Ho&ng Le Phuorng Tjp chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 95(07) 157 161 NHtiXG YEU T 6 Q U A N TRQNG CAN KIEM SQAT T 6 I U U DOI V 6 l NGUYEN LIEU DAU VAO TRONG CHUYEN H 6 A YEM KHI KHO CHAT THAI RAN B O THI SIN[.]
Ho&ng Le Phuorng Tjp chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 95(07): 157- 161 NHtiXG YEU T Q U A N TRQNG CAN KIEM SQAT T I U U DOI V l NGUYEN LIEU DAU VAO TRONG CHUYEN H A YEM KHI KHO CHAT THAI RAN B O THI SINH KHI METAN Hodng Le Phuang Tru&ng Dgi hgc Kp Ihugl Cdng Nghiep - DH Thdi N TOM T A T Qud trinh chuy€n hda yIm khd ch^l thdi rSn dd thj sinh mllan li qud trinh dua tren su hoat dpng cua nhdm vi sinh vdt axit hda v^ nh6m vi sinh v^t matan hda de chuyin cic thinh phiin hau CO chit thii thinh mfitan, dd qui trinh Al bi dnh hudng bdi cdc yeu to ben ngoii vi rit khd kiem ^odt sy dn djnh De gidp gia tSng sy on djnh qud trinh, tdi da hda hieu suat sinh khf mfitan dl cd rit nhi^u nghiSn ciiu dua cdc yeu l6 &nh hudng d^n qui trinh nguyen lieu ddu vao vi qui trinh vSn hdnh [1,2,4,13], B^i bdo ndy d^ c$p din ba yiu td cin kiem sodt toi uu ddi vdi nguyen lieu diu vio: phuong phip liin xir ly, thdng s6 OD20 ti I^ bdn tuin ho^n Toi uu ba yiu td gitip kiim sodt dupc cic yiu ti giy hgi cho qui trinh nhu thinh phin dpc, sy lich tu axit b^o bay hai, sy mit dn djnh pH Tirkhda: chuyen hoa yem khi, metan, khisinhhgc, chdt thai rdn thj thdngsoODio vtta giai quyet dupc nhttng van de mdi trudng phdt sinh ciia phuong phdp chdn lap ddng thdi tgo gid trj kinh te tir san pham metan GlCil THIEU YE CONG NGHE CETUYEN HOA YEM KHI KHO CHAT THAI R A N DO Tffl SINH KHi METAN Cdng nghe chuyen hda yem tao sinh hpc (khi metan) da dupc bidt din xir ly cac loai chit thdi httu co nhu chdt thai chan nudi, chit thai bim cdng, chdt thai sinh boat hon mpt tram nam nay; nhien cdng nghe da khdng dupc phdt triin rdng rai su qua phd biin ciia ngudn nhien lieu hda thach nhu than da vd ddu md Trong nhttng nam gdn day, trudc dp luc vi nang lupng va mdi trudng, nhiiu qudc gia da tien hanh nghien Viec sir dung san pham metan nhu mpt cuu vd dua vdo ung dung vdi quy md Ion qua loai nhien lieu da mang Igi nhiJng Ipi ich trinh chuyin hda yem chat thdi ran dd thi khdng nhd ve mdi trudfng va nang lupng, sdn xuat metan [10] nhung lpi ich bao gom: viec bao ddm sir Qua trinh chuyin hda yim Id qua trinh phdt triin nang lupng bin viing tucmg phiic tgp gom hai giai dogn chinh: giai doan lai, viec gidm thiiu sir phat thdi nha kinh len men tao axit vd giai doan len rnen tao tiJ viec ddt chay nhiing ngudn nhien lieu khac metan (sa dd 1) Cd hai dang chuyen hda yim vd vice gidm thiiu nhttng tdc hai chdn lap khi: chuyin hda yim udt (lupng chit khd chdt thai hiiu ca gay Nhu vay cd thd thdy viec chuyin h'da yim chdt thai ran thi nguyen lieu ng yeu to iJrc che cho qud trinh phan huy yem nhu amoniac, sunfit, kim logi n$ng, tdi lupng httu ca v.v [13] Dieu ndy dnh hirdng ldn den hi^u suat thu h6i metan tir chat thdi rdn dd thj [I] Do dd, tien xir ly nguyen lipu dau vdo Id mpt budc quan trpng sdn xuat metan tir chat thdi rdn ddthj Cd nhieu phuang phap tien xir ly khdc nhau: phuang phdp vgt ly, hda hpc, sinh hpc, hodc ket hpp cdc phuang phdp ndy; vi^c dp dyng Chit hftu CO phirc tgp phuang phdp nao phg thupc vdo kich thudc, (Carbohydrate, protein, chit b6o) thdnh phan vd chdt lupng cua nguyen ll^u ban dau Myc dich cua tien xir ly la de logi bd Thdy phdn nhihig thdnh phan gay dpc cho qud trinh, Chat hOu CO hda tan thdnh phdn khdng thich hpp nhu thdnh phdn (Dudng, amino axit, axit b6o) kich thudc ldn, phan khong the phan huy, de phdi trpn nguyen lipu dau vdo hodc de I Axit hda them nudc tir dd s€ giiip qua trinh phdn huy Axit b6o bay hoi yem hipu qua hon vd tranh dupc nhiing that bgi cho qud trinh [4j Ben cgnh dd tien xu ly c6 the giiip cdc e n ^ m xdm nhdp vdo / Xceton h ^ \ nguyen Upu tot hem ldm tdng kha ndng phdn it acetic CO2,1 huy cLia cdc thdnh phan khd phan buy vd cdi thipn hipu suat sinh tir chat thai [12] Do dd vi?c dua phuang phdp tidn xii Iy tuang I Metan hda I ling vdi d$c diem thdnh phin, tinh chat chdt ^ ^ CH,, CO2 ^ thdi rdn thj Id rat can thiit de dgt dupc hi^u suit sinh metan cao nhat Sff I: Qud Trinh chuyen hda yem chat hiru Mpt trudng hpp cy the vcri chdt thdi rdn sinh hogt thdnh Thdi Nguyen, qua khdo sat ca tgo metan [8f ban dau cd thdnh phdn khoi lupng udt nhu CAC YEU TO C A N K I E M SOAT TOI UXJ sau: Id cay rdc hiru ca 53%; nilon, dd nhya, DOI V6l NGUYEN LI$U D A U V A O cao su 3%; giay vyn, vai, cactong 2%; kim Qua nghien cihi, long hpp tdi lipu cho thay de iogi, vd dd hOp 0.5%; thuy tinh, sanh su 7%; kiem sodt dupc sy anh hudng ciia nguyen lipu dat cdt vd cdc chat khac 34.5%.Vai thdnh dau vdo can kiem sodt toi uu ba yeu to sau: phan nhu vgy, ve sa bp tnrdc tien cdn phdi dp Phuong phap tien xu Iy nguyen li^u dau dyng phuong phap vdt Iy de loai bd cdc thdnh Chit thai ran ^d thi dupc phdt sinh cpng phan khdng thich hgp (cdc phan khdc ddng, bao gom chat thai tir cac hp gia dinh, ngoai phan Id cay rac httu ca) Cdc thdnh cac khu thuong mgi nhu chp, sieu thj, nhd phan ndy cd thi dupc Iogi bd bdng tay kit hpp hang, khdch san vd chat thai tir nhttng khu vdi sii dyng mdy sdng phan logi Ben canh dd cdng cpng thj nhu truang hpc, b?nh 158 Hodng Le Phuang Tgp chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ kich thudc chdt thai cflng tuang doi ldn dao dpng khoang 0.2 din 30 cm do can phdi cat, chat, nghiin nho tao kich thudc ding nhat thich hpp Ciing vdi dd can phan tich thdnh phdn huu ca cy the de xac djnh cd can thiit tiin xii ly hda sinh 6k lam tdng khd ndng phan hiiy, ddm bdo thdnh phdn dinh dudng, tai lupng httu ca v.v cho qud trinh chuyen hda Tdm lgi, di dua bipn phdp tien xii ly tdi uu ddi vdi'mdi loai chat thai can tien hdnh nghien curu phdn tich sdu vi tinh chat, thdnh phdn vd hieu qud sinh klii tuong iing Thong so OD20 Trong qud trinh chuyen hda yem tdi lupng hthi ca cao a dieu kipn khd, sy len men chuyen hda chat httu ca thdnh cdc axit bdo bay hai (VFA) cd the gay hien tupng tich ty cac axit ndy vd ldm gidm pH [1] Diiu se gdy uc che cdc vi khudn metan hda, nhiing vi khuan hoat dpng tdi uu d pH tir 6,5 den 7,2 Dd kiim sodt lupng axil beo bay hai tich tu, nguai ta thudng kiem sodt thdng qua thdng sd tdi lupng hiiu ca tinh qua lupng chat rdn bay hai (OL, kg VS m'') Tuy nhien, chat thai rdn dd thi cd phdn rat da dang, vdi dac tinh, kha nang vd tdc dp phdn hiiy ciia cdc phdn Id rat khdc dd, thdng sd OL ndy dupc cho Id khdng thich hpp cho vi?c kiim sodt lupng axit beo bay hoi Cy the, cd nhttng mdu chat thdi cd thdng sd OL cao lai cho hieu sudt sinh metan cao han mdu chat thdi cd thdng s6 OL thap [I] Nhieu nghien ciru dd chi rang Iy gdy lic che qua trinh metan hda cua tdi lupng chat huu ca lien quan chat che din khd nang phan hiiy nhanh cua thdnh phdn hun ca nguyen lieu dau Nhiing phdn phan buy nhanh la nhirng phdn cd khd ndng hda tan hodc thuy phdn dl dang, nhu dudng, rupu, axit beo ngdn mach, amino axit, protein hda tan [1] Thyc fi, h$ vi khudn len men hda hogt dpng mgnh ban he vi khudn metan hda, bdi vay vai ndng dp cao cua cac chat huu ca de phdn huy, qua trinh len men hda sS tgo lupng axit beo bay hai qud nhanh Dieu ndy ddn din sy tich tu axit beo bay hai gay lie che qud trinh metan hda 95(07): 157-161 Vi ly nay, m^t sd nha nghien cuu dd dua thdng so OD20 (lupng oxy tieu thy 20h dau cLia qud trinh phan huy sinh hpc) di danh gid khd ndng phdn hiiy ciia nguyen li?u Thdng so OD20 dupc quyit djnh bdi nhttng thdnh phan hda tan vd nhttng thdnh phan de bj thiiy phdn [3], Do nhttng phan hda tan cd the dupc len men tryc tiip bdi cdc vi khuan Trong khi, nhttng thdnh phdn khdng tan nhu xenlulo, hemixenlulo, chat b^o khdng tan, protein phiic tgp vd polyamin ddi hdi nhieu thcri gian hon cho qud trinh thiiy phdn vd phdn huy sinh hpc Nhttng thdng sd khdc nhu chat rdn bay hoi (VS) chi cho biit tdng lupng chat hiiu ca, khdng cho biit vi chdt lupng chat httu co nhu lupng chat hda tan vd khd ndng phdn buy [I] Ngupc lai thdng sd tiim ndng sinh metan (BMP) cung cap thdng tin ve chdt lupng chat httu ca cua nguyen lieu, nhung qua trinh phdn hiiy sinh hpc ddi ngdy (khoang 60 ngdy) Do do, thdng so BMP bi dnh hudng bdi ca phdn httu CO tan vd phdn hihi ca khdng tan [ ] Nhu vgy so vdi cac thdng sd VS va BMP, thdng so OD20 dupc cho Id hieu qua hem vice kiim sodt sy tich tu luong axit beo bay hai Bi trdnh su lic chi qud trinh metan hda axit beo bay hai gdy ra, ddng thdi van dam bdo hieu suat sinh cao nhit, viec tdi uu thdng sd OD20 la rdt cdn thiet qua trinh chuyin hda yim khd chit thai rdn dd thj sinh metan, vdn de ddt la can chpn khodng gia tri ndo cua OD20 de nghien cuu tdi uu? Theo mdt so nghien ciiu gia tri OD20 > 17-I8g 02kg'' bdt ddu cd bieu hipn lic che Khi OD20 CO gia tri 14g 02kg"' thi hieu sudt sinh cao ban OD20 d gia trj lg 02kg'' [I] vdy cd thi chpn khoang gid tri OD20 tir 11-17 g 02kg"' di nghien ciiu dua gid trj toi uu doi vai chdt thai rdn thj thdnh phd Thdi Nguyen, Ti le bun tuan hoan Di tdng hieu sudt tao metan, ngudi ta thudng phdi trpn nguyen lieu ban ddu vdi mdt phdn biin cua qua trinh phan hiiy yim Do bun hoac phan cd hai vai trd ldn: cung cdp hp vi sinh vat vd tang cudng kha nang dem cho qud trinh Hoing Le Phuang Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ Mpt nhttng nguyen nhan Idm cho qud trinh chuyin hda yim khdng dupc dp dyng rpng rdi xir ly chat thdi rdn httu co Id qud trinh can Ihfri gian ddi di on djnh sinh hpc Di giam thdi gian on djnh, ngudi ta thudng bo sung thdm hp vi sinh vgt yem vdo nguyen lipu dau H§ vi sinh vgt nd)' thudng cd biin ciia qud trinh phan hiiy yim nhu biin cong, biin ciia mpt h? thong xir ly yem chat thdi hodc phdn ciia dpng vgt nhai Igi nhu phan Iran, phdn bd, phan Ipn Tuy nhien phoi trpn bim ciia mpt h^ thong xu ly yim thi cho hipu qud sinh cao ban, qud trinh on djnh nhanh han so vdi phoi trpn phan ciia cdc logi dpng v^t nhai lgi [11] dd cd the tuan hodn Igi mpt phan bim cua chinh qud trinh de tdng cudng hipu suit sinh Mdt khdc khd ndng dpm ciia chat thdi rdn thi thudng thdp dd can phai them phdn tgo dp dpm de tdng hipu suat qud trinh chuyen hda yem tgo metan [9] Chat dem rdt quan trpng qud trinh ndy Id kiem cacbonat (dgng HCO3") cd vai trd cung cdp he cacbonat vd ngdn cdn sy thay doi pH nhanh chdng qua trinh chuyen hda [6] Trong tu nhien, chat dpm ndy dupc hinh chii yeu qua trinh phdn huy sinh hpc ciia cac chat hiiu co cd chira nita htnh thdnh amoniac (NH3), sau amoniac phan irng vdi cacbon dioxit (CO2) de hinh amonium bicacbonat; amonium bicacbonat hogt dpng nhu mpt he dem tu nhien, giup gitt dn djnh pH giai doan axit hda Vdi ddc diem ty nhien tren nen biin ciia qud trinh phan hiiy sinh hpc chat httu co cd chiia mpt lupng dpm amonium bicacbonat nhat djnh vgy di tdng khd ndng dpm cho qua trinh mpt phan biin thudng dupc tuan hodn trd lgi Nhieu tdc gid da chi rdng d hp thong chuyin hda yem phan httu ca chat thdi rdn sinh hoat neu lupng bun dupc bo sung it nhat 10-15% ve thi tich se giup qud trinh on dinh nhanh hem, hipu suat cao ban [5] Tuy nhien, tuan hodn biin s€ anh hudng den tdi lupng httu co ciia nguyen lipu ban dau vay de xac djnh ti I? bun tuan hodn tdi uu doi vdi moi logi chat thai can 160 95(07): 157-161 kiim sodt thdng qua cd thdng sd OD20 vd khd ndng dpm ciia hdn hpp phoi trpn Nhu vay di nghien ciiu ti 1? biin tuan hodn thich hpp doi vdi mdi logi chat thdi rdn, cy the nhu chat thdi rdn dd thj cua thdnh Thai Nguyen can biet dupc chi so OD20 toi uu vd khd ndng dpm ciJa biin K£T LUAN Qud trinh chuyin hda yem khd chat thdi rdn hChj ca Id mpt qud trinh phiic tgp, so vdi qud trinh chuyen hda udt qud trinh ndy khdng ddi hdi nudc de pha loSng nguyen li^u, dd the tich thiet bj nhd hon vd lupng nuac rich rac sinh It hon Ngupc tgi, qud trinh lgi de bj ijc che bdi khd ndng tich ty axit beo bay hai cao hon Tuy nhien, hodn todn cd the nghien ciru de dua nhung thong sd vi nguyen lipu dau, nhung thdng so vgn hdnh de dgt hipu suat sinh metan cao nhat Ba yeu to rat quan trpng ddi voi nguyen li^u ddu Id: phuang phdp tien xir ly, chi sd OD2o, ti lp bim tuan hoan Tien xii ly giup Iogi bd cac yiu to gay dpc, cdc thdnh phan khdng thich hpp nhu kim logi, nhya Ddng thdi phoi trpn vd tgo kfch thudc thich hgrp nhat cho nguyen lieu dau vdo, Chi sd OD20 giup kiem sodt dupc sy tich tu ciia axit beo bay hai, phan cd the ldm gidm nhanh pH gdy lie che hp vi sinh vdt metan hda Ti lp biin tuan hodn giup gia tdng khd ndng d^m cho nguyen lieu dau, gitt dn djnh pH, vd bo sung h? vi sinh vgt cd ich cho qud trinh Do do, can kiem sodt toi uu nhttng yeu to de thu dupc lupng metan cao nhat, gia ldng gid trj phuang phap chuyen hda yem chat thdi rdn thj sdn xuat sinh hpc TAI LIEU THAM K H A O [1] Andrea Schievano, Giuliana DTmporzano, Luca Maiagutti, Emilio Fragali, 2010, Evaluating inhibition conditions in high-solids anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste, Bioresource technology 101, page 57285732 [2] D Bolzoneila, P Pavan, S Mace and F Cecchi, 2006, Dry anaerobic digestion of differently sorted organic municipal solid waste: a full-scale erper/e«ce,Water Science & Technology Vol 53 No page 23-32 Hoing La Phuang Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ [3] DTmporzano.G., Adani.F., 2007, The contribution of water solube and water insolube organic fractions to oxygen uptake rale during high rate composting Biodegradation 18, page 103113, [4] Fabien Monnet, 20t), An introduction to anaerobic digestion of organic wastes Remade, Scotland [5], Francesco Fantozzi, Cinzia Buralli 2011 Anaerobic digestion of mechanically treated OFMSW Experimenial data on biogas'methane production and resuliaw chai oclerization, Bioresource Technology 102 page 8885-8892 [6] Husnul Azan T.I, Faridah A H A.2 and Mohamed Hasnain 2010 Relationship between Volatile Fatly Acid and Alkalinity in Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang Malaysia [7] [EA Bioenergy 2001 Systems and Markets Overview of Anaerobic digestion, AEA Technology Environment, Culham, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK [8], Joshua Rapport, Ruihong Zhang, Bryan M Jenkins Robert B Williams 2008 Current anaerobic digestion technologies used for 95(07): 157- 161 treatment of municipal organic solid waste, California Integrated Waste Management Board [9] P.H.L Nguyen, P, Kuruparan and C Visvanathan, 2007, Anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste as a treatment prior to landfill Journal of Bioresource Technology 98, page 380-387 110] Shefali Verma, 2002, Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable organics in municipal solid wastes, Columbia UnivcrMij [11] T, Forster-Cameiro, M Pe'rez, L,I, Romero, D, Sales, 2007, Diy-lhermophilic anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of the municipal solid waste- Focusing on the inoculum sources, Bioresource Technology 98, page 3195-3203 [12] Tenzin Norbu, 2002 Pretreatmenl of municipal solid wa.',le by windrow composting and vermicomposting, Asian Institute of Technology School of EnvironmenI Resource and Developmenl Thailand [13], Ye Chen Jay J Cheng, Kurt S.Creamer, 2008, Inhibition of anaerobicdigeslion process: A review, Bioresource Technology 99, page 40444064 ABSTRACT THE I M P O R T A N T E L E M E N T S N E E D E D F O R O P T I M A L C O N T R O L INPUTS IN D R Y A N A E R O B I C M E T A B O L I S M M U N I C I P A L SOLID W A S T E M E T H A N E G A S Hoang Le Phuong College of Technology - TNU Currently, municipal solid wastes are causing serious environmental problems due lo emmission uith a large quality and generation harmful factors to the environment such as methane and leachate Meanwhile many studies have shown thai biogas recovery potentiality from municipal solid wastes is very high However, anaerobic digestion is very complicated The factors affecting the process are mainly caused by the characteristics of the feedstock and operating condition of the process Therefore, to maximize the performance of the process, it needs sludy to obtain optimal parameters This paper refers to three factors need to optimize for raw materials: pretreatmenl, OD20 index, ratio of fresh waste to sludge Optimization of three factors will help to control harmful elements such as the toxic component, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids pH instability Keyword: anaerobic digestion, methane, biogas municipal solid waste OD,,, index Ngciy nhdn bdi:23/7/20I2 ngdy phdn bien:24/7/20l2 Tel 0904 537587, Email: phuongqtn@gmail com ngdy duyet ddng 27/7/2012 ... dgt dupc hi^u suit sinh metan cao nhat Sff I: Qud Trinh chuyen hda yem chat hiru Mpt trudng hpp cy the vcri chdt thdi rdn sinh hogt thdnh Thdi Nguyen, qua khdo sat ca tgo metan [8f ban dau cd... cao lai cho hieu sudt sinh metan cao han mdu chat thdi cd thdng s6 OL thap [I] Nhieu nghien ciru dd chi rang Iy gdy lic che qua trinh metan hda cua tdi lupng chat huu ca lien quan chat che din khd... nhttng thdnh phan hda tan vd nhttng thdnh phan de bj thiiy phdn [3], Do nhttng phan hda tan cd the dupc len men tryc tiip bdi cdc vi khuan Trong khi, nhttng thdnh phdn khdng tan nhu xenlulo, hemixenlulo,