m Qi )^ QUAN LY RAC THAI TAI HO GIA DINH 6 H A NOI HIEN NAY THIJC TRANG VA VAN DE NGUYEN THI KIM NHUNG" Co nhiiu each dinh nghia khac nhau ve khai niem "quan ly rac thai", bieu hien tir trong cac van[.]
m.Qi.)^ QUAN LY RAC THAI TAI HO GIA DINH H A NOI HIEN NAY: THIJC TRANG VA VAN DE NGUYEN THI KIM NHUNG" Co nhiiu each dinh nghia khac ve khai niem "quan ly rac thai", bieu hien tir cac van ban ciia Nha nude den cac cong trinh nghien ciiu ITnh vuc quan ly rac thai Nhin chung, boat dpng quan ly rac thai duoc hieu la qua trinh quy hoach quan ly, dau tu xay dung co so quan ly rac thai, cac boat ddng phan loai, thu gom, luu giii, van chuyen, tai sir dung, tai che va xu ly rac thai nham ngan ngira, giam thieu nhiing tac dpng cd hai ddi vdi mdi trudng va siic khde ngudi Ben canh dd, cac cdng trinh nghien cuu ITnh vuc quan ly rac thai da chi rd boat ddng quan ly rac thai cin mot tiep can tdng hpp tir nhieu yeu td va cac chieu canh khac Boat dpng cd the dupe xem xet d cac chieu canh nhu: 1) chieu canh cac ben lien quan, bao gdm: chinh quyen dia phupng, td chirc phi chinh phii, ngudi sir dung dich vu, khu vuc tu nhan phi chinh thiic, khu vuc tu nhan chinh thirc va cac td chuc quyen gop, ho tro; 2) chiiu canh cac nhan td ciia be thdng rac thai gom: sir phan loai, thu gom, ehuyin giao van chuyin, xir ly, hay giam thieu rac thai, tai sir dung, tai chi; 3) chiiu canh cac yiu ti ky thuat, tai chlnh/kinh te, van hca/xa hpi, thi chi, chinh tri/chinh sach/luat phap, (Muller & Hoffinan, 2001) Trong cac chieu canh ciia hpat ddng quan ly rac thai, nghien ciru tim hieu vai trd va su tham gia cua cac ben lien quan trpng boat dpng la mpt chii di dupe nhieu nha nghien ciiru quan tam Trong do, nhiing nghien ciiu tiip can tir cac chii the thai rac, nhirng ngudi true tiip tham gia vao cac boat dpng phan loai, thu gpm va xil ly rac thai cang thu hiit dupe su quan tam nhiiu hon (Lober, 1996, Rathi, 2006, Feo & Gisi, 2010, Matsumptp & Takeuchi, 2011) Do thi hda cang phat triin vdi tic dp nhanh chdng, keo theo rit nhiiu cac he qua phat trien kinh te - xa hpi - mdi trudng Mat dp dan si cang tang nhanh da dan den sir gia tang lupng rac thai va cac loai hinh rac thai, dd, qua trinh quan ly rac thai cdn gap nhiiu kho khan vi trang thiit bi, ky thuat xit ly, y thiic tham gia cua cpng ddng, nguin lire tai chinh cac qua trinh phan loai, thu gpm, van chuyin va xit ly (Nguyen Phuoc Dan & Nguyen Trung Viet, 2009; Nguyen Phuc Thanh cimg cpng su, 2010) Trpng rat nhiiu cac vin di cua dp thi va phat triin thi, vin di mdi ^ ThS.; Khoa Xi hpi hpc, Tniimg Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hoi va Nhan vin, Dai hoc Qu6c gia HS Noi Theo Nghi dmh 59/2007/ND-CP cua Thii tucing Chinh phu vS quSn ly chat thai rjn, v4 Quyet'dinh s6 16/2013/QD-UBND cua UBND thinh ph6 H4 N0i vS quan ly chit thai rjn tren dja ban thJnh ph6 Ha Npi 48 Ngttien cilu Con nguOf sd: 5(68) 2013 Quan lyrdc thai truong, dac biet la rac thai d6 thi cin nhiing nghien cuu chuyen sau Ben canh nhiing nghien ciiu chu trpng den cac van de ky thuat, trang thiet hi, rat can nhimg nghien cuu phan anh cac chieu canh xa hpi quan ly rac thai tbi, nhu van de the che, chinh sach, van hoa, thoi quen, do, yeu to su tham gia cua cgng dong cung la mot yeu to can dugc quan tam Tinh hi8u qua ciia qua trinh quan ly rac thai phu thupc vao nhilu yeu to, vai tro quan trpng cua nguoi dan la khong thi phu nhtin, dac biet xu huong tiep can tu duoi len (bottom-up) da va dang dugc van dung phi biln hon qua trinh giai quyet cac van de ciia cpng d6ng Bai viet tap trung tim hi^u cac loai hinh boat dpng quan ly rac thai tai cac hp gia dinh thj hien nay, nhan m ^ viec thyc hien ciia cac hg gia dinh nhu mpt hinh thuc tham gia true tilp vao boat dpng quan ly rac thai Trong cac boat dpng quan ly rac thai, pham vi ciia bai viet quan tSm tai ba boat dgng cu thi: phan loai, thu gom va xii ly rac thai, boi le a cap d6 gia dinh, miic tham gia cua hp gia dinh cac boat dpng phan loai, thu gom va xu ly rac thai tryc tiep va cao hon so voi cac boat dpng khac cua quan ly rac thai nhu van chuyen, tap ket hay tai che rac Tren co so mo ta va phan tich qua trinh thuc hien phan loai, thu gom va xir ly rac thai tai cac h6 gia dinh d6 thi, so sanh viec thuc hiSn giiia bai dia ban nghien ciiu la quan Hoan Kilm (dai dien cho khu vuc npi th^h) va huyen iTng Hoa (dai dien cho khu vuc ngoai thanh)^, bai vilt di sau, ban luSn m^t s6 van de sinh tu qua trinh thuc hien quan ly rac thai tai cac hp gia dinh hien nham dam bao muc tieu quan ly rac thai thi ben vihig Hoat dpng phan loai rac thai Phan loai rac thai la mot nhimg boat dpng quan trpng va can thiet ciia qua trinh quan ly rac thai, boi le rac thai neu dugc phan loai diing cach^ se tro nguon tai san quy gia doi vai moi quoc gia, dong thoi ciing tiet kiem thai gian va kinh phi cho qua trinh tai che va xu ly Tuy nhien, qua trinh tien hanh dieu tra thu thap thong tin tai dia ban nghien ciru, tac gia nhSn thay boat dpng phan loai rac thai chua dugc trien khai rgng rai, co hp thong va dung each thiic Hoat dpng chu yeu dugc thirc hien ty phat, voi each phan lo^i "truyen thong" ciia nguoi dan la lpc nhiing "thiic an thua cho hO gia dinh nu6i cho, meo", "chai Ip nhua dem ban cho nhom thu mua phe liSu", Cu the, doi voi huyen iTng Hoa"*, thong tin tir cac cupc phong van sau va thao luan ^ Bii vilt sii dyng bg sfl lieu cua nghien ctru "Sir tham gia ciia ngucri dan ho^t dgng quan l^J rSc thi dam bao phit trien b^n viing thj" (nghien ciiu tru6ng hop qu^n Hoan Kilm (phu6ng Hing MS va Phan Chu Trinh) v i huy^n Ung H6a (xa Cao Thanh va Lien B^t) Nghien ciiu thyc hi?n dilu tra bang hoi \(n 420 m l u , phong vin siu 22 tnrimg hgp, thao luSn nh6m phuong/thon ' Phan loai theo rac httu ca, rac v6 co v i rac c6 thi tai chi * Ong Hoa li huy^n ngoai H i Npi, duoc chon lam dem vj ngoai dau tien thi difim mo hinh thu gom, chon tip v i xur ly rdc Ung H6a li huy^n d6ng bang nim a phia Nam ciia thinh ph6 Ha Npi, g6m 28 xS v i I thj trin, vdi tdng s6 dan li 171.370 nhan khiu (28 x3), mat d3n s6 la 1.022 nguiri/km^ (s6 li^u th6ng ke diu nSm 2011) Wg/i/Ai ciiu Con ngUtHs65(68) 2013 Ag Nguyen Thi Kim Nhung nhom tap trung cho thiy nguai dan a day da thuc hien phan loai rac theo each thirc "truyin thing", ma chua co chuong trinh phan loai rac dugc bien co he thong tir chinh quyen "Phdn loai rac thi thon chung toi vdn chua co Chi thu gom vao roi de chung moi tiii Chiing toi nhirng nguai thai rac tai cdc ho gia dinh thi chua phdn loai gi cd nhung nhimg nguai lam cong viec thu gom hodc dem rdc ngoai bai thi co nhiing nguai ciia cong ty thi co the ho lam Cdi toi cUng khong ro " (Thdo ludn nhom a thon Luu Khe xd Lien Bat, huyen Ifng Hoa) H: Truac mang rdc di thi bdc co phdn loai rdc thai khong a? B: Bdc di tdt cd vao mot tui thoi nao Id thuc an thira, tui bong, chai lo, hdu nhu cUng thi, cu cho hit vao mot cdi tdi thoi, cdi tdi kia, tdt cd gidy bong, gidy bia, chai lo, cho hit vao cdi tdi H: Bdc CO biet nguai di thu gom rdc co phdn logi rdc thdi khong a? B: Ciing khong dau, nhung co cdi la nhirng chai thuy tinh, gidy bia to, hay nhom, sat md bdn duac thi ho di thu gom co nhat lai thoi chdu a (PVS so 12, na, 67 tuoi, lam ruong) Cac thong tin dinh lugng ciing dua ket qua tuong tu doi voi viec phan loai rac tai cac hp gia dinh hien Tuong tu vai khu vuc ngoai Ha Ngi, phin lan cac khu vyc ngi Ha Npi cung chua co chuang trinh phan loai rac bien rpng rai cpng dong Hoat dpng phan loai rac chi moi dugc triln khai thi dilm tai phuang npi Ha Npi, co phuong Phan Chu Trinh, thupc quan Hoan Kilm^ Kit qua khao sat da chi ro hinh thiic phan loai rac "cho rieng chai Ip nhua, giiy bao bia dl bdn, lai rac dugc de chung vao mot tiii" la mpt binh thiic phan loai kha phi biln dugc nhieu nguoi dan lya chon (77 nguoi, chilm 37,7%) Xuit phat tir ylu t6 tilt kiem va dl CO them nguon thu kinh te, nhieu chai Ip nhua hay giiy, bao, bia, sach v6 cij dugc nguoi dSn tich gop lai dem ban, nhilu trudng hgp cung dugc nguoi dan dl lai cho nhimg nguai di thu gom rac thai Trong do, cung co nhilu hp gia dinh co cac dl an thira dem de rieng cho nhimg hg gia dinh chan nuoi gia sue, gia cim Ben canh do, mpt bp phan nguoi dan vin tri hinh thiic phan loai rac thai theo rac hiiu co va rac v6 ca (45 nguoi, chiem 22,1%) Day la hinh thiic phan loai rac dung quy each, nhien hinh thirc moi chi dugc thyc hien thi dilm tai mpt si phuong npi Ha Npi Vi du nhu o phuang Phan Chu Trinh, noi thyc hien m6 hinh 3R - phan loai rac thai tai nguon theo dy an cua tl chiic JICA, Nhat Ban Theo dilu tra cua chiing toi, c6 63/204 * Chuong trinh 3R (reduce - reuse - recycle) v6i sy h6 tro cua t6 chirc JICA Nhat Bin tiln hinh thi diSm phan loai ric ta mot so phuong npi Hi Noi bit diu tir nam 2007 g6m cic phuong: Phan Chu Trinh, Thinh Cong, Nguyen Du, Lang Ha 50 Nghien cHu Con ngUdts65(68) 2013 Qudn ly rdc thdi nguoi (chilm 30,9%) khong thyc hien phan loai rac thai sinh boat hang ma dem cho chung tat ca cac loai rac thai vao mot tui roi xe thu gom Nhimg so lieu dirih tinh va dinh lugng ma tac gia thu thap dugc da phan anh phan nao tinh hinh phan loai rac thai tai hg gia dinh hien Nguoi dan co thyc hien phan loai rac thai tai hg gia dinh, nhung chi lam theo thoi quen va su thuan tien Van de dat la lam the nao de dinh huang cho nhom nguoi dan chua phan loai rac phai tien hanh phan loai rac tai hp gia dinh, ding thai khuyin khich nhiing nguai da thuc hien phan loai rac tiep tuc tri boat dpng theo each thuc phan loai dung rac him CO va rac v6 co Hoat dpng thu gom rac thai Hinh thiic thu gom rac khong giong cac dia ban dan cu sinh song M6i dia phuong CO nhiing hinh thirc thu gom phii hgp voi nep s6ng va lich sinh boat cua dan cu sinh song trSn dia ban Dieu dugc the hien kha ro a hai dia ban trien khai nghien ciiu nay, giOa mpt ben la khu vuc npi va mpt ben la khu vuc ngoai Ha Npi Sy khac biet co the dugc nhan thay thong qua bang duoi day: Bang 1: Hinh thirc thu gom tai quan Hoan Kiem va huyen Ung Hoa Hinh thiic thu gom rac Ngucri dan de rac truoc cira nha de cong nhan ve sinh m6i truong di thu gom Nguoi dan dem rac thung rac c6ng cpng hay diem tap ket rac cua khu Nguoi dan dem rac vao diing gia quy dinh, c6 tieng keng dl rac cua cong nhan ve sinh moi truong di den timg khu a iTng Hoa So lugng Ty le (%) Q Hoan Kiem Ty le (%) So lugng 185 87,3 26 12,7 2,8 86 42,2 47 22,2 108 52,9 Sl lieu da phan anh kha sat voi tinh hinh chung o Ha Npi hien D6i voi cac vung ngoai Ha Npi, dac biet di sau vao cac thon, xom, thung rac cong cpng la mot vSt dung rit hilm gap Hiu bit cac thon chi co bai tap ket rac rieng, sau thue xe cho rac len bai xu ly chung ciia huyen Rieng mot vai thon, co th6n Lien Bat, vi tri dja ly gin voi bai xii Iy rac cua huyen (each km) nen khong co bai tap ket ciia thon, ma rac sau dugc thu gom tir cac ho gia dinh se dugc dpi thu gom dua thing len bai xii ly ciia huy^n, voi thon Cao Lam, dpi thu gom sau thu hit rac thon se cho bai tap ket rac cua thon, nam tren true duong chinh va dam bao each xa khu dan cu sinh sing Sau do, can bp th6n se thue xe cho lugng rac len bai xii Iy NghiSn ciiu Con ngu6i s65(6a) 2013 Nguyen Thi Kim Nhung nhom tap trung cho thiy nguai dan o day da thuc bien phan loai rac theo each thiic "truyin thing", ma chua c6 chuong trinh phan loai rac dugc p h i biln co he th6ng tir chinh quyen "Phdn logi rdc thi thon chung toi vdn chua co Chi thu gom vdo rSi di chung mot tiii Chiing toi, nhimg nguai thdi rdc tai cdc ho gia dinh thi chua phdn logi gi cd, nhung nhimg nguai lam cong viec thu gom hoac dem rdc ngoai bai thi co nhimg nguai ciia cong ty thi co the ho lam Cdi toi cUng khong ro " (Thdo ludn nhom a thon Luu Khe xdLien Bat, huyen (fng Hoa) H: Truac mang rdc di thi bdc cophdn logi rdc thdi khong a? B: Bdc di tdt cd vdo mot tiii thoi, ndo la thuc dn thira, tui bong, chai lo, hdu nhu cUng thi, cd- cho hit vdo mot cdi tdi thoi, cdi tdi kia, tdt cd gidy bong, gidy bia, chai IQ, cho het vdo cdi tdi H: Bdc CO biit nguai di thu gom rdc co phdn logi rdc thdi khong g? B: CUng khong ddu, nhung co cdi Id nhirng chai thuy tinh, gidy bia to hay nhom, sat md bdn duac thi ho di thu gom co nhat Igi thoi chau g (PVSso 12, nit, 67 tuoi, lam ruong) Cac thong tin dinh lugng ciing dua ket qua tuong ty d6i voi viec phan loai rac t£ii cac hg gia dinh hien Tuong tu voi khu vyc ngoai Ha Ngi, phdn Ian cac khu vuc n6i th^nh Ha Ngi ciing chua c6 chuang trinh phan loai rac biln rpng rai cpng dong Hoat dgng phan loai rac chi moi dugc triln khai thi dilm tai phuang npi Ha Npi, co phuong Phan Chu Trinh, thupc quan Hoan Kilm^ Kit qua khao sat da chi ro hinh thiic phan loai rac "cho rieng chai Ip nhua, giiy bao bia d l b ^ , lai rac dugc dl chung vao m6t bii" la mot hinh tbiic phan loai kha p h i biln dugc nhilu nguoi dan lya chgn (77 nguoi, chilm 37,7%) Xuit phat tir y l u t6 tilt kiem va dl CO them nguon thu kinh te, nhieu chai Ip nbya hay giiy, bao, bia, sach vo cu dugc nguoi dan tich gop lai dem ban, nhilu truong hgp cung dugc ngugi dan d l lai cho nhiing nguoi di thu gom rac thai Trong do, cung co nhilu ho gia dinh co cac d l an thira dem de rieng cho nhiing hp gia dinh chan nuoi gia siic, gia c i m Ben canh do, mpt bp phan nguoi dan van tri hinh thirc phan loai rac thai theo rac hiru co va rac vo co (45 nguoi, chilm 22,1%) Day la hinh thiic phan loai rac diing quy each, nhien hinh thiic moi chi dugc thyc hien thi dilm tai mpt s l phuang ngi Ha Npi Vi du rihu a phuang Phan Chu Trinh, noi thuc hien mo hinh 3R - phan loai rac thai tai ngu6n theo dy an ciia t l chiic JICA, Nhat Ban Theo dilu tra cua chiing toi, co 63/204 Chuong trinh 3R (reduce - reuse - recycle) voi su ho trp cua t6 chirc JICA Nhat Ban ti^n hinh thi diem phan loai rac tai mot so phu6ng npi Hi Noi bit diu tir nSm 2007, g6m cdc phu6ng- Phan Chu Trinh, Thinh Cong, Nguyen Du, Ling Ha 50 Ngfiien ciiu Con ngudi s65(68) 2013 Qudn lyrdc thdi nguin (chiem 30,9%) khong thyc bien phan loai rac thai sinh hoat hang ma dem cho chung tat ca cac loai rac thai vao mpt tiii roi xe thu gom Nhiing s6 lieu dinh tinh va dinh lugng ma tac gia thu thap dugc da phan anh phan nao tinh hinh phan loai rac thai tai hp gia dinh hien Nguoi dan co thuc hien phan loai rac thai tai hp gia dinh, nhung chi Iam theo thoi quen va su thuan tien Vin dl dat la I^m the nao de dinh huong cho nhom nguoi dan chua phan loai rac phai tien hanh phan loai rac tai hp gia dinh, dong thai khuyen khich nhiing nguoi da thuc hien phan loai rac tiep tuc tri hoat dpng theo each tbiic phan loai diing rac huu CO va rac vo co Hoat dpng thu gom rac thai Hinh thiic thu gom rac khong gilng cac dia ban dan cu sinh song M6i dia phuong CO nhung hinh thiic thu gom phu hgp voi nep song va lich sinh boat cua dan cu sinh song tren dia ban DiSu dugc the hien kha r5 o hai dia ban triln khai nghien ciiu nay, giGa mpt ben la khu vyc nSi va mpt ben la khu vyc ngoai Ha Npi Sy khac biet co the dugc nhan thay th6ng qua bang duoi day: Bang 1: Hinh thirc thu gom tai quan Hoan Kiem va huyen tTng Hoa Hinh thiic thu gom rac Nguoi dan de rac truac ciia nha de cong nhan ve sinh m6i truong di thu gom Nguoi dan dem rac thung rac c6ng cpng hay diem tap ket rac cua khu Nguoi dan dem rac vao diing gio quy dinh, co tieng keng rac cua cong nhan ve sinh moi truong di den timg khu ph6 H l/nR Hoa So lugng Ty le (%) Q Hoan Kiem Soluong Ty le (%) 185 87,3 26 12,7 2,8 86 42,2 47 22,2 108 52,9 S6 lieu da phan anh kha sat voi tinh hinh chung Ha Npi hien Dii voi cac vimg ngoai Ha Npi, dac biet di sSu vao cac th6n, xom, thiing rac c6ng cpng la m6t vat dung rit hilm gap Hau het cac thon chi co bai tap ket rac rieng, sau thue xe cho rac !en bai xir ly chung cua huyen Rieng mot vai th6n, co thon Lien Bat, vi tri dia ly gin vai bai xir ly rdc cua huyen (each km) nen khong co bai t^p kit cua thon, ma rac sau dugc thu gom tir cac hg gia dinh sS dugc dpi thu gom dua thing len bai xii ly ciia huy^n, voi th6n Cao LSm, dpi thu gom sau thu hit rac th6n se cho bai tap ket rac cua th6n, nam tren true duong chinh va dam bao each xa khu dan cu sinh s6ng Sau do, can bO thon se thue xe cho lugng rac len bai xii ly NgliiSn eiiu Con nguoi s6s(68) 2013 Nguyin Thi Kim Nhung ciia huyen Vi thi, a hiu hit cac viing ngpai Ha Npi, ngucti dan Idiong dem rac thimg rac cpng cpng ma di rac p trucjc cita nha chp dpi thu gpm di thu, hpac dem rac di vac xe thu gem vien dpi thu gem ge keng Trpng de, a cac vimg npi Ha Npi, thimg rac cong cpng xuit hien nhiiu va bien tren cac tuyen phe Nho thi, nhiiu nguod dan sinh sing gin vi tri cc thing rac cpng cpng cilng co the dem rac di Tai quan Hean Kiim, nghien cuu da triin khai tai hai phuong: Hang Ma va Phan Chu Trinh Phuong Hang Ma la mpt nhirng phuong co cac khu ci cua phi Ha Npi, noi co.mat dp dan si cao, dien tich nha a chat hep, lai la phuang CO nhiiu hp kinh doanh buon ban ngoai mat duong, khach du lich dong, chung toi thiy thimg rac cong cpng dupe dat mpt si diim tren cac tuyen phi Ngucri dan day cp thi dem rac thimg rac cong cgng vao gio quy dinh hoac vao bat ky thai gian nao Dii voi phuang Phan Chu Trinh, thiing rac cong cong khong dupe dat lien tuc trpng tren cac tuyen pho, dac biet la tuyen Le Thanh Tong vi van de dam bao ve sinh moi trucmg thi va canh quan thi sach dep Cong nhan ve sinh moi trucmg chi dua thimg rac vao khung gia quy dinh tir 18 - 20 gia hang Trong khoang thai gian do, nguai dan dem rac thung rac cong cpng, neu qua 20 gio, thimg rac se dupe dua di va da khong thimg rac nao niia, chi co mpt vai thiing dupe de a diem tap ket rac ciia khu php, thucmg cr cac dia diem cong cpng nhu vuon hoa Trong truong hpp nay, phuang an dupe nguai dan lua chpn nhieu nhat la "dem rac di vao dung gio quy dinh, co tiing keng di rac cua cong nhan ve sinh moi tnrcmg di din timg khu ph6" Hien nay, so lan thu gom rac a cac viing ngoai Ha Npi la - lin/tuin, trpng do, npi la it nhat lin/ Tuy nhien, ciu hoi dat la voi si lupng rac thai nhu hien nay, moi Ha Npi phat sinh 5.370 tin chit thai rjn sinh hoat, o khu vuc cac quan, thi xa la 3.200 tin, lai la tren dia ban cac huyen vol tren 2.000 tan moi thi so lin thu gom nhu vay da dap ling du nhu ciu cua nguoi dan hay chua Xuat phat til nhu cau thai rac hang cua nguoi dan dang tang cao, tac gia da tim hieu mong muon cua chinh hp vi si lin thu gom rac thalAigay dam bao thu gom hit lupng rac thai tai cac hp gia dinh Kit qua diiu tra chp thiy co sir khac vi ti le ngucri dan muin gia tang si lan thu gom rac thai hang tuin/ngay giira huyen ITng Hoa va quan Hoan Kiem Tai huyen LTng Hoa, co 39 nguai, chiim 18,3% nguai dan cho rang so lan thu gom rac - lin/tuin la chua dap tmg du nhu ciu cua hp; si o quan Hoan Kiim la 22 nguai, chiem 10,8% Si lieu khac biet da phan anh phan nao dac diem khac phat triin kinh ti va nip sing cua nguoi dan khu ' Thiiy Anil (2014), "Ha Npi tliu gom via xir ly cliit thai ran theo khu vuc: Hirchig di mdi irong Krone la http://tainguyenmoitniong.com.vn, h-uy cap ng^y 5/3/2014 52 l*ghi^ oliu Con ngudi s6 5(68) 2013 Qudn lyrdc thai vyc ngi va ngoai Ha Npi Dudi tac dpng cua thi hoa va su da dang hoa cua CO che kinh tl thi truong o khu vyc nong thon, huyen LTng Hoa da co sy dich chuyen va phat trien dang ke cac loai hinh kinh tl c6ng nghiep, dich vu va lang nghi, ben c£inh kinh te nong nghiep Tuy nhien, so lugng cac hg gia dinh chan nu6i va Iam nong nghipp kha nhilu CJ thon Luu Khe, xa Lien Bat, huyen LTng Hoa, ngoai rac thai sinh boat hang ciia nguoi dan, mpt lugng Ion rac thai tir chan nuoi va tring trpt Dilu cung anh huang khong nho din lugng rac dugc thai hang tuin tai dia phuong Chinh vi the, nhu cau dugc thu gom rac thai cua nguoi dan day ciing nhieu hon so voi khu vuc quan Hoan Kiem, noi rac thai chu ylu la rac sinh boat Do do, cac nha quan ly ciing can quan tam va co giai phap xu ly phii hgp vi nlu khong dap iing dugc nhu cau co ban thi khong nhimg se anh huong toi khong gian sinh song ciia nguoi dan ma anh huong toi su tham gia ciia hp cac boat dpng quan ly rac thai noi chung va boat dpng thu gom rac thai noi rieng Khi nguoi dan khong thiy sl lugng rdc thai cua nha minh dugc thu gom hit thi hp se tim each dl lugng rac thai khong dugc thu gom b€n ngoai chii khong de lugng rac d6 a nha minh Hp qua ciia hanh dpng \k anh huoTag den chat lugng moi tnrcmg sing va canh quan khu dan cu thi Qua trinh thyc hien boat dpng thu gom rac thai tai cac hp gia dinh co thi dugc phan dnh thong qua mire dp hai long ciia chinh nhiing chu tbi thai rac hang Bk tim hilu miic dp h^i I6ng cua nguoi dan ve van de nay, tac gia da tim hilu ylu tl boat dOng thu gom rac thai, bao g6m: so lan thu gom rac tuin/ngay, thoi gian thu gom rac thai va vi tri xe thu gom rac thai Neu miic dp hai long cao tiic la boat dpng thu gom rac thai tai c6ng d6ng co hieu qua cao vi co su tham gia tich eye tir phia nguoi dan NhSm mire dp hgp ly cua cac yeu to boat dpng thu gom rac thai, nghien cim su dung thang Likert diem, do, diem la miic dp bai long thip nhit, tang djln den miic la miic hai long cao nhat Ket qua thu dugc nhu sau: Bang 2: Danh gia cua ngu-oi dan ve mirc hpp ly cua hoat dong thu gom rac thai N Muc dp h(7p ly cua 409 so lan thu gom Mirc dp hpp Iy cua 409 thai gian thu gpm Muc dp hpp ly ciia vi tri xe thu gom 391 rac NgtiiSn ciiu Can ngudi s65(68) 2013 Gia tri trung binh 3.74 Do lech chuan Gia tri nho nhat Gia tri Ion nhat 0.95 1.00 5.00 3.64 1.05 1.00 5.00 3.87 0.9 1.00 5.00 53 Nguyin Thi Kim Nhung Nhin vao bang tren ta co thi thiy miic dp hpp ly cua si lin thu gom, thai gian thu gom va vi tri xe thu gom theo danh gia ciia ngucri dan la kha cao Gia tri trung binh cua cac danh gia diu tren diim (muc trung binh), trpng "vi tri xe thu gpm rac" dupe danh gia hpp ly nhit, "thoi gian thu gom rac" cd muc dp bap ly thap nhat Neu nhu a cac khu vuc ngcai thanh, dpi thu gom rac mang tinh chit tu quan, cac quy dinh dua h-ong hpp ding giira dpi thu gpm va ban lanh dao thon mang nhiiu tinh tu nguyen thi cong nhan ve sinh moi truang thu gom rac cac khu vuc npi lai mang day du tinh chit bat buoc man thu quy dinh vol tu each la mpt vien cua to chirc Chinh su khac biet ciing dan tiii nhirng khac biet each thiic va thoi gian thu gom rac giira hai khu vuc npi va ngpai Ha Npi Niu nhu a khu vuc ngoai (huyen LTng Hoa), dpi thu gom co thi thong bao gio thu gom cho nguai dan, va CO su thay dii vi thoi gian thu gom thi co thi thong bao lai cho nguai dan, nhung a khu vuc npi (quan Hoan Kiim), ccng nhan ve sinh moi trucmg bit bupc phai thuc hien lich thu gpm thep quy dinh Lich quy dinh thu gom thucmg vao khoang thoi gian tir 16h - 18h hay tir 18h - 20h khiin cho nhiiu hp gia dinh di lam vi mupn khpng the rac dung gio quy dinh, vi thi muc dp danh gia diem cho yeu "thoi gian thu gom rac" khong cao so vai hai yeu to cdn lai Hoat dong xii- ly rac thai Hoat dpng xir ly rac thai la met ba boat dpng trpng qua trinh quan ly rac thai Phin Ion trach nhiem va su tham gia treng hoat dpng xir ly rac thai thupc ve cong ty ve sinh moi trucmg Rac thai sau dupe thu gpm tir cac hp gia dinh se dupe cha diem tap ket, va van chuyen tiep den bai xii ly rac thai Ben canh hinh thuc dem rac thai noi thu gpm, dac biet dpi vol cac hp gia dinh thupc huyen ITng Hoa, ngucri dan co each xir ly rieng doi vat mpt sp Ipai rac nhu la cay, rac hiru co (gom rau, thuc phim, thiic an thira, ) hoac cho thuoc phan hiiy de rac tro nhirng "tai san" quy gia doi vcri hoat dpng trpng trpt va chan nuei Tuy nhien, mpt thuc te khong the phu nhan la niu viec xir ly rac khong khoa hpc va diing each, gipng nhu viec thuc hien phan loai rac thai, se gay nhiing tac dpng khong tdt den mdi truang va sue khoe cua nguai dan Qua vi6c tim hiiu va quan sat thuc te, tac gia nhan thay ben canh hinh thiic chii yiu "dem rac xe thu gom cua cong nhan ve sinh moi truang", nguai dan eon lira chpn cac hinh thirc nhu "dot", "chon lap" va "u phan" Do nhiing dac diem ve dieu kien tu nhien, dieu kien song va muc dich xii ly rac thai khac nen hinh thirc \ti ly rac thai a viing npi va ngpai Ha Npi khong giong Ket qua xur ly rac khac dupe thi hien bang ducri day: 54 Nghien cuu Con ngu6i sd 5(68) 2013 Qudn lyrdc thdi Bang 3: Cach thiic xu- ly rac thai cua ngu-oi dan quan Hoan Kiem va huyen iTng Hoa Cach XU" Iy ric thai Dot Chon lap Do duong Uphan E)i rac xe thu gom cua cong nhan ve smh moi ttuong Do xuong ao, cong, ranh H ifng Hoa Ty le (%) So Itfong (ngyoi) 25,4 54 8,9 19 2,8 10,8 23 97,2 207 0 Q Hoan Kiem S5 lirgmg Ty le (%) (ngu-M) 2,9 1,0 2,9 0,5 202 99 0,5 Sy khac hinh thiic xir ly rac thai giiia huyen LTng Hoa va quan Hoan Kiem dugc bieu hien thong qua ba binh tbiic; dot rac, ch6n lap, va u phan So lugng ngucri dan huyen Ung Hoa lua chgn hinh thirc nhieu hon nguoi dan quan Hoan Kiem Doi vai huyen ngoai thanh, dien tich khong gian rpng hon, ket hgp voi mpt so mue dich chan nu6i va trpt nen nguoi dan co the sii dung nhieu bien phap xu ly ban so vdi nguoi dan khu virc npi Qua tim hieu cua tac gia, mpt bp phan nguoi dan huyen ITng Hoa van thyc bien bien phap dot rac, co ca vien ciia dpi thu gom "77I/K/I thodng neu lu^rng la cay it chi di thu gom ve roi dem dot a ngoai canh dong Con Igi, chi nhat cdc chai, lo nhua, dep to ong quy dinh nhua chet, ong ba, sat vun cho vdo mot cdi tdi, roi nhat het nhirng cdi ddy dem bdn de co them tien thu nhap (PVS s6 11, nii, 33 tu6i, vien dpi thu gom) "//d/ trudc bdc cUng dot Id cay Nhd bdc may logi cdy, den mua Id r^ing, Id riing day san nen bdc chat mot dong cho phia sau vucm roi bdc dot nhung bay gia thi cQng it han roi" (PVS sl 15, na, 55 tuli, ngi trg) Ben canh hinh thirc dit rac, nhilu ho gia dinh tan dung thirc an thira hay rau, cu, qua dem chon lip hoac lam tbiic Sn cho chan nuoi gia sue Ro rang, nhiing boat dpng xu iy chi co thi thyc hien o cac vimg ngoai thanh, noi co dien tich dat rpng rai va co nhihig boat dgng chan nuoi va trpt tren quy m6 Ion Trong do, dii voi quan Hoan Kilm, viec xu ly rac thai chii yeu bang each dem rac ngoai cho thu gom Ben canh do, mot sl it hp gia dinh sir dung cac ba che hay rau, cii, qua dl ch6n xuing dit bon cho cay tr6ng; nhien quy m6 tring trpt nho hon so vcri cac vung thugc huyen Ung Hoa "Chi bdn hang, ba nuac che tich lai cuoi cdy, chic cUng khong xe NgtiiSn ciiu Con ngwof sS5(68) 2013 55 Nguyin Thi Kim Nhung rdc ddu" (PVS sl 21, nii, 28 tuoi, ban bang biin) "Nhd bdc tren san thuong co may cay nhu cdy bgc hd, cay hung, khong len nhiiu ddu, chi len ti thoi nhung thinh thodng bdc thay bdc gdi cUng diing thuoc phdn huy cong rau hay cd, qud roi dem lin chon xuong dat cho dat xop " (PVS s6 1, nam, 67 tuoi, nghi huu) Bang sl lieu cung cho thiy binh thiic dl rac duong van ton tai a ca hai khu vuc npi va ngoai Ha Npi Co nhilu nguyen nhan din toi hien tugng Ben canh yeu to y thiic cua nguoi dan viec chap hanh cac quy dinh ve thu gom rac thai thi dii vdi mot s6 hg dan, dac biet dii voi nhimg gia dinh di Iam ve mupn ma khong co ngucri giup viec hoac khong sing chung cung ong ba thi vipc rac diing gi6 la mot tro ngai khong nho Hon nira, tam ly sach nha minh khi6n nguoi dan khong muon luu gits' rac thai a nha qua mot Dieu dan toi nhung hanh vi de rac a ngoai duong (doi voi mpt so noi khong de thiing rac cong cpng hoac thiing rac da day), thay vi cho rac vao thiing hoac de diing noi quy dinh "Cdi gi tiSn thi lam thiing rdc gdn md tien lai thi ddn cUng de nhimg toan mang cua nhd, le duong de roi co nguai quit rdc qua don thoi Moi nguai diu Idm thi, theo thoi quen rSi" (PVS so 21, nil, 28 tuli, ban hang biin) "Chung toi di Idm ve muon, thuong - gia toi mdi ve md nhd thi khong co lam rdc tir gio toi duac Thi nen dn cam, don dep xong xudi, toi mai dem rdc ngodi di duoc md luc Idi khong co thiing rdc thi ddnh di cgnh gSc cdy trudc khu tap thi hoac di sdt li duong thoi" (PVS sl 5, nQ, 67 tuli, nghi huu) Thao luan Bai vilt da m6 ta cac boat dpng phan loai, thu gom va xu Iy rac thai tai cac ho gia dinh thi, chi nhimg khac biet giita ho gia dinh ngi va ngoai Ha Npi nhimg dieu kien ve kinh tl - xa hpi, thoi quen va nip sing ciia cpng ding dancu Hoat dpng quan ly rac thai gIm nhilu qua trinh tir phan loai, thu gom, din xir ly va tai che rac Vi the, can xem mli qua trinh nhu la mpt tilu he thing va co mli lien he voi viec dam bao cho ca he thing quan Iy rac thai thyc hien hieu qua Trong bai viet nay, tac gia chu ylu phan tich qua trinh phan logi, thu gom va xir Iy rac thai o cip dp gia dinh D6i vdi boat dpng phan loai rac thai, thuc tl nguoi dan da co nhGng each thirc phan loai rac tir xua la lpc cac chai, Ip nbya dem ban cho dpi thu mua phi li6u Tuy nhien, boat dpng mang tinh tu phat, theo thoi quen va khong thuong xuyen Phin nhieu nguoi dan chua co nhan thiic dung din vl each thirc phan loai "Igc chai, Ip nhua, giay bia dem ban cho ngucri di thu mua phi lieu" va muc dich phan loai dl Iam gi Mac du chien dich 3R da dugc triln khai phuong npi Ha Npi, co phuang 56 NghiSn cOu Con ngu«s6S(6a) 2013 Qudn ly rdc thdi Phan Chu Trinh, nhung din dy an da ket thiic thi hoat dgng phan loai rac thai ciing kh6ng.dugc tri niia Cau hoi dat la Iam the nao de dam bao sy ben vGng cua cdc du an nhu chiln dich 3R, ding thoi nhan rpng mo binh nhiSu quan npi khac ciia Ha Npi Trong do, doi voi huyen Ung Hoa, phan loai rac thai s6 gap nhieu tro ngai ban nhiing yeu to tir nhan thiic, thoi quen, den dac diem sinh song va san xuat nhu cac viing ngoai Ha Npi, ngoai rac thai sinh boat thi lugng Ion rac ram hay cac loai rac thai tir boat dpng trpt va chan nuoi Phan loai rac tai ngu6n la giai phap can thiet de giam thieu rac thai tai thi (Kassim & Ali, 2006; Jalil, 2010) Tuy nhien, v^n dung 3R thi Viet Nam cin can nhic din trinh dp nhan tbiic cua nguoi dan ve cac van de m6i truang, sy sin sang cua liguoi dan tham gia phan loai rac, nhung thoi quen hanh xir cua nguoi dan doi voi moi truang, va can Viet boa cum tit 3R de nguoi dan hieu, cam thay gan giii, tir thyc hien phan loai rac de dang hon thuc tien Doi voi boat dgng thu gom rac thai, quy dinh ve thoi gian thu gom la mpt van de dugc phat hien nghien ciiu Nhieu hg gia dinh thi, dac biet la nhung hp npi Ha Ngi thuong di lam ve mupn nen kh6ng kip thai gian d6 rac theo quy dinh cua khu dan cu He qua la mpt bp phan nguoi dan da de rac khong dung noi quy dinh nhu le duong hay canh goc cay Neu nhin tir goc dp ciia chuyen nganh xa hpi hpc moi trucmg, co the thay boat dpng quan Iy rac thai chinh la mpt bieu hien ciia su canh tranh cac chiic nang moi truong Moi trucmg co ba chiic nang, gom: i) chiic nang tram cung cap (supply deport), ii) chirc nang kho chiia rac thai (waste repository), iii) chiic nang khong gian s6ng (living space) (Dimlap&Marshall, 2007) Khi gia giac thu gom khong dap iing nhu cau cua toan bp dan cu, gio rac qua som, khong phii hgp voi nhom nguai dan di lam ve muon thi buoc hg phai lira chgn giai phap dem rac le duong, tham chi de rac xuong duong neu thiing rac khong du cho de Nhu vay, tai dia phuang nay, chiic nang chiia dyng rac thai ciia m6i trucmg dugc thyc hien nhung kh6ng gian song lai bj nhiem Viec de tiii rac khong diing noi quy djnh se anh huong den m6i truong, lam nhiem khong khi, gay tro ngai cho viec dam bao chiic nang tram cung cap cho nguoi Noi each khac, xuat hien su canh tranh giiia chiie nang "kho chiia rac thai" va chiic nang "tram cung cap" ciia m6i truong boat dpng thu gom rac cua nguoi dan thi Neu dam bao thyc hien chirc nang chiia dung rac thai cua hp gia dinh (khong theo quy dinh) thi moi truong se bj nhilm, dan den khong the cung cap kh6ng sach cho siic khoe nguoi dan chinh cpng d6ng Ben canh do, nhiing mau tbuan/xung dot co the xuit hien giua cac ca nhan/hg gia dinh dan cu ciing nhiing bat d6ng ndy sinh qua trinh thu gom va xu ly rac thai Day chinh la nhiem vu trgng tam cua xa hpi hgc moi trucmg nham giai quyet moi quan he giiia nguai va nguoi truoc cac van de m6i trucmg NgtiiSn ciiu Con nguOls^S(68) 2013 cj Nguyen Thi Kim Nhung Ben canh van de ve gio quy dinh rac, mirc dp hgp ly vl sl lin thu gom/ngay ciing la mot van de dugc phat hien tir nghien ciiu thyc dia Tac gia nhan thay ngucri dan co nhu cau gia tang so lan thu gom, nhung viec gia tang sl lin thu gom, dac biet tai khu vuc huyen ITng Hoa lai la mot vSn de khac cua boat dpng thu gom rac thai, boi no lien quan den van de tai chinh, chi tra luong cho dpi thu gom cua thon, nguon thu va ngan sach nha nuoc cho boat dpng moi truong/rac thai cap cho cac xa/thon khong nhilu Ro rang, can mot tiep can be th6ng cua cac nhom lien quan qua trinh thu gom rac thai, tir chinh quyen cac cap, nhom cung cap dich vu (c6ng ty moi truang) va nhom sii dung dich vu (nguoi dan) dam bao thu gom het lugng rac thai hang tai khu dan cu Doi voi boat dgng xu ly rac thai, mot bp phan nguoi dan xu ly rac theo hinh thiic nhu dot, chon lap, u phan va rac duong Neu kh6ng co nhihig bi^n phap ky thuEit hgp ly, nhihig each thiic xii ly rac nhu vay co the anh huang den moi truong, didu din ttii nhiing kho khan qua trinh thuc hien muc tieu phat trien ben virng qu6c gia De tang cuong sy tham gia cua nguoi dan hoat dgng xu Iy rac thai ciing cin can nhic den nhirng yeu to nhan tbiic ve bao ve moi trudng, nhung hau qua moi truong co thi co doi vdi viec xir ly kh6ng an toan, dong thoi dii vdi nhiing bien phap xii Iy an toan va hi6u qua d6i voi boat dgng chan nu6i va tring trpt thi cin khuyin khich va nhan rpng cpng dong dan cu Chinh dieu se ho trg nhieu cho cong ty ve sinh moi truong viec chon lap rac hay xu ly rac tai cac bai xir ly Qua nhimg phan tich tren co the thay, van dS nhan thiic cua nguoi dan la mpt nhung ylu to anh huong den qua trinh thyc hien phan loai, thu gom va xur ly rac thai Tren thyc te da co kh6ng it nguoi dan co nhan thiic tit vl vai tro cua phan loai rac thai doi vai qua trinh quan ly rac thai, vai tro quan trpng ciia chinh ngucri dSn cac hoat dgng phan loai, thu gom va xir ly rac thai, ciing nhu viec thyc hien dung quy dinh cac boat dpng se anh huang tbi nao din moi trucmg Tuy nhien, mpt bp phan nguoi dan van CO nhihig hanh vi kh6ng th6ng nhit voi nhan thirc cua hp, khiln viec thuc hi6n phan loai rac thai khong dung quy each, hay thu gom rac thai khong diing thoi gian va dia diam, hoac dit rac voi sl lugng Ion gay nhiem kh6ng Do chenh lech giiia nhan thiic va hanh vi cua nguoi dan tham gia hire tilp vao hoat dgng quan Iy rac thai ciing dugc dl cap toi mpt sl cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia cac hpc gia khac (Zhang cung cgng su, 2012; Feo & Gisi, 2010; Ozkan, 2010) Vi thi, cin tang cuong nhan thirc cua nguoi dan dii vai he qua hanh dpng ciia hp h-ong phan loai, thu gom va xir ly rac thai doi voi m6i truong sing, ding thai cin co nhung bien phap nit ngin khoang each giiia nhan thiic va hanh vi cua ngucri dan dl tao sy nhit quan nhan thirc - thai dp - hanh vi ciia nguoi dan truoc cac van de cua quan ly rac thai B6n canh do, nhung he qua cua qua trinh thj hoa ciing la mpt nhiing chilu CEinh cin phan 58 NffWAi eiiU Con ngu&i s6S(68) 2013 Qudn ly rdc thdi tich nghien ciiu boat dgng phan loai, thu gom va xii ly rac thai ciia nguoi dan Sy khac biet giua I6i sing ciia ngucri dan nong th6n - tbi va su anh huong cua 16i s6ng nong thon dSn cac vin dl ciia thi, co hanh vi va each ling xu ciia nguoi doi voi moi truong ty nhien la nhirng chieu canh can xem xet Sy di dan tit nong thon d6 thi da Iam sinh nhieu van de ve dan cu va moi trucmg thi L6i sing la kit qua thoi quen va van boa lau doi rat kho thay doi Qua trinh tbi boa Iam thay dii din lli song cua nguoi dan ban dia tai cho, qua trinh nhap cu mang theo loi song dan da vao ph6 (Nguyen Dinh Hoe, 2000:87) Bieu hien cua lli s6ng dan da qua trinh tham gia thyc hien quan Iy rac thai dugc bieu hien thong qua each nguoi dan nhap cu hanh xir voi m6i truong Qua phong van nhilu nguoi dan ngi thanh, hg cho rang viec Iam nhiem m6i trucmg nhieu kh6ng phai nguoi dan sinh sing tai dia ban khu ph6 do, ma nhung nguoi dan tir nhiing noi khac den NhiSu nguoi nhin thay CO rac chat d6ng o ngoai le duong tbi hp ciing viit xuong Hay nhfing ngucri thu mua pbl lieu, nguoi ban hang rong (chu ylu la nhom di cu tir nong thon thi) la nhiing tac nhan khien lugng rac thai gia tang va thu gom rac kh6ng dat hieu qua nhom nguoi thuong tim nhat nhiing loai rac co thi tai chi tir cac thiing rac bang cac phuong tifn tb6 so, kb6ng c6 quy hoach Dieu co kha nang gay nhilm moi truang cao Tuy nhien, ciing can co cai nhin hai chieu ve vai tro ciia nhom nhap cu doi voi cong tac quan ly rac thai, vi mat khac co mot thuc te kh6ng the phu nhan la nhiing nguoi thu mua phe Heu hay nhiing nguoi nhat rac tai cac khu xix Iy, tap ket bai rac chii yeu la nhom ngucri di cu tir nong th6n d6 tbi Nhung bien doi boat dpng quan Iy rac thai phan nao gan lien voi qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa h6i cua thi Su gan ket bieu hien a sy gia tang so lugng va cac loai hinh rac thai d6 thi, nhung doi moi ve ky thuat xir ly/tai che rac, van dung cac mo hinh ciia nuoc ngoai giam thieu rac thai (du an 3R - phan loai rac tai nguon), va nang cao trinh nhan thiic cung nhu y thiic cua mpt bp phan nguoi dan Tuy nhien, vin ton tai mpt so van de qua trinh thyc hien boat dpng quan Iy rac thai Mac dii phuong tien va cong cu phuc vu qua trinh thu gom rac thai da dugc cai thien so voi truoc nhung van chua dap iing day dii nhu cau cua ngucri di thu gom rac va ngucri thai rac Ben canh do, qua trinh phan loai va xir ly rac cac hp gia dinh don gian va chua diing each thirc Vi vdy, de boat dpng quan Iy rac thai tro nen ben viing can nhung danh gia phan tich tir tiep can he thong, tong hgp tir nhieu chieu canh khac nhau: chieu canh ciia qua trinh quan Iy rac thai, chieu canh cac ben lien quan boat dgng quan ly rac thai, va chilu cgnh cua cac ylu to khac anh huong din qua trinh quan !y va xii Iy, tai che va tai sii dung rac thai Day la nhiing vin dh khong chi cua nha khoa hoc ma chu ylu la cua co quan nha nuoc va cac nha quan ly NgltiSn ctiu Con ngUiS s6S(68) 2013 59 Nguyen Thj Kim Nhung Tai lieu tham khao Thuy Anh (2014), "Ha Npi thu gom va xii ly chit thai rin theo khu vyc: huong di moi tucmg lai", http://tainguyenmoitruong.com.vn, truy cap 5/3/2014 Chinh phu nu6c Cong hoa xS hpi chii nghTa Viet Nam (2007), Nghj dinh ciia Thii tuotig Chinh phu sl 59/2007/ND-CP vl quan ly chit thai rin, http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/, 15/12/2013 Dunlap, R.E & Marshall, B.K (2006), "Environmental Sociology", tr 329-340, In C.D.Biyant & D.L.Peck (eds), 21" Century Sociology: A reference Handbook, Number 2, Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Feo, G.D, & Gisi, S.D (2010), "Public opinion and awareness towards municipal solid waste and separate collection programmes: A sociological procedure for selecting areas and citizens with a low level of knowledge", Waste management Number 30, Chapter 6, page 958-976 Hofftnan, L & Muller, M (2001), "Community partnerships in integrated sustainable waste management" In: Scheinberg, A (eds), Integrated sustainable waste management : a set of five tools for decision - makers, (Tools for decision - makers: experiences from the Urban Waste Expertise Programme (1995-2001), http://www.irc.nl/docsearch/results/7pubN99631, truy cap 10/8/2012 Nguyin Dinh Hoe (2000), Ddn so dinh cu moi truang, Nxb Dai hpc Quic gia, Ha Npi Jalil, Md Abdul (2010), "Sustainable development in Malaysia a case study of household waste management" Journal of Sustainabile 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in a mekong delta city, Vietnam" Journal of Environmental Management,'Number 9\, Chapter 11, page 2307 - 2321 13 Ozkan, Y (2010), "Towards sustainable life: The behaviours of families who live in Mamak about recycling household waste", European Journal of Scientific Research, Number 45, Chapter I, page 136 -148 14 Rathi, S (2006), "Alternative approaches for better municipal solid waste management in Mumbai, India", Waste management, Number 26, Chapter 10, page 1192 - 1200 15 Uy ban nhan dan Ha Npi (2013), Quylt dinh ciia UBND phi Ha Npi s6 16/2013/QD-UBND ve quan ly chit thai ran tren dia ban phi Ha Npi, truy c^p tii http://vanban.hanoi.gov.vn/web/, 20/12/2013 16 Zhang, W., Che, Y., Yang, K., Ren, X., Tai, J (2012), "Public opinion about the source separation of municipal solid waste in shanghai, china" Waste management and Research,^umber 30, Chapter 12, page 1261 - 1271 Nghien cib Con ngu6l s65(68) 2013 ... thai gian thu gom va vi tri xe thu gom theo danh gia ciia ngucri dan la kha cao Gia tri trung binh cua cac danh gia diu tren diim (muc trung binh), trpng "vi tri xe thu gpm rac" dupe danh gia. .. nhimg nguai di thu gom rac thai Trong do, cung co nhilu hp gia dinh co cac dl an thira dem de rieng cho nhimg hg gia dinh chan nuoi gia sue, gia cim Ben canh do, mpt bp phan nguoi dan vin tri hinh... nguoi di thu gom rac thai Trong do, cung co nhilu ho gia dinh co cac d l an thira dem de rieng cho nhiing hp gia dinh chan nuoi gia siic, gia c i m Ben canh do, mpt bp phan nguoi dan van tri