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KHOA HOC CONG NGHfi \i IXIGHIEIXI CLTU D A C DIEIVI C A U T R U C M O T SO TRAIXIG T H A I RUIVG T A I TilXIH D O L Y K H A I V I X A Y , IXIUQC CHDCIVD L A O Khamphilavong Khanthaly\ Tran Hiiu Vidn^[.]
KHOA HOC CONG NGHfi \i IXIGHIEIXI CLTU D A C DIEIVI C A U T R U C M O T S O TRAIXIG T H A I RUIVG T A I TilXIH D O L Y K H A I V I X A Y , IXIUQC CHDCIVD L A O Khamphilavong Khanthaly\ Tran Hiiu Vidn^ NguySn Trgng Biatf TOMTAT Tmh Bolykhamxay cd dien tich rimg tu nhien 1.203.105,00 K&t qua nghien ciru cho tiiiy: Rimg giau co t6 tiianh 29 - 35 loai, mat 691 cay/ha, dudng kinh 23,00 cm, chidu cao 12,21 m, titr lugng 345.224 mVha; rimg trung binh 35 - 42 loai, mat 605 cay/ha, duong kinh 18,84 cm, chidu cao 11,07 m, trir luong 169,988 mVha; rimg ngheo 31 - 39 loai, mat 473 cay/ha, dudng kinh 16,04 cm, chidu cao 10,20 m, trU luong 81,331 mVha Tirong quan H,^/Di ^ va D/Dj deu tdn tai a mirc dp chat Ty le phan tram tra luong d cac cap du tru, ke can, thuc bien ddi rat Ion giua cac trang thai rimg khac To c^y tai sinh rimg ngheo 13 15 loai, rimg trung binh 20 - 22 loai, rimg giau 13 -17 loai, phan bd cum la chii yeu, ty le cay tai sinh co tiien vong tuong doi thap Tang truong tiong nam (2010 - 2013) cua rimg giau la ldn nhat 7,205 mVha/nam, rimg trung binh 4,495 mVha/nam va rimg ngheo 2,901 mVha/nam Tii]di6a: Cau tnic rung, lam phan, tai sinh, tang tnrdng rung I.DATVAniDE n/iuc TIEU, nidi DUNG VA PHUDNG PHAP NGHIBU CUU Tinh Bolykhamxay cd dien tich rimg tu nhidn la 1.203.105,00 ha, song hau nhu vin chua cd nghidn ciiu nao day du ve cau tnic, tai sinh, sinh trudng cua rimg Vi vay, a day tdn tai tinh trang ngudi ta khdng dam tac dgng vao rimg bing bat ky bien phap ky thuat nao hoac n^u cd thi hidu qua cua cac bien phip tac dong vao rimg la khdng cao, gay nhieu hau qua tieu cue ddi vdi rimg Mudn cd nhirng tic dgng vao rimg mgt each hgp ly, hieu qua rit can thiet phai co nhung nghien cuu ve dac diem cau tnic cua rimg lam ca sd xac dinh cac bien phap lam sinh tac ddng vao rimg mdt each hgp ly, dam bao phat tri^n rimg bdn viing, dem lai loi ich on dinh vd kinh te, xa hdi va mdi tru'ong 2.1 Muc tidu nghidn ciiu Xac dinh mgt sd dac diem cau triic va tang trudng cho mdt sd frang thai rimg tai tinh Bolykhamxay Iam co sd khoa hge cho vide d^ xuat phuong an quan Iy rimg ben vung cua tinh 2.2 Noi dung nghidn ciiu Hien trang Bolykhamxay tai nguyen rimg tai tinh - Nghien cim dac diem can tnic tang ciy cao - Nghien ciru dac diem cau tnic tang ciy tai sinh, - Nghien cuu die diem tang trudng rimg 2.3 Phuang phip nghien ciiu - Ke thira cac tai lieu nghien cihi ve hien tiang va cau tnic rung tai tinh Bolykhamxay, nudc CHDCND Lao - Phuong phap dieu fra ngoai nghidp: Hmh Bin dd tinh Bolykhamxay va khu vuc nghien cuu ^ Nghien cim sinh Tnrdng Dai hpc Lam nghiep ' Trucmg Dai hpc Lam nghiep Ap dung phuong phap chon miu dien hinh dai dien cho timg frang thai rimg, tien hanh lap d tieu chuan (OTC) dinh vi (100 x 100 m), dai dien cho loai rimg: OTC rimg giau, OTC rimg trung binh, OTC rimg ngheo va 45 d dang ban (20 x 50 m) mdi OTC dinh vi lap d dang ban (ODB) d^ thu thap cac nhin td dieu tra vd cau tnic, tai siiih, tang trudng rimg Cic OTC lap nam 2010, lin vao nam 2010 va nam 2013 + Phuang phap didu tra ting ciy cao: Ting cay cao dugc xic dinh bao gdm toin bg ciy rimg cd Dp NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 8/20U KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl = cm tra ldn, T^i cic d tidu chuan tidn hinh md ta cic chi tidu cin thidt phuc vu cho cic ngi dung nghidn ciiu nhu dO ddc mit dat, hudng phoi, cao , xic dinh tdn Ioai va cic chi tidu sinh trudng ciia ting ciy cao: Duong kinh thin ciy (Di_3, cm) dugc bing thuoc kep kinh vol dp chinh xic ddn mm, theo hai htrdng Dong Tiy vi Nam Bic, chidu cao viit nggn (HVN, ^) vi chieu cao dudi cinh (HDC m) duoc bing miy SUNTO voi dp chinh xic ddn dm, dudng kinh tin Ii (Dj, m) dug'c bang thudc diy cd dp chinh xic ddn dm, hinh chidu tin Ii frdn mit phing ngang theo hai hudng Ddng Tay vi Nam Bic, sau dd tinh tri sd huih quin tang ciy cao Lip ODB co didn tich 25 m^ d gdc va d a tim (JTC Thdng kd tat ca ciy tii smh vio phidu didu tra theo cic chitidu:Loii ciy, ngudn gdc, chidu cao (HVN) vi dinh gii pham chat ciy tii sinh theo cap: ^t, trung binh vi xau - Tu cic sd lieu thu thip trdn cic OTC tidn hinh tdng hpp, xii I^, xic dinh cic die diem ciu tnic, tii sinh vi tang trudng rung 8.KFrqUAIKHfillCUU 3.1 Hidn trang cic trang thii rung tai tinh Bofykhamxay Tlnh Bolykhamxay cd didn tich rung tu nhidn + Phtrong phip didu tra cay tii sinh: Ciy tii sinh 1223101 ha,frongdd: Rimg sin xuat 251223 ha, rimg la nhung ciy gd cdn non, sdng dudi tin riing tu giai phdng hd 617369 vi rimg die dung 354509 do?n ciy m? cho ddn chiing bit diu tham gia vio Chitidtcic Ioairimgdtrpc trinh biyfrongbang Bing Ca ciu dign tich cic loai rungvi dit lim nghigp tinh Bolykhamxay TT Loai dat, loai rimg Tong (ha) Rimg san xuat (ha) A / ; 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 II B Tdng dito tich dA lam nghigp D^t CO rimg ROng tir nhiin ROng M rdng ROnggidu ROng trung binh ROng phuc hoi ROngnghed rOng tre niia Rirng hdn giad Rimg nui da Rimg Rimg trdng co trir luong ROng trdng chira cd trir luong Dat chua co rimg Loai rimg Rimg phong hO(ha) Rung d^c dung (ha) 1.203.105,00 251.194,00 597.403,00 354.508,00 1.111.283,10 1.045.604,00 905.836,90 227.266,90 197.956,90 148.003,00 32.639,78 88.036,12 9.653,80 17.673,30 23.735,00 16.808,20 9410,70 29.310,00 13.170,00 529.507,20 499.389,60 390.240,00 164.857,70 208.318,60 12.661,60 4.402,10 47.187,50 6.429,50 55.532,60 30.117,60 9.840,00 354.508,00 348.257,50 331.593,80 121.895,50 139.876,30 36.416,00 33.406,00 633,70 7.300,00 8.730,00 6.250,50 4.360,50 1.6140,00 20.277,60 1.890,00 23.927,10 67.895,80 325.392,98 456.231,12 64.731,50 59.481,30 71.556,20 30.537,70 3.7673,20 65.678,10 27.370,50 38.307,60 91.822,90 Ngudn: SdNdng Iim nghidptinh,2012 3.2 N ^ d n Cliu die didm ciu tnic ting ciy cao Kdt qui kidm tra su thuin nhit cic nhin td didu tra cua cic OTC djnh vj cho thay, b tat ci cic frang thiirimggiiu,rimgtnmg bmh virimgngheo thi cic ODV frong ciing mpt trgng thii ddu khdng thuin nhit Nhu viy, sinh tnrdng cua cic Iim phan frdn cung mOt trang thii rimg khu vyc nghidn ciiu cd svr 0,00 khic nhau, dieu dd phin anh sy khic vd lip dia giiia cic Iim phinfrongcung mpt trang thii Do viy, cic nghien ciiu dupctidnhinh ddi vdi timg ODV 3.2.1 BSc diem ciu tnic td thinh tang ciy cao + Trang thii ning giiu: Td thinh tuong ddi da dang vdi sd Ioai bien ddi 29-35 loii, sd loii tham gia cdng thuc td thinh - loii, didu dd the hign su uu thd NdNG NGHllP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THdN - KY - THANG 8/2014 103 KHOA HOC CdNG NGHl thupc mgt nhom loai nhat dinh Nhom loai iru the g6m cac loai nhxr Sao, Cam xe, Tlii hong Com, Cong tia 5ang Cong thiic td theo W% trang thai rimg giiu ODV Trang thai Loai/ODV Loai/trr Cong thiic td Rimg giau 35 35,47 Sao + 10,17 Cax + 9,65 Cor + 44,71 Lok 41,21 Sao + 8,17 Cax + 7,34 Re + 5,86 Cot + 5,2 Thh + 32,22 Lok i Rimg giau 29 Rimg giau 38,34 Sao + 7,59 Cax + 6,05 Cot + 5,99 Re + 5,35 Tdp + 36,69 Lok 33 (Trong do: Sao - Sao; Cax - Cam xe; Cor - Cdm ning; Re - Re; Thh - Thi hdng Cot - Cong tia; Tdp - Tdn dia phuong; Lok - Loii khac) ^• Trang thii rimg tnmg binh: Tdng sd Ioai 35 - - loii Nhdm loii uu the gdm cac loii nhir Sao, 42 loai, dd sd loai tham gia cdng thuc td Cam xe, ten dia phuong, Cdm rimg Bang Cdng thiic td thinh theo \N%frangthii rimg trung binh ODV Trang thai Loai/ODV Loai/CT Cong thiic td 35,52 Sao + 7,87 Tdp + 5,53 Cax + 5,52 Sp+ 5,18 Ctb + 5,05 Rimg trung binh 42 Thkg+35,32 Lok 15,93 Cax + 11,51 Tdp + 10,09 Sao + 9,68 Cor + 6,59 Lat + Rimg trung binh 35 46,21 Lok 21,14 Cax + 10,15 Tdp + 8,85 Cor + 7,27 Choa + 6,07 Thh + Rimg trung binh 42 5,53 Sao + 35,61 Lok (Trong do: Sao - Sao; Cax - Cam xe; Cor - Cdm ning; Re - Re; Thh - Thi hong Cot - Cdng tia; Ctb - Chay tivng bg; Choa - Choai; Tdp - Ten dia phuong; Ttkg -Thau tiu khac gdc; Sp - Chua xic dinh; Lat - Lau tiu; Lok - Loii khic) + Trang thai rimg ngheo: Sd loai tham gia cdng frang thai Nhdm loai uu thd gdm: Sao, Cam xe, thiic td - loai frong tdng so 31 - 39 loai d Gao trdn, Lau tau Tram vdi Bang Cdng thuc to thinh theo IV% frang thii rimg ngheo ODV Trang thai Loai/ODV Loai/CT Cong thiic td 16,27 Cax + 11.91 Tdp + 8,49 Cor + 7,88 Choa + 7,42 Thh + 6,5 Rimg ngheo 39 Gat + 5,22 De +36,31 Lok 17,86 Cax +11,91 Tdp + 10,28 Cor + 5,87 Lat + 5,73 Thh + 5,15 Rimg ngheo 32 Trq + 43,2 Lok Rimg ngheo 31 21,26 Cax + 16,38 Cor + 13,26 Tdp + 8,15 Trv + 40,95 Lok (Trong dd: Cax - Cam xe; Choa - Choai; Cor - Cdm limg; Re - Re; Thh - Thi hong Cot - Cong tia; Gat • Gao tidn; Tdp - Ten dia phuong: Trv - Tram vdi; Trq - Trudng quanh; De - De; Lat - Lau tiu; Lok - Loai khad) 3.2.2 Bac didm phin bdsd cay tiieo dudng kinh (N/DjJ viphan bdsdciy tiieo chieu cao (N/HJ 3.2.2.1 Dac diem phan bd sd cay theo duimg xuat hidn them cac cap dudng kinh ldn 40 -60 cm, kinh (N/DJ them vao la sir xuat hidn nhidu hon ciia cac loai + Trang thai rimg ngheo: Phan bd N/Dj:, d trang cay cd gia til kinh te nhu: Cam xe, Dau, Sao,,, nhung thai frong khu vuc nghien cuu theo dang ham ddi tuong da cd the khai thic, nhien vide khai Meyer, da sd cac cay tap trung nhieu d cac cap thic can thuc hien mgt each chon lgc vdi cudng duong kinh nhd, chua cd nhidu cac cay d cac cap hgp ly va tuan theo cic nguyen tic cua quan ly rimg kinh ldn Nhtmg cay 6- cip kinh ldn cdn sdt lai da sd ben virng la nhung cay cong queo, sau benh, cd pham chat + Trang thai rimg giau: Da sd cac lim phan rimg trung binh hoac xau, cay cd gia tri kinh te thap nhu: giau cd phan bo N/D, •>, tuan theo dang him Meyer, b Da, Coma, Cdng tia trang thai cd su xuit hien cua cac cap kinh 60 -70 + Trang thai rimg trung binh: Ket qua nghien cm vdi cac ciy go ldn cd gii tri kmh td cao nhir Sao, cim cho thay cac lam phin rimg tining binh cd phan Cam xe, Diu nhimg ddi tugng can dira vao khai bd N/D,3 Uian theo dang ham Meyer, tren mgt sd thic, nhien khai thae can cd phuong in dieu ch^ him phin xuat hien mgt hoac nhidu dinh rang cua O rimg va thuc hien theo cic tieu chuan cua quan Iy trang thai so vdi trang thai rimg ngheo da thay rimg ben vung 104 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 8/20M KHOA HOC CONG NGHE 3.2.2.2 D$c diem phan bd sd ciy theo chieu cao tnic rimg gdm ting chinh: Ting tan, ting dtrdi tin, (N/HJ ting ciy bui, tham tuoi -f- Trang thai rung tnmg binh Mat ciy rimg + Trang thii ning ngheo: Ket qui nghien ciru cho thiy phin bd N / H ^ frang thii rung ngheo phii binh quin tuong ddi cao, trung binh la 605 ciy/ha hgp vdi dang him khoang cich Cic ciy frong lam (bien doi 546 -626 ciy/ha), dudng kinh binh quan phin chii ydu t i p trung b cap chidu cao thap, chi cd 18,84 cm (bien doi 18,07-19,27 cm), chidu cao binh mdt sd ciy cao la nhimg cay cdn sdt lai frong qua quin la 11,07 m (bien ddi 10,66-11,58 m), trtr luong trinh khai thic cd pham chat xau, gii tn kinh te thip bmh quan la 169,988 m'Vha bidn ddi 155,074 den nhir Da, Co nia, Cdng tia 191,990 mVha Cau tnic rimg b i t dau hinh + Trang thai rimg trung binh: Phan bd N/H^n ting rimg, so vdi frang thai rirng ngheo thi a frang trang thai rimg trung binh phii hgp vdi dang ham thai cd them tang vugt tan (Al), nhien, ting khoang cich O frang thai da b i t diu xuat hien bit diu hinh va chua thuc su ro net nhieu hon cay d cap chieu cao ldn, cd su xuat hien •f Trang thai rimg giau Mat binh quan cay nhieu ban ciia cic loai gd Ion cd gii tri kinh td cao rimg cao, trung binh la 691 ciy/ha (bien ddi 666 -730 nhu: Sao, Dau ciy/ha), dudng kinh binh quin 23 cm (bien doi 21,06 + Trang thai rimg giiu: Phan bo N/H^ frang thai -24,01 cm), chieu cao binh quin la 12,21 m (bien ddi rimg giau da sd phii hgp vdi dang ham khoang each, 11,74-12,6 m), tiTi lugng binh quan 345,224 mVha cdn lai sd it phu hop vdl ham Meyer O frang thai (bien ddi 287,748 -394,646 mVha) Cau tinic rimg cd su xuat hien nhieu ban cua nhitng cay co cap gdm tang rimg: tang vuot tan (Al), tang uu the sinh chieu cao ldn frdn 20 m, nhtmg cay da sd la nhting thai (A2), tang duoi tan (A3), tang cay bui (B), ting cay gd ldn cd gia tn kmh te nhin Cam xe, Sao, Diu tham tuoi (C) 3.2.4 Dac diem tuong quan gida chieu cao va 3.2.3 Dac diem ciu tnic tang thu va mgt sdnhan dudng kinh (H^yD,:), giOa dudng kinh tan vdr td dinh lugng cua Iim phan + Trang thai rimg ngheo: O frang thai mat dudng kinh a vi tii 1,3 m (D/D,:^) 3.2.4.1 Tuong quan gida chieu cao va dudng dd ciy rimg thap, binh quan la 473 cay/ha (bien doi 380 -548 ciy/ha), duong kinh binh quan la 16,04 cm kinh (H,yD,.) Ket qua nghien ciru cho thay tuong quan (bi^n ddi 15,32- 16,61 cm), chi^u cao trung binh 10,2 m (bien doi 9,85- 10,57 m), trij luong binh quan la H„„/D u duoc the hien tdt nhat dang ham logarithnic, 81,331 mVha bien ddi 67,572 -88,372 mVha Ciu the hien chi tidt d bang Bang Tuang quanH^/D,:; R2 Sig.a Sig.b Sig.F ODV Phuong Unnh F,„h 0,862 1985,89 «0,05 «0,05 «0.05 H .14,72Log(D,.,)-6,13 0,901 3057,22 «0,05 «0,05 «0,05 H„ = 14,88Log(D, J - 6,41 2391.29 «0,05 «0,05 «0,05 H„ 14,94Log(D, ' 6,51 0,868 0,852 «0,05 «0,05 1562,15 «0,05 H„ - 13,69Ug(D,.,)-5.45 0,797 955,52 «0,05 «0,05 «0,05 H, 12,77Log(D,,) - 4,40 «0,05 «0,05 0,865 1203,15 «0,05 H,T, -12,77Log(D,i)-4,22 ^ «0,05 0.766 «0,05 0,02 885,84 H„ 12,98Log(D|.,)-4,7 «0,05 «0,05 «0,05 0,900 2794,73 H, .14,llLog(Du)-5,89 «0,05 «0,05 «0,05 0.849 1863,93 H™.13,48Log(D,.>4,96 K^t qua nghidn ciru cho thay quan he H^.^/Di i Irong cac OTC tdn tai tuong quan chat He so R- bien ddi 0,766 -0,901, ket qua kiem fra cho thay tat ca cac phuong trinh deu tdn tai (Sig.F «0.05) va cac tiiam sd a, b phuang trinh ddu thuc su tdn tai (sig.a ã.48 cm (thanh thuc) Ket qui phan bo tiii 2,864 Trung binh luang theo cap kinh d- cic trang thai rimg dugc M Ket qua tinh toan miic da dang loai theo chi hien frong bang 8, sd Shannon - Wiener tren cic frang thai rimg Bang Phan bo tru lu mig theo to ca p kinh tren trar g thai rung ngh 30 va rimg trun« b m h %M>4„ N/ha %M„„ %M2„„ M/ha ODV Trang thai 31,19 548 88,372 21,43 47,38 Rimg ngheo ODV 22,22 40,64 492 Rimg ngheo 88,048 Rimg ngheo 380 67,572 20,65 53,05 642 Rimg trung binh 12,21 35,41 191,990 Rimg tioing binh 546 12,64 155,074 31,94 Rimg tiling binh 626 162,899 13,63 32,66 Biing Phan bd trii luong theo td cap kinh t r t o trang thai rimg giau Trang thai N/ha M/ha %M^,j %M„.j, Rimg giiiu 676 287,748 11,27 36,04 Rimg giau 34,54 730 7,90 394,646 27,91 Rimg giau 666 8,68 353,277 37,14 26,30 52,37 55,42 53,71 %M>« 52,69 57,55 63,41 d cac cap d u trir, k e can, t h a n h t h u c b i e n doi r a t ldn d e n c a u t n i c va tinh b e n v u n g CL'I