gia co nghTa vu qui dinh viec van chuyen trai phep eac CTNH va cac chat thai khac la toi pham binh su (khoan 3) Khoan quy dinh; "M6i ben tham gia phai co nhimg bien phap phap ly, hanh chinh va cac bien phap khac can thiet de thue bien va lain cho cac dieu khoan ciia c6ng uoc dugc ton trgng ke ca nhirng bien phap thich dang de phong va tran ap cac hanh vi trai C6ng uoc'" Thuc trang vi pham hoat dong van chuyen chat thai nguy hai qua bien gioi o nuoc ta Trong nhirng nam gan day boat dgng xuat nhap khau qua canh CTNH trai phep a nuoc ta dien co xu huong tang len ca ve so vu va tinh chat pbire tap Co the ke den mot s6 vu nhu: Vu 14 c6ng-ten-na ac-quy ehi a-xit tai xuat khoi Viet Nam, nhung bj phia nuoc ngoai tir' ch6i, phai trof lai cang Hai Phong h6i dau nam 2006 khien du luan bu'c xiic' Theo quan diem eiia Bg Tai nguyen va M6i trucrng d6i voi ac-quy chi da tai xuat khoi Viet Nam nhung bi phia nuoc ngoai lir ch6i lanh dao Bg van khang dinh: se kien quyet kh6ng cho s6 bang phe thai doe hai luu tni a cang Viet Nam day la viec lam bat bugc ma Viet Nam phai lain de bao ve moi truong quoc gia Neu kh6ng lam kien quyet, mirc doe hai ciia loai hang h6a gay hau qua kho luong Lanh dao Bg Tai nguyen va M6i truong ciing bac bo phuang an tieu hiiy doi vai so ac-quy chi phe thai; kh6ng cho phep "tam nhap, tai xuat" doi voi mat hang doe hai nay; dong thai yeu cau So Tai nguyen va M6i truofng Hai Phong va Quang Ninh giam sat chat che nhirng cong- ThS., Trung tam Boi duong nghiep vu Du tru' Nha www.Haiphong.com.vn, 20/3/2006 70 QUAN LY CHA T THAI \GUY ten-no chua ac-quy ehi phe thai eon "troi noi" de dua khoi lanh th6 Viet Nam Tuy nhien viec thuc hien tren thirc te khong de dang, cac eo quan chuc nang dja phuong kh6ng thay bet trach nhiem ciia hg, ciing nhu khong thay dugc nhirng nguy hiem va nhu'ng nguy eo tiem tang cac chat doe hai ac-quy chi cii gay va se anh huang den ni6i truong va sire khoe cira nguoi Vu nhap khau bien the dien da qua sir dung CO xuat xir tii' Han Qu6c ciia C6ng ty Ciru Long Vinasbin ve cang Cai Lan tinh Quang Ninh cu6i nam 2007 cung la mot truang hgp dien hinh Doanh nghiep va chinh quyen tinh Nam Dinh lam don, cong van giii cac Chi cue Hai quan cae tinh Llai Phong, Quang Ninh cbo phep nhap khau so hang Khi bi eac co quan chirc nang xir phat va huge tai xuat thi doanh nghiep kh6ng hgp tac va kh6ng giai quyet dirt diem, mac dii chat PCB cae bien the eiia 16 hang da ri, phat tan ngoai moi truang Vu nhap khau gan 1000 tan chat thai c6 CTNH eua C6ng ty Thanh Lgi o TP Da Nang b6i thang 7/2008 ciing gay nhieu tranh cai va phirc tap viec xir ly Bg Tai nguyen va Moi truang yeu cau phai tai xuat, phia doanh nghiep va chinh quyen dia phuong lai yeu cau cho phan loai va tieu hiiy phan CTNH tai Viet Nam Ngay 27/12/2006 vii C6ng ty trach nliiem hiru han Quy Liai mo to khai hai quan tai Chi cue Hai quan Hai Phong iiliap khau chiec lau ca cu Viktor Streltsov de pha lay sat phe lieu , bi cac co quan chirc nang xir ly vi day la hoat dgng trai phap luat ve quan ly CTNH ciia Viet Nam va Cong uac BASEL Nhirng vu pha lau bien trai phep van dang ton tai mot so noi, mac dii da dugc canh bao nhirng boat dgng se san sinh • www.vfej.vn 28/1/2008 www.cand.com.vn, 17/9/2008 wvvw.vietbao.com, 22/1/2007 cac hoa chat doe hai va CTNH nhu: PCB PVC, PAH TBT dau mo khoang Amiang eac kim loai nang (thiiy ngan ehi d6ng kem, nhom, sat ) va cac chat nguy hai khac nhu: chat ph6ng xa hgp chat nhom xyanua hiru CO va can be chira nuoc dau lau e6 chira nhieu vi khuan va sinh vat ngoai lai Do la chua ke m6i nguy hai pha nhirng tau chuyen cho dau hoa chat, chat phong xa, chat thai hoac cac loai bang boa nguy hiem khac Thuc te thai gian qua, co che chinh sach nhieu ke ho dan den co nhieu vu nhap khau tau bien trai phep vao Viet Nam de pha My sat phe lieu Van de xir ly nhirng truong hgp ciing rat kho khan Hau bet la kb6ng the tai xuat vi nhap ve Viet Nam dugc thirc hien bat hgp phap va nhieu kh6ng the tim thay nguoi ban Vi du nhu nhirng truong hgp nhap khau tau cu neu tren Cu6i ciing cac nha chirc trach chi each xir ly la phat cdc don vi nhap khau roi yeu cau lam sach cac CTNH Nhu vay, dii iiiu6n hay kh6ng cuoi ciing CTNH van dugc dem vao Viet Nam c6ng nghe xir ly chimg rat lac hau, kh6ng the dap irng yeu cau phii hgp vol sinh thai nhu quy dinh ciia C6ng uac BASEL d6ng thai n6 la in6i de dga nguy hiem cho moi truang Vict Nam va sire khoe ciia eon nguoi Thyc trang phap luat Viet Nam ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai qua bien gioi De bao ve iii6i truong, d6ng thai thirc thi cac cam ket eiia Viet Nam tra thanh vien e6ng uoc BASEL, cac co quan nha nuoc da ban hanh hang loat cac van ban phap ly nham quan ly va ngan ngira nhirng boat dgng van chuyen CTNH qua bien goi trai phep co hieu qua Vi du: Luat Bao ve m6i truang; Bg luat Hinh sir; Phap lenh Xir ly vi pham hanh chinh va nhieu van ban phap quy ciia Chinh phu, Bg nganh nhu: Quyet dinh ciia Thii tuong Chinh phii s6 155/1999/QD-TTg ban hanh Quy chi quan ly chat thai doe hai; Quy che quan ly chat thai y te ciia Bg Y te ban hanh kem theo 71 NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 8120II Quylt dinh 2575/1999/QD-BYT 27/8/1999; Quylt dinh ciia Bg Tai nguyen va M6i truong s i 03/2004/QD-BTNMT 02/4/2004 ve viec ban hanh Quy djnh ve bao ve m6i truong d6i vai phe lieu nliap khau lam nguyen lieu san xuat v.v Mac dii vay, nhirng dieu kien khach quan va ehii quan eac e6ng cu phap ly ciia chung ta nhieu ban che Trong qua trinh dua phap luat vao eugc s6ng da bgc 16 nhieu khiem khuyet, chua dap img dugc yeu cau, nhiem vu Co the ke mot s6 ban che ciia cac van ban luat nhu: Luat Bao ve moi truofng nam 1993 dugc ban hanh vao thoi diem Viet Nam chua la vien ciia C6ng uoc Basel eiing nhu nen san xuat hang boa va boat dgng xuat, nhap khau ciia Viet Nam chua phat trien manh, van de CTNH chua dugc dat ra, do Luat chua co khai niem CTNH Tir nam 1999, nhan thu'c ro hon ve tinh chat, mirc nguy hiem ciia CTNH d6i vol m6i truong va sire khoe ciia nguoi voi viec Viet Nam da la vien eiia C6ng uoc BASEL, nen can thiet phai co co so phap ly de quan ly va kiem soat CTNH va mot s6 chat thai khac la d6i tugng dieu chinh ciia C6ng uoc Vi vay 16/7/1999 Thii tuong Chinh phii da ban hanh Quy chi quan ly CTNH kem theo Quylt dinh si 155/1999/QD-TTg Quy chi buoc dau da tao CO so phap ly cho cac boat dgng quan ly thu gom tai che, tieu hiiy, van chuyin qua bien gioi CTNH phii hgp voi qui dinh ciia Cong uoc BASEL Phai noi rang, Quy chi quan ly CTNH ban hanh kem theo Quylt dinh I55/QD-TTg la van ban phap luat dau tien o Viet Nam linh vuc bao ve m6i truong dl cap din CTNH liic va la van ban dau tien dua djnh nghia vl "CTNH" Theo do, CTNH la chat thai CO chira eac chat hoac hgp chat c6 mgt cae dac tinh gay nguy hai true tilp (de chay, de no, lam ngg doc, de an mon, de lay nhiem va cae dac tinh gay nguy hai 72 khac ) Tuy nhien van ban cQng co nhieu ban che nhu: chua co qui dinh ve nhap khau, xuat khau CTNH phii hgp vai tinh than ciia Cong uac BASEL; cac chat thai va CTNH dugc liet ke ban chi nhieu so voi eac loai chat thai, CTNH hien dang t6n tai tren thue te o' nuoc cung nhu tren the gioi Ngay tai phu luc VIII A va IX B ciia Cong uac BASEL da dugc Hgi nghi cae Ben tham gia b6 sung tai Dai hgi lin thir (C0P4) vao nam 1998 nhung ban hanh Quy che quan ly chat thai noi tren nam 1999, chimg ta van chua cap nhat dugc nhirng chat thai ma C6ng uoc da liet ke Dieu eiing la mot nhirng nguyen nhan lam cho cac chii the co lien quan khong nam bat, nhan biet dugc dan tai tinh trang vi pham cac quy dinh cua C6ng uoc Han nira, nghTa vu dan sir d6i voi ehii the vi pham Quy che cung chi quy dinh chung chung la phai "b6i thuang theo quy dinh cua phap luat" Nam 2005, sau muoi nam ke tir Viet Nam tham gia Cong uoc BASEL, Luat Bao ve m6i truong moi (2005) dugc ban hanh thay the cho Luat Bao ve moi truofng 1993 Luat Bao ve moi truong c6 hieu lire tir 1/7/2006 Luat dii da dugc tiep thu va e6 nhirng quy dinh ve chat thai va CTNH nhu da neu tren Tuy nhien dieu kien phai can nhac giiia phat trien kinh te voi bao ve in6i truong nen Luat da cho phep nhap khau phe lieu (thuc chat la chat thai) lam nguyen lieu san xuat Dieu nay sinh nhieu van de gay tranh cai giira bao ve moi truong va eac boat dgng nham muc dich kinh te Boi le, neu theo qui dinh ciia khoan Dieu thi ''cam nhap khau, qua canh chat thai duoi mgi hinh thirc", nhung Dieu 43 lai cho nhap khau phe lieu lam nguyen lieu san xuat Thuat ngir "phi lieu", vl ban chat chinh la chat thai Quy dinh nhu vay khong nhirng thieu chinh xae vl mat phap ly ma eon tao sir khong thong nhat giira cac dieu luat mot van ban phap luat; a day la QUAN LY CHAT THAI NGUY mau thuan giii'a eac quy dinh mang tinh nguyen tac chung (Dieu 7) vol nhii'ng quy dinh de cap toi nhirng van de cu the Hon nira, mac dii Luat Bao ve m6i truong 2005 quy dinh ve cac dieu kien de nhap khau phe lieu (chat thai) nhung cae ranh gioi giiia phe lieu CO chira dinh cac CTNH deu kh6ng ro rang Dieu dan den hien tugng lgi dung chinh sach nhieu ke ho de nhap khau trai phep CTNH vao Viet Nam va phat hien s6 phe lieu khong dii tieu chuan de nhap khau thi la sir da r6i Trong nhieu truong hgp, nhieu ly khac ma so CTNH khong the tai xuat khoi lanh th6 Viet Nam, bau qua la moi truong va sire khoe nguoi bi anh huong, Nha nuoc phai mat thoi gian, tien bac cho viec xir ly Mat khac, mac dii Luat Bao ve ni6i truong nam 2005 da khac phuc nhieu ban che ciia Luat Bao ve m6i truong nam 1993 nhu co nhimg qui dinh ve nguyen tac, eo so xae dinh thiet hai; tinh toan de b6i thuong thiet hai lam nhiem m6i truong, gay thiet hai sire klioe CLia eon nguoi, nhung nhieu quy dinh mang tinh chat chung chung va phai cho cac qui dinh huong dan ciia Chinh phii (Dieu 130, 131) cac quy dinh ve quan ly, trach nhiem, xir phat hanh chinh ITnh vuc in6i truong ciia chiing ta thoi gian qua mac du CO nhieu lien bg nhung cung bgc 16 khong it yeu kem Do la trirong hgp eac quy dinh mot s6 van ban phap luat co mau thuan vai Vi du, Dieu 42 khoan Luat Bao ve moi truang nam 2005 quy dinh hanh vi nhap khau may nioe, thiet bi phuong tien giSo lh6ng van tai da qua sir dung de pha da bj cam Trong d6 Dieu 23 khoan Nghi dinh 49/2006/ND-CP 18/5/2006 ciia Chinh phii vl dang ky va mua, ban tau bien lai quy dinh vl dilu kien nhap khau tau bien cude pha nhu sau: a Khong dugc sira chira hoan cai hoac phuc hoi de sir dune vao muc dich khac b C6 phuong an pha bien phap phong eb6ng chay, n6 va phong ngira nhiem m6i truong dugc co quan co tham quyen phe duyet c Co quyet dinh mua ban tau bien ciia cap CO tham quyen Theo quy dinh nay, cae ca nhan 16 chirc dap ling day dii cac dieu kien neu tren se dugc nhap khau tau cu ve de pha Nhu vay t6n tai su mau thuan giira Dieu 42 khoan Luat Bao ve m6i truang nam 2005 va Dilu 23 khoan Nghi dinh 49/2006/ND-CP Ngoai ra, Dilu 23 khoan Nghi dinh 49/2006/ND-CP mau thuan vai eac quy dinh Quyet dinh 12/2006/QD-BTNMT vl viec ban hanh Danh muc phe lieu dugc phep nhap khau lam nguyen lieu san xuat va Quyet dinh 23/2006/QD-BTNMT ciia Bg Tai nguyen va M6i truong ve viec ban hanh Danh muc CTNH Sau do, nam 2009 Chinh phii ban hanh Nghj djnh s6 29 sira sai Nghi djnh 49 nam 2006 cac quy dinh ve tham quyen, tbii tuc kiem soat xuat, nhap khau chat thai duoi danh ngliTa "phe lieu" c6 kha nang co hoac la CTNH chua dam bao nguyen tac phong ngira ciia phap luat moi truang Viec quy dinh ca nhan 16 chirc nhap khau phe lieu phai th6ng bao cho So Tai nguyen va Moi truang ve boat dgng nhap khau phe lieu cham nhat la nam truoc lien hanh boc da phe lieu, la quy dinh nham bao dam tli6ng tin qua trinh thirc hien chire nang quan ly nha nuoc Dieu dan den tinh trang vao thoi diem So Tai nguyen va M6i truang nhan dugc thong tin tbi hang boa da tren duong van chuyen tham chi da dugc dua vao lanh th6 Viet Nam Vi vay, viec xu ly triet de nhirng hanh vi vi pham nham bao ve lgi ich ni6i truang se gap nhieu kho khan Thirc te xir ly nhirng truang hgp nhap khau phe lieu nhua TP Ho Chi Minh then gian thang va thang nam 2004 73 NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 812011 da chirng minh, phe lieu (bi coi la CTNH) da dugc dua vao lanh tho Viet Nam thi viec tai xuat la khong the thuc hien dugc Do phai nop nhieu khoan ehi phi vugt gap nliieu lan gia tri 16 hang nen nliieu doanh nghiep da giai the nham tr6n tranli trach nhiem Thii tuc hai quan da va dang dugc cai each, don gian boa nham phuc vu boat dgng xuat, nliap khau t6t hon nhirng ciing bgc 16 nhirng yeu kem va ciing la nguyen iilian dan den vice cang eo nhieu CTNH dugc nhap khau trai phep vao nuoc ta Viec chuyen tir tien kiem sang hau kiem viec phan lu6ng xanli, hay Idem tra theo ty le 5% 10% da tao nhieu ke ho de cac doanh nghiep kinh doanh, nhap khau phe thai lgi dung Trach nhiem hinh sir d6i voi cac lgi pham ve moi trirofng noi chung va ve van de quan ly CTNH n6i rieng chua dugc cac nha lap phap quan tam diing mirc Dieu thi hien eh6, mac dii Bg luat Hinh su nam 1999 dugc ban hanh sau Viet Nam gia nhap C6ng uoc qu6c te ve kiem soat van chuyen CTNH qua bien gioi sau Quy che quan ly CTNH Thii tuong ban hanh nam 1999, nhung Bg luat kh6ng hi eo mot dieu khoan nao qui dinh vl loai toi pham vi pham qu}' dinh ve quan ly chat thai, cho dii da danh mot chuong cho eac toi pham ve m6i truofng Hon nira tir Bg luat Hinh sir 1999 dugc ban hanh din lan sua d6i nam 2009 la 10 nam nhung cac co quan nha nuoc nhu: Toa an nhan dan tli cao, Vien kiem sat nhan dan tli cao, Bg C6ng an, Bg Tai nguyen va M6i truofng chua co van ban nao huong din chi tilt thi hanh dii voi Chirong XVII Cac toi pham vl ni6i truong (trong co lgi: nhap khau c6ng nghe may moc eac chat doc hai tai Dilu 185) Trong cae dieu luat ve lgi eo cau vat chat, doi hoi nguai vi pham phai gay nhu'ng hau qua nghiem trgng moi bi xir ly Nhung vi khong co van ban nao quy dinh cu the the nao la nghiem trgng rat nghiem 74 trgng, dac biet nghiem trgng d6i vai cac toi nay, nen gay nhieu kho khan cho cac co quan bao ve phap luat ap dung diing va th6ng nhat quy dinh Truoc sira doi vao nam 2009 cau co ban eua cac quy dinh Bg luat Hinh su d6i vol lgi pham quy dinh tai Dieu 85 doi hoi phai co dau hieu bat bugc "da bi xir phat hanh chinh ma van eon vi pham" eiing lam cho dieu luat kho thuc hien tren thuc te Boi le thonsz thuang eac chii the eo hanh vi nhap khau, chuyen khau, qua canh trai phep CTNH gay nhiem moi truang la cac to chirc doanh nghiep (la phap nhan), do xu ly harrh chinh thi xir phat phap nhan theo quy dinh ciia phap luat Trong d6, viec xir ly trach nhiem hinh sir lai phai ap dung nguyen tac "ca the boa trach nhiem hinh su", doi tugng phai chju trach nhiem hinh sir la nguai (the nhan) thirc hien hanh vi vi pham phap luat Ma phap luat hinh su, muon truy ciru trach nhiem hinh sir ciia mot ngiroi thi phai CO dieu kien la; truoc nguoi da bi xir phat hanh chinh ve hanh vi vi pham hanh chinh ITnh vuc chua het thai ban mot nam, lai tiep tue vi pham Viec qui dinh nhu vay va kh6ng c6 truong hgp ngoai le dan den nhirng truofng hgp khong hgp ly ca ve ly luan va thuc te Mot diem nii'a Bg luat Hinh sir nam 1999 (cu) la trach nJiieni hinh su quy dinh tai khoan Dieu 185: phat tiln tir 10 trieu d6ng den 100 trieu d6ng, trach nhiem hanli chinh dugc quy dinh Phap lenh Xir ly vi pham hanh chinh (sira doi nam 2008) ITnh vuc iii6i truong lai cho phep ap dung mirc phat den 500 trieu dong (Dieu 14 khoan diem d) Nhu thi, da eo thai diem phap luat eua Viet Nam qu}' dinh trach nhiem hinh sir lai it nghiem khac ban trach nhiem hanh chinh Dieu la chua hgp ly Mu6n thue hien cac quy dinh Bg lu^t Hinh sir thi phai co cae quy dinh trao tham quyen cho cac eo quan tiln hanh to QUAN LY CHATTHAINGUY_ tung Trong s6 eac co quan dugc trao tham quyen thuc hien mot s6 boat dgng dieu tra toi pham ve ni6i truong xay tren eac viing bien Viet Nam c6 lire lugng Canh sat bien Viet Nam Tuy nhien Phap lenh Dieu tra hinh su (sira doi nam 2008) chi quy dinh cho lire lugng thuc hien mot s6 boat dgng dieu tra d6i voi mot s6 lgi lien quan den m6i truong cae viing bien Viet Nam, chi co toi pham quy dinh tai Dieu 183 Bg luat Hinh su Vi vao thai diem sira dii Phap lenh (28/2/2008) tbi Bg luat Hinh sir nam 1999 chua dugc sira doi nen B6 luat Hinh sir sira doi nam 2009, eo b6 sung va sua d6i cac lgi pham ve iii6i truong nhu da neu a tren thi lai co nhirng khoang tr6ng ma chua co co quan nao co the xu ly ve hinh su d6i vol cac vi pham phap luat quy dinh toi danh moi xay tren cac viing bien Viet Nam Co the n6i cac qu}' dinh cua phap luat hinh sir phap luat to lung hinh su doi voi nhiing toi pham vi pham phap luat ve bao ve in6i truong ITnh vuc quan ly CTNH o nuoc ta chua day du chua dam bao tinh ngliiem khac chua phii hgp vofi thue te kho thuc hien Va dugc sira d6i van thieu vang nhu'ng van ban huong dan (Tiep theo trang 69 - Hieu lire eiia thoa luong va nhung dieu kien lao dgng kh6ng thap ban so vai thoa uac tap the^'' Ciing nhu vay nhieu qu6c gia mac dii th6a uac tap the ve nguyen lac chi ap diing d6i voi vien cong doan nhung NSDLD thuong ap dung Cling mot dieu kien lao dgng cho toan bg so lao dgng cua iiiinb'^ Viet Nam chua co eo chc mo rgng viec ap dung thoa uoc tap the nhung cong doan dai dien cho NLD noi chung, nen eac thoa uac tap the dirge ky ket cap doanh nghiep Ihircrng dugc ap dung khong phan biet Birgitta Nystrom (2005) tldd ir 'Thorsten Schulten (2005) tldd iio'e ) NLD la vien c6ng doan hay kh6ng Ciing nen kinh le thi trirong mai nhieu co che phap ly cho kinh te tbi Iruiyng chua hoan thien; c6ng doan yeu nguyen lac "CO lgi" cbo ben lao dgng dugc tuan thu qua trinh giai thich hieu lire ciia thoa uac tap the Tuy vay dieu ciing chi co tinh tam thai Khi c6ng doan manh hon du sire bao ve NLD hieu qua thi bg se tro d6i tac quan trgng ciia ben sir dung lao dgng Khi rat co the bicu lire thoa uac tap the cung can dugc giai thich linh hoat (boi la ket qua ciia viec can d6i cac lgi ich ngan ban va dai ban) nham dap img t6i da nhu cau va lgi ich chung ciia cae ben 75 ... Viet Nam Tuy nhien viec thuc hien tren thirc te khong de dang, cac eo quan chuc nang dja phuong kh6ng thay bet trach nhiem ciia hg, ciing nhu khong thay dugc nhirng nguy hiem va nhu''ng nguy eo... Viet Nam c6ng nghe xir ly chimg rat lac hau, kh6ng the dap irng yeu cau phii hgp vol sinh thai nhu quy dinh ciia C6ng uac BASEL d6ng thai n6 la in6i de dga nguy hiem cho moi truang Vict Nam va... ciia eon nguoi Thyc trang phap luat Viet Nam ve quan ly chat thai nguy hai qua bien gioi De bao ve iii6i truong, d6ng thai thirc thi cac cam ket eiia Viet Nam tra thanh vien e6ng uoc BASEL, cac