Phong va chong 6 nhiem dau tren bien Kinh nghiem Nhat Ban va bai hoc cho Viet Nam TH S MAI HAI DANG* Nhdt Bdn ed tdng dien tich ddt tir nhien Id 378 000 km^, vdi tdng chieu ddi bd bien Id 35 000 km vd[.]
Phong va chong nhiem dau tren bien: Kinh nghiem Nhat Ban va bai hoc cho Viet Nam TH.S MAI HAI DANG* Nhdt Bdn ed tdng dien tich ddt tir nhien Id 378.000 km^, vdi tdng chieu ddi bd bie Id 35.000 km vd 6.847 hdn ddo Idn nhd Ddn sd Nhdt Bdn hien len tdi gdn trieu ngudi, xep hdng thu 10 tren thi gidi, Nhdt Bdn la mdt ddt nude duoc bao bQC xung quanh bdi bien Tir Idu, Nhdt Bdn da la mdt ddt nude cd ngdnh hdng h phdt trien nhdt tren thi gidi Sd luang tdu be vdo bien Nhdt Bdn vai mat ddy ddc, do tai nan hdng hdi xdy khd nhieu Theo bdo cdo hdng ndm, tai nan hdng hdi gdy d nhiem bien cua Nhdt Bdn xdy a muc 700 den 900 vu nhirng ndm gdn ddy, mot nira sd nhirng vu tai nan ndy deu lien quan din d nhiim ddu Nhdt Bdn phdng chdng tinh trgng d nhiem bien ddu bdng edeh kiem sodt chat che viec thdi ddu tir tdu, xu ly kip thai cde d nhiim ddu, tang cudng thuc thi cde edng udc qude ti ve bdi thudng thiet hgi d nhiem ddu, dong thdi Nhdt Bdn da ban hdnh mdt dgo ludt rieng: "Ludt ve trdch nhiim phdp ly ddi vdi thi^t hgi nhiim ddu " Luat ve trach nhiem phap 1^ doi voi thi^t hai nhiem dau cua Nhat Ban 1.1 Pham vi dp dung Luat v^ trach nhiem phap ly doi voi thiet hai nhilm dAu ciia Nhat Ban ap dyng d6i voi lihung thiet h^ xay lanh th6 (bao gom ca vung lanh hai), hoac viing dac quyen kinh t6 ciia Nhat Ban (6 nhilm giai han nhihig hang hoa co dAu hoac dau tau chiia khoang dh hang hoac nhirng noi khdc tr§n tau, hoac nhiing hcrp chAt tir dau theo quy dinh ciia Bo Du lich, Giao th6ng, Co so tAng va Dat dai) gay bai su ro ri hoac xa thai dAu tur cac -*Trir6tig Dai h^c Kinh te - D^i h^c Qudc gia Hd N$i tau cho dSu (boi vi cac tau cha dau co the van chuySn ca nhiing hang hoa khac ngoai dau voi so luang lan, dieu chi duoc gioi han doi vdi cac tau cha diu duac sir dung de van chuyen dAu v6i s6 luong lan va khoang cha hang hoa chua du(7C lam sach sau da van chuyen dau v6i s6 luong Ion, nhung tdu cha dau dugc sii dung de van chuyen hdng hoa ngoai ddu vai so lugng lan va cac tau khac khong cha hang hoa) Ddu nhien lieu, la dau dugc su dyng lam nhien li$u cho hoat dpng ciia tau Tdu chd ddu, la tdu dung de van chuyen dau bang ducmg bien voi so lugng Ion Chu tdu chd ddu, la chii so hiiu tau, mgt nguai hoac nhieu nguai dang ky voi tu each NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TR] JHt GI&I So 3(191) 2012- Phong va ch6ng nhi§m d^u tr6n biln: Mai Hai Dang chil sa hihi tdu biin theo quy djnh tai Khodn 1, Dieu ciia Dgo luat ve tdu bien so 46 ndm 1899 hodc nhiing quy dinh vd phdp lugt ciia nu6c ngodi (neu d6 khong phdi Id mpt ho§c nhieu nguoi ddng ky Id chii s6 hQu tdu), Tuy nhien, doi voi nhihig tdu thuOc sd hChi bdi nhd nude nude ngodi ho^c cd nhan, phdp nhdn nude ngodi, neu cd nhdn hay phdp nhan dd ddng ky khai thdc vd ddng ky dieu hdnh tdu d6 thi dupe dp dung cdc khodn myc khdc (1) Khi thi?t hgi nhi^m dau xdy ra, chu Idu gay nhilm s6 chju trdch nhi^m boi thudng lhi?t hgi doi vdi nhflng ton that tdu minh gdy Tuy nhien, chii tdu sg khong bi rdng bugc trdch nhi?m vl thi^t hgi nhiem neu chung minh nhQ'ng thi?t hgi, dd Id: Thiet hgi d nhiem ddu Id thi$t hgi nhiem tir tdu chd dau vd thi?t hgi nhiem dau tir cdc tdu khdc iii) Thi^t hgi l3i ciia ngudi khdc khong phdi loi ciia chii tdu hodc dodn thtiy Ihii tren tdu; Thi?t hgi nhiem dau tir tdu nghTa Id nhiing thi^t hai hodc chi phi sau: i) Thi?t hgi nhiem tir vi?c r6 ri dau hodc xa thai dau ciia tdu chd dau vimg Idnh tho hodc vimg ddc quyen kinh te ciia Nhgt Bdn i) Thi?t hgi gdy chien tranh, ngi chiln hay bgo d$ng; ii) Thi?t hgi thign tai bit thudng; iv) Thi^t hai don IhuAn gay bdi sai sol qudn ly ciru hO hdng hdi hodc cdc'trang thiet bj phdt tin hi$u de dieu khign giao thong ciia ca quan thuy luu cong hodc cua Nhd nude (2) Khi thi^t hgi nhiem dau tir tdu xay bdi dau chira ho$c nhieu tdu, neu khong ii) Chi phi hop ly de sii dyng cdc bi?n phdp the khdng djnh dAu tdu chd ddu gdy ngan ngira hoac gidm nhe thiet hai sau mgt thi?t hgi thi chii tdu phdi bdi thudng tuang img sy CO thiet hai xdy dupe quy dinh tgi myc (a) vdi so lupng dAu trgn tdu ciia minh Tuy nhien, vd thiet hgi phdt sinh nhu Id ket qud cua viec dp dieu ndy sg khong dupe dp dung doi vdi nhung thiet hgi ciia nhiem dau tur tau thupc mpt dung cac bien phap ndy cdc trudng hpp da neu d tren Mdt dem vi, co nghia Id so tien tuong duong (3) Chii tdu dupe ngu d hai myc tren la chu vdi mgt Quyen nit von ddc bi^t theo quy dinh ve quyen nit von ddc biet tai khodn 1, Dilu sd hihi tdu tai thdi diem s\r ki^n dAu tien dan ciia Hiep dinh Quy Tien te quoc te dgn thiet hai nhiem ddu tir tdu xdy 1.2 Trdch nhipm phdp ly doi vdi thift hgi d nhiem dau tic tdu Ludt ve trach nhiem phdp ly d6i vdi thiSt hgi nhiem dau ciia Nhat Ban quy djnh nghiem ngdt vl trach nhiem phdp ly cua chii tau (chii tdu phdi chju trdch nhiSm phdp ly d6i vdi thi?l hai nhiem ddu thi?t hgi xdy loi cua chil tdu vdo liic xdy hoge vdo liic biln co ddu dau lien xdy ciia sir c6 bao g6m mgt logt cdc biln c6, chii tau sg phdi chiu trdch nhiem vl bat cii mgt thiet hgi ndo nhiem gay tir viec thodt ddu hoac xa ddu tir tau biln vd la nguyen nhdn ciia su c6 do, cu thi tai Dilu quy dinh vl Trdch nhiem phdp l^ d6i vdi thiet hgi nhiem dau tir tau nhu sau: (4) Trudng hpp cac dilu khodn chinh myc hodc cac dieu khodn chinh myc quy dinh nhihig ngudi md dugc li?t kg dudi day sg khong phdi chiu trdch nhiem ddi vdi nhinig thi?t hgi dd gay ra, vdi dilu ki?n nhihig thiet hgi nhiem tir tdu chd dAu khdng c6 y gdy hodc loi cdu thd bdi bat ky s6 nhihig ngudi hiiu rd nhung hdnh dgng dd co thi din den thi$t hai, dd Id: i) Ngudi idm thug cho chu tdu chd dAu; ii) Ngudi thug tdu chd ddu vd nhflng ngudi lam thue cho ngudi thug tdu; iii) Ngudi thue tdu chd dAu theo hgp ding theo quy dinh tgi khoan 4.(c), dilu Cong -NhOng vin di KINH Jt VA CHINH TR| JHt GI&I S6 3(191) 2012 Mai Hal Dang Ph6ng vd ch6ng nhi§m diu tr6n bi4n: udc vg trdch nhi?m phap ly, ngudi quan ly ho^c dilu hdnh va nhihig ngudi ldm thug "cho hp; hpp dong bdo hiem hodc bdo ddm tdi chinh bdt bugc khdc: iv) Ngudi phu trach bdo dudng tdu chd dAu, vi dy nhu sua chiia va nhiing ngudi ldm thue; 1) M0t tdu chd dAu ciia Nhat Bdn sg khong dugc chd qud 2.000 tAn, trir c6 hpp dong bdo hiem ho^c bdo ddm tdi chfnh khdc doi vdi nhthig Ihi^t hgi nhiem ddu tir tdu (dupe gpi Id "hpp ding bdo hilm hodc bdo dam tai chfnh khdc") v) Ngudi cung cap dich vy c6 lien quan true tigp den curu sdng ngudi vd cim trp hdng hod vd tdu chd dAu vd nhung ngudi ldm thug theo thod thuan vdi chu tdu hodc theo nhihig hudng dan ciia cdc co quan hdnh chinh; 2) Tdu chd hon 2.000 tdn dau sg khong dupe vdo hodc kh6i cdc cdng cua Nhal Bdn hodc sii vi) Ngudi thyc hien cdc bien phdp dupe neu dung cdc trang thiet hi neo dau cua Nhdl Ban myc (b), dilu (trCr chii tdu chd dAu) vd trir chiing c6 Hgp dong Bdo hiem hodc Bdo nhthig ngudi lam thue; ddm Tdi chinh khdc (5) Dieu khoan dupe neu khodn trgn Dieu 14 quy djnh: Hpp dong Bao hiem hodc khong cdn trd chii tdu chd dAu ngudi bli thudng Bdo ddm Tdi chinh khdc thiet hgi vigc sii dyng quyen cua chii tdu 1) Hgp dong Bdo hiem hodc Bdo ddm Tdi de doi boi thudng d6i vdi ben thii ba chinh khdc sg Id m6t hgp dong bao hilm dl chi 1.3 Gidi hgn trdch nhi^mphdp ly trd cho nhihig thiet hai phat sinh ciia chii tau Dieu 6, Ludt vg trdch nhiem phdp ly dii vdi thong qua viec thuc hien nghTa vy ciia chii tau thiet hai nhiem ddu cua Nhdl Bdn quy dinh doi vdi nhiing thiet hgi, hodc la mpt hpp dong vg mirc gidi han trach nhiem phdp ly, theo do, ddm bdo viec thue hi?n nghia vu doi vdi nhiing phu tau chd ddu cd thg gidi han trach nhiem phdp thiet hai trudng hpp chii tdu (ngoai trii ly bat cii mgt sy co ndo, tinh theo ty le vdi trgng nhihig tdu dupe sir dyng de van chuyen dudi 2.000 tdn dAu) cd trdch nhigm din bu vdi nhung tdi ciia tdu chd dau d mirc tinh gop nhu sau: thiet hai su co dau chd tren tdu da ndi tren i) Doi vdi tdu tu 5.000 GT trpng tdi trd 2) Doi vdi Hpp dong Bdo hiem hodc Bdo xuong Id 4.510.000 quyen riit von dac biet (7 ddm Tdi chinh khac, bgn chi trd cho nhung tiiiet trieu USD) hai cua ngudi chii tdu hodc ben bdo dam thuc ii) Doi vdi tdu co trgng tai tir 5.000 GT den hien nghia vy doi vdi nhihig thiet hgi theo nhu 140.000 GT thi cii moi don vi tan trgng tdi gia hop dong se Id ben dong bdo v$ cua ngudi chu tdng se dupe tinh Id 631 don vi tinh lodn cgng tau va lign kgt boi thudng, cong ty bdo hiem thgm vdo khoan tiln dugc quy dinh tgi khodn hodc doi tupng khdc dupe ngu cu thi quy (a) (976 USD) Tuy nhien, mpi hrudng hgp, dinh ciia Chinh phii ting cpng khodn tinh gdp khong dugc vugt 3) Doi vdi Hpp dong Bdo higm hodc Bdo qua 89.770.000 don vi tmh'todn (139 trieu USD)' dam Tdi chinh khdc, khodn tign bdo higm dl chi 1.4 Bdo hiim bat huge trd cho nhung thiet hdi cua chu tdu hpp Dieu 13 Ludt vl trdch nhiem phap ly doi vdi dong da neu hoac nhihig thi?t hgi gdy bdi thiet hai nhilm dAu ciia Nhat Ban quy dinh nhiem td tdu chd dau dupe ddm bdo sg khdng it han khodn gidi hgn trach nhiem phdp ly cua chu tau da n6i doi vdi tijng tdu lign quan din hpp •The unit of account in the 1992 Conventions is the Special dong da neu Drawing Right (SDR) as defined by the Internationa! Monetary Fund In this document, the SDR has been converted into US dollars at the rate of exchange applicable on January I I ie SDR = US$1.54639 4) Hgp dong Bdo hiem hoac Bao ddm Tdi chinh khdc phdi la hpp dong cd the khong co NhOng vin di KINH Jt VA CHINH TR! TH^ Gidl S6 3(191) 2012- Phbng vd ch6ng nhi^m dAu trfen biln: hieu luc hodc ngi dung c6 thi dupe thay doi chi hpp dong phii hgp vdi qui djnh tgi Myc Dilu Cong udc Trdch nhi?m phdp ly 1.5 Th&m quyin cda tda dn Khi mpt su c6 gdy thi?l hgi nhiem ddu tdu xdy d Nhdt Bdn, vy ki?n thuge vl thdm quyin ciia toa dn qugn co quan cd tham quyin vl vi tri nai c6 thi?t hgi nhilm dau tir tdu vd nlu thiet hgi d nhiem dAu tdu xay d viing d$c quyin kinh ll Nh^t Bdn thi vy vi?c se thupc thAm quyin ciia tda dn qudn, nai c6 Ihdm quyen doi vdi dia dilm ciia nguygn dan irong khilu ngi boi thudng hflu hgn, hodc neu khong c6 Ida nhu v§y vy ki?n sg thuge tham quyin ciia tod Toa dn Toi cao quylt dinh Dilu 32 ciia Luat vl trdch nhi?m phdp ly doi vdi thiet hai nhiem ddu ciia Nhat Bdn quy dinh, su chuyin giao xel xii vl gidi hgn trdch nhiem phdp ly nhu sau: Khi t6a dn thay can phdi trdnh thiet hgi nghiem trpng hodc trdnh chdm tri, thi tda c6 quygn chuygn giao cdc vy xet xir ve gidi hgn trdch nhiem phdp {^ cho Ida dn khac c6 thdm quyen hodc cdc tda dn cap qudn co thdm quyen vg dia ban ciia nguyen don khieu ngi bdi thudng hihi hgn hoac co tham quygn vg gidi han trdch nhiem phdp ly cd cimg nguygn nhan dang chd xet xii theo quy dinh cua vg gidi han trach nhiem phdp ly cua chu tdu Mot so nhan xet vd bai hpc kinh nghifm doi vdi Viet Nam 2.1 Mpt sd nhgn xet - Vigt Nam Id mfit quoc gia ven bien c6 viing bien thuoc chu quygn rgng hon lAn dien tich ddt lign vd bd bign ddi hon 3.260 km, vdi 37 cdng bign, gdn 170 bgn cdng vdi 39.674 mdt chieu ddi cdu cdng Tinh din ngdy 30/6/2009, Viet Nam co 1.614 tdu bien Idn, nho cdc loai vdi long dung tich 3,71 trieu GT vd ting trgng tdi gdn 06 trieu DWT Mdt khdc, hdng ndm rryng binh co hdng trdm ngdn lugt tdu thuyin nude ngoai vdo cdc cdng bign Viet Nam hogc hogt dpng qua Iai tren cdc tuyen hang hdi qu6c te gdn Idnh hdi nude ta Digu ndy ddt Viet Nam Mai Hdi Ddng Irudc nguy ca nhiem m6i trudng dau nhien li?u tir tdu biln rat cao cung nhu cAn cd gidi hgn trdch nhi9m vd giAy chimg nhdn phii hpp tdu biln Vi$t Nam hogt dpng d cde qude gia thdnh vign Cong udc - Vdi sy Idng mgnh ciia dpi tdu biln Vi?l Nam, sire hiit tir h? thdng cdng biln vd toe dp tdng Irudng kinh tl - xd hpi ciia dat nude dd c6 dnh hudng nhAt dinh doi vdi trdch nhi?m bdo ve m6i trudng nhiem dAu nhien li?u tir tau bien gdy So lupng su c6 ngdy cdng tdng, mirc dp thi?t hgi Idn vd rdt kh6 khdc phyc hau qud Cdc vy tai nan hdng hai xdy thdi gian qua diu gdy thi?t hgi den moi trudng, anh hudng tr\rc tilp cung nhu gidn tilp vd lau dai din boat dpng vd ddi sdng ciia xd hpi - Thi$t hai nhiem mdi trudng bien trudc mdt vd lau ddi eiing nhu cdc thi?t hgi md nhihig ngudi CO lien quan true tiep phdi gdnh chiy nhu hang hdi, ddnh bdt, nudi trdng thuy sdn, nong nghi?p, ngu nghigp, du lich id rat Idn vd doi hoi tin kgm thdi gian, tiln ciia vd cdng siic cho cdng ldc ngdn chdn, han chg, khdc phyc moi trudng bign, nhung viec bdi thudng thuc te ma nhimg ngudi bi thiet hai nhgn dupe thi lai khong ddng ke, khdng dii de khdc phyc hau qua vd ldm sgch moi trudng Vi vgy, cdn co cdc chuygn gia nghien ciiu, xu ly ITnh vyc ndy nl'.Sm dua dupe quylt dinh dung ddn vg miic bli thudng tuang iing vdi muc thi?t hai xdy ra; dong thdi cQng can phdi cd chi dp xu ly d^c bi?t, linh dgng, phu hgp vdi thong le quoc te - Hi?n nay, chimg ta chua cd dii ngudn nhan lyc de c6 the gidi quyet nhihig van dg phat sinh lien quan dgn cdng tdc ngdn ch^, hgn chg, khdc phyc mdi trudng bien thigt hai xdy nhiem ddu nhien li^u tir tau bien 2.2 Bdi hgc kinh nghipm co the vgn dung doi vdi Vi^t Nam - Ca sd phdp ludt cua nude ta da co nhigu vdn bdn dieu chinh nhung van cdn bat cgp, tl;ilu thdng nhdt ngn thudng gdp vudng mdc giai -NhOng vin di KINH Jt vA CHJNH TRj TH^ Gidl S6 3(191) 2012 Mai Hai Dang quyet trach nhiem ve gay nhilm dAu nhign lieu tir tdu biln, nhdl Id viec ddi bdi thudng cac cac thiet hai Do vdy, dl hodn thien he thing phdp luat ve nhiem dAu, song song vdi viec xdy dung Id trinh gia nhap cdc cong udc quoc tl quan trgng, Vi?t Nam can tign hdnh xdy dung mgt dao ludt chuyen bigt dl dilu chinh van dl nhilm dau tir tdu, quy dinh cu thi vd r5 rdng cdc chu the gay nhiem ddu tCr tau bign dl hp co thi de dang thuc hien trach nhi?m cua minh; quy dinh rd thdm quyen xet xir, quy trinh, thii tye ddi bli thudng; quy dinh vl cdch thirc ddnh gid thiet hai, qhi phi thuc te bd de khdi phyc mdi trudng da dugc hodc se dupe dp dyng; chi phi cho bign phdp phong ngira vd nhflng tin thdt, hu hgi phdt sinh tir bign phdp phdng ngira dugc dp dyng sau su CO xdy cd khdng cd su cd trdn dau xdy ra, hodc dang cd mdi de dpa nghigm trpng vd sdp xdy thiet hai d nhigm; Lpi ich bi vi pham suy gidm mdi trudng vi sir cd trdn ddu; quy trinh ddi bdi thudng cd sir cd xdy vd cdc chi tdi ddi vdi cdc chu thi chiu trach nhiem neu hp khdng hgp ldc vdi ca quan chuc nang viec umg phd thiet hgi xdy ra; vd cudi cling la tda dn thu ly giai quyet cd tranh chdp Phbng vd ch6ng nhi§m d^u trfen biln: cac quy dinh vg quy trinh, thu tyc gidi qiiyet bdi thudng thi$l hgi ve mdi trudng - Tdng cudng cdng tdc dao tao dgi ngii thdm phdn vd d0i ngii cdn bg qudn ly cd kien thiic chuyen gau nude vd quoc te, cd kinh nghi$m viec gidm sdt vd kiem sodt vi?e thyc thi phdp luat vd vi$c gidi quyet h-anh chap ve boi thudng thiet hai d nhiem dau Vi?c ddo tgo ngudn cdn bg ciia tinh, Uy ban qudc gia vg Tim kigm ciiu ngn, cdn bp ciia co quan tda dn, cdc ca quan qudn ly nhd nude dugc thuc hi?n thdng qua vi$e md cdc Idp ddo tgo cd su hudng dan ciia cdc chuygn gia ddu ngdnh nude vd quoc te dg trang bj eho hg nhung kien thiic, phdp ludt vg d nhiem moi trudng, bdi thudng thiet hgi, nhfmg kinh nghi$m ciia cdc nude viec ddi phd, khdc phyc su co trdn ddu vd ddc biet la viec tinh lodn miic thiet hgi vd quy dinh ddi bli thudng cd sy cd trdn ddu Tieh cue tham gia cdc dieu udc qudc te quan trpng khdc ve d nhilm ddu nhu: Cdng udc Sdn sang ling phd vd hgp tdc chdng d nhiem ddu (OPRC 1990); Cdng udc vl thdnh Idp quj din bli thiet hai ddu ndm 1971 vd Cdng udc Quy ndm 1992; Cong udc ve ngdn ngira d nhiem bign nhdn chim chat thai vd cdc chat - Xdy dung chign lupc va ke hoach tdng the khdc nam 1972 vd Nghi dinh thu ndm 1996 qudc gia ve phdng chdng, khdc phyc vd xir ly cac (Cdng udc London ndm 1972); Cdng udc ve sir cd trdn dAu trgn bign, dd quy dinh ro trdch nhiem va bdi thudng thiet hai gdn lign vdi chiic nang, nhiem vy, quyen ban ciia cdc td chiic viee van chuygn bdng dudng bign cdc chat nguy vd cd nhan lien quan xdy trdn dAu; ban hanh higm vd dpc hai (HNS) Tai lieu tham l