KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE M 6 ^ ^ | "̂ DANH GIA HIEN TRANG VA DE XUAT CAC BIEN PHAP KIEM SOAT PHAT THAI KHI NHA KINH TRONG NGANH CONG NGHIEP KHAI THAC VA CHE BIEN THAN VIET NAM TS LE Dire NGUYEN, ThS DINH[.]
KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE M _^^| "^ DANH GIA HIEN TRANG VA DE XUAT CAC BIEN PHAP KIEM SOAT PHAT THAI KHI NHA KINH TRONG NGANH CONG NGHIEP KHAI THAC VA CHE BIEN THAN VIET NAM TS LE Dire NGUYEN, ThS DINH V A N CLfdNG, KS DUONG DLfC HAI - Vign KH&CN Mo-Vinacomin hOng thap ky gin day, thf gidi dac bift quan tdm ID ling nhan thdy ndng df ede nhd kfnh (KNK) quyen dang tdng Ifn nhanh chdng, chu y l u cde ho^t dfng phdt thai qud mu-c cua ngudi, Iam gia tdng hifu ung nhd kinh vd din dfn nhift df trdi dat tang Ien vdi tfc df chua tung cd qud khd Bifn dfi hf L' (BDKH) tac dfng nghiem den moi trudng sinh thdi, de dpa cuf c s6ng cua todn thf nhdn Io$i vd mpi sy s6ng trfn hdnh tinh chOng ta Nhim ehung tay cung vdi the gidi ung phd vdi BDKH, Vift Nam da phf chuin UNFCCC thdng 11 ndm 1994 vd phf chuin Nghj dinh thu Kyoto thdng ndm 2002 Ngay sau Nghj djnh thu Kyoto c6 hifu lyc thi hdnh ndm 2005, Chinh phu vd cdc bg ngdnh lifn quan da xdy dyng myc tifu, chifn luge, k i hogch hdnh dfng, to chuc thyc hifn Nghj dinh thu Kyoto phu hg-p vdi ke hogch phat trifn kinh te xd hfl cua cd nudc, Trfn the gidi, nganh san xuat than hdng ndm phdt thai khoang 400^450 trifu tCOz-e ehiem 1,2^1,4 % tSng Iugng phdt thai KNK toan cdu, vd chifm khoang 6-^8 % Iugng phdt thai mftan ngudi tgo [1] Tgi Vift Nam, ngdnh than Id mft nh&ng nganh kinh te-cfng nghifp mui nhgn cua dit nudc, d6ng thdi dugc ddnh gia Id mft nhung ITnh vyc cd Iugng phdt thai KNK khfng nho Do dd, kilm sodt phdt thai KNK ngdnh than Id mft nhO-ng mgc tieu quan trgng, khfng nh&ng gdp phin thye hifn mgc tifu chung i>ng phd vdi BDKH cua dit nudc, md cdn Id ca hfi d l hifn dgi hda ngdnh than, tifn tdi phdt triln bin v(^ng, thdn thifn vdi mfi trudng, dong thdi mang Igi hifu qua kinh te-xd hfi td nguIn tdi chlnh vd cfng nghf tifn tiln chuyin giao tu nhung dy dn "Ca chl phdt triln sgch" (CDM) N Bdi bdo ting hgp mft s6 kit qua ndm thip nhit thyc hifn nhifm vg "Xdy dyng cdc bifn phdp kiem sodt phat thai nha kinh ngdnh cfng nghifp khai thdc vd chl bifn than phu hgp vdi dieu kifn Vift Nam", thufc "Chuang trinh mgc tieu qufc gia dng phd vdi bien ddi hfu cua Bf Cdng Thuang nam 2013", vdi cde nft dung; ddnh gid hifn trgng phdt thai KNK ngdnh than Vift Nam; d l xuat mgc tieu If trinh vd edc bifn phdt kilm soat phdt thai KNK ngdnh than D l ddnh gia hifn trgng phdt thai KNK nganh than, tren ea sd huang din cua IPCC, nhfm tdc gia dd xdy dyng phuang phdp difu tra, ddnh gia phu hgp vdi ngdnh than Vift Nam, tfp trung vdo hai logi KNK chinh Id CH4 vd CO2 Cg thi nhu sau: • Phdt thai via than tif cdc md him Id, duge xdc djnh trfn ea sd dO lifu dgc tryc tilp luu lugng, thdnh phan gid sach vdo mo, gid ban thoat khdi mo tgi cdc cua Id thdng gio, bdng may elm tay, trgm quan trie tu dfng vd lly mdu phdn tich phdng thi nghifm So lifu gid tgi m6i md dugc thu thdp ea ndm dieu tra 2013, m6i thdng mft gid trj trung binh Tu df, xdc djnh Iuu Iugng thoat thdng vd nhdn vdi thdi gian thdng d l tinh todn lugng phdt thai Phdt thai eua md ndm dieu tra bdng tdng phdt thai 12 thang xac djnh tgi t l t ca cde cua Id thdng gid • Phdt thai edc cdng dogn sau khai thdc than ham Id dugc udc Iugng tren ca sd cdc dCr lifu ve san iugng than nguyen khai (TNK) nhdn vdi hf s6 phdt thai trung binh trfn moi tin TNK Theo hudng din eua IPCC, hf sd phdt thai trung binh cdc cfng dogn sau khai thdc cd t h i dugc xde djnh bdng 30 % df chi>a ty nhifn cua than [2] • Phdt thai KNK SDNL dugc ude Iugng trfn ea sd tf ng ndng Iugng, nhifn lifu tifu thy nhdn vdi hf so phdt thai trung binh trfn mft dan vj nhifn lifu Hf s6 phdt thai trung binh dli vdi cdc logi CONG NGHIEP MO stf - iim_ KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO nhifn lifu tifu thg phd biln nhu xdng, ddu diesel, ddu mazut, duge cung cdp bdi IPCC [2] • Vifc dac true tif p lugng via than thodt qud trinh khai thac lg thien thyc t l khong kha thi (do lap tuc khufch tdn vao quyln) Mat khac, theo kinh nghiem cua IPCC, edc md lg thien thudng phat thai it han nhifu so vdi cdc mo hdm 16, mac du san lugng than Id tuang duang, nguyen nhan cdc via than ndm sdu long ddt thudng ed ehua tu nhien ldn han nhilu so vdi cdc via than ndm gdn mgt ddt Vi vdy, theo hudng dan eua IPCC, phat thai tu nguIn dugc udc Iugng bdng phuang phap tif p edn su dyng h^ so phdt thai Do viec xdc djnh chua cua than khai thac lg thien thudng khong dugc thyc hi^n, nen hf sd phdt thai edc cdng doan khai thac vd sau khai thac Id thien su dgng gid trj trung binh dugc cung cdp bdi IPCC [2] Nhdm tac gia dd tifn hdnh difu tra, khao sat thu thap s6 lieu tai 10 md hdm lo vOng Quang NlnS gfm: Mgo Khe, Nam Mau, Vdng Danh, H6ng Thai^ Hd Ldm, Duang Huy, Thing Nhdt, Quang Hanh, Khe Chdm va Mdng Duang Tdng hgp kit qua dilu tra t h i hifn Bang Bang Kit qua diiu tra phat thai KNK tai mot sd mo him Id nam 2013 Tfin cOng ty San ttfong, 1000T MaoKhO Nam Mlu Vang Danh T l Hdng Thdi HdLdm Duong Huy Quang Hanh Thdng Nhat Khe Chdm Mong Duwng |10 Tdng cong 1,751,7 1.832,3 2.781,7 1.320,0 1.200,6 1.416,0 907,7 1,476,7 1.101,3 1.209,6 14.997,6 - f£ ft ffc f «Tdng lu'p'ng phdt thai tC02-e Khai SauKT SDNL Tdng thdc 167.408 9.807 6.137 183.352 20.511 1.181 12.754 34.447 35.306 1.948 10.344 47.598 14.247 1.795 4.517 20.559 51.518 6.979 59.447 950 62.391 2.007 16.010 80.408 65.669 9.660 6.342 81.671 71,646 939 4.992 77.577 79.733 3.158 3.056 85.947 34.761 1.148 4.188 40.097 603.190 32.594 75.319 711.1031 HO sd phdt thai, tC02-en' Khai Sa"u,KT SDNL Tdng thdc 0,0956 0,0056 0,0035 0,1047 0,0112 0,0006 0,0070 0,0188 0,0127 0,0007 0,0037 0,0171 0,0108 0,0014 0,0034 0,0166 0,0429 0,0016 0,0058 0,0503 0,0441 0,0046 0,0113 0,059,a 0,0723 0,0106 0,0070 0,0900 0,0485 0,0042 0,0034 0,066( 0,0724 0,0095 0,0028 0,0847 0,0287 0,0038 0,0035 0,0360 0,0402 0,0031 0,0050 0,0483 2D.tll MaoKhfiNamM&j v ^ g H6ngThaH&Lfim Duong Ouang Tuaog Mang Danh Huy Hanh Nhit '.olHl«-, "'"" *** """" "** '**"' D"°"0 , H Bieu dd tong luvng phat thai, he s6 phat thai KNK tai mot sd mo ham Id Kdt qua Sieu tra cho thdy, tdng lu'ong phdt thai Trong So, phat thai cong doan khai thdc than KNK tai cdc mo Ouoc didu tra Id 711.103 tCOz-e hdm 10 la 603.190 tCOs-e, chidm 84,8 %; phdt thai 2D.tll CfiHG NGHIEP MO S£ - _^^ KHOA HOC ik CONG NGHE MO cdc c f n g doan sau khai thdc Id 32,594 tC02e, c h i l m 4,6 %; phdt thai SDNL Id 75.319 tCOse c h i l m 10,6 % tdng I u g n g phdt thai H f s6 phat thai trung binh khai thac hdm 16 la 0,0483 t C O r e / T , do: cong doan khai thac Id 0,0402 tC02-e/T, cac cong doan sau khai thac Id 0,0031 tCOs-e/T; he sd phdt thai SDNL la 0,005 tC02-e/T Theo loai hinh cac KNK phat thai t u md ham Id, phdt thai CH4 Id 435 965 tC02-e, c h i l m 61 % t i n g I u g n g phat thai ti> cdc mo hdm 16, phat thai CO2 (bao g f m phat thai SDNL) Id 275.138 tCOj-e c h i l m 39 %, So sanh phat thai tai cde mo d u g c dieu tra (hinh H.1) cho thdy, mo Mao Khe co t f ng l u g n g phat thai cung nhu h f s6 phdt thai KNK ldn nhat, t i l p theo la eae md Khe Chdm, Quang Hanh Day dong thdi eiJng la n h u n g mo than co dp chua t u nhien cao (Mao K h f - trung_binh 1,26 m^/TKC, Khe Cham - 2,17 m^n'KC), dan d f n i u a n g phat thai CH4 ldn, Cdc mo co l u g n g phat thai KNK va h f so phat thai KNK thdp dong thdi cung cd c h u a cua than thdp n h u Vdng Danh, Nam Mau, Hdng Thai, Mong D u a n g K i t hgp vdi d u l i f u v f san l u g n g cua nganh than nam 2013, nhdm tdc gia da \sac l u g n g phat thai KNK cua nganh than nam 2013 la 1,56 trieu tC02-e Trong do, phat thai t u khai thac h i m 16 la 1,04 trieu tC02-e, t u khai thdc lg thien la 0,52 trieu tC02-e He s6 phdt thai KNK binh quan nganh than nam 2013 la 0,0364 tC02-e/T •Tang lif cmg ph&t HiM KNK, bilu tC02-e 1^6 ,.,TrungOu&: M$ Ukraina Nga Oc An 09 Vi^Nam H.2 BiSu dd SO sanh phat thSi KNK cua nganh than Viet Nam v&i nganh than mot s6 nutfc tren thS giai So sanh he so phat thai nganh than V i f t Nam vdi h f sfi phat thai trung binh cua ngdnh than trfn t h i gidi va edc n u d c ddn ddu the gidi v l san lugng than n h u Trung Qudc, My, Nga, Uc, An Do, Ukraina (cdc n u d c c h i l m khoang 75 % san lugng than the g i d i , vd khoang 71 % tdng Iuang phdt thai nganh than tren t h f gidi [3]) cho thiy, h f s6 phat thai nganh than Viet Nam (0,0364 tC02-e/T) dang thdp h a n so vdi m u c trung binh cua the gidi (0,0663 t C - e n ; ) (hinh 2), Nguyfn nhdn chu y l u la khai thac hdm 16 d V i f t Nam dang d t i n g nong nen dg c h u a khi/xudt trung binh ciia than khdng cao so vdi thd gidi T u k i t qua nghien e u u noi tren, k i t hap vdi k l hogch phdt t r i l n san l u g n g cua nganh than, nhom tdc gia dd tinh todn d y bao m u c d f phat thai KNK ngdnh than giai dogn t u d i n ndm 2020 (Bang 2) K f t qua cho thay, neu khong dp dung cde b i f n phap giam phat, thi d i n nam 2020 nganh than se phat thai khoang 2,3 t r i f u tC02-e, tang 744 nghin tC02-e so vdi m u c phat thai nam 2013, t u a n g d u a n g tang g i n 50 % He sfi phat thai trung binh nganh than se tang t u 0,0364 tC02-e/T vao nam 2013 I f n 0,0397 tC02-e/T vao nam 2020 t u a n g d u a n g tdng % so vdi nam 2013 Rd soat edc van ban chi dao cua D a n g va Nhd n u d c v l u n g v d i b i l n dfii hau [4, 5] cho thay, n l u phan bfi theo G D P , d i n nam 2020 nganh than can giam phat thai KNK tren mfii t i n than khai thac (giam he sfi phat thai) khoang 8^10 % so v d i nam c a s d 2010, Lfdc tinh h f sfi phat thai K N K nganh than vao ndm 2010 Id 0,0346 tC02-e/T, N h u vdy, vdo ndm 2020, h f so phat thai se phai khoang , 1 - , CONG NGHliP MO SO - ^ ^ KHOA HOC VA CONG N G H £ M tC02-e/T, giam 13-^15 % so vdi muc phat thai hien (nam 2013 la 0,0364 tC02-e/T) Tong lugng phat thai yeu edu nganh than vao nam 2020 cdn ndm khoang 1,8-^1,84 trieu tC02-e Luang KNK cdn cdt giam so vdi kjch ban phat trifn binh thudng vao nam 2020 la 459-500 nghin tC02-e, tuang duang vdi viec phai cdt giam phat thai khoang 24,5-5-26,6 trifu m^ CH4, hodc giam tieu thg 194-i-211 trifu'-l xdng, hoac 161-175 trieu lit ddu diesel (higffl H.3) Do do, td bay gid, vdn df nghien dw df xudt cac bien phap kilm scat phat thai KNK nganh than phu hgp vdi dilu kien Viet Nam la h i t sue edn thilt Bang Dwbao phat thai KNK nganh than glai doan 2014-2020 TT Ten ch? tieu San lup'ng Hdm 16 Lo thien HSPT Ham 16 Lo thien Phat thai Ham 16 Lo thien - - I Don vj lO^T lO'T lO'T tC02-e n tC02-e /T tC02-e n ia=^tCQ2-e 10^tCO2-e 10^tCO2-e 2014 45.915 23.570 22.345 0,0367 0,0483 0,0244 1.685 1.140 545 ^ S a n Iwng than, nghin tin -*^Ap dung cac BP giam pha thip 2015 50.760 26.960 23 800 0,0371 0,0483 0,0244 884 1.303 581 2016 52.245 28.835 23.410 0,0376 0,0483 0,0244 1.965 394 571 Nam 2017 52.513 30.568 21.945 0,0383 0,0483 0,0244 2.013 1.478 535 2018 55.025 33.180 21.845 0,0388 0,0483 0,0244 2.137 1.604 533 2019 56.955 35.665 21.290 0,0394 0,0483 0,0244 2.244 1.724 519 2(feO' 67.90S 37.070 20.835 0,0397 0,0483 0,0244 2.301 1.792 508| -ã-KhOng dp dgng cdc BP gidm phdt -iô-Ap dgng cdc BP giam phdt cao H Bliu dw bao ting lu&ng phat thai KNK nganh than giai doan 2014-2020 theo cac kich ban kiim soat phat thai Tdng quan lng chuang trinh hfi trg cfing nghe cho cac nudc dang phdt trifn thfing qua cde du dn CDIVl va nhan duge ehung ehi giam phdt thai KNK (CER, bdng mfit tCOj-e), CERs dugc tinh vdo chi tieu giam phat thai KNK cua cde nudc phat triln, giup cae nudc thyc hien cam kit giam phat thai Nganh nang lugng la ITnh vuc nfing bdng nhit cho cac dy an CDM tren toan thf gidi (52,68 %), sau la cae ngdnh xu ly vd tieu huy chit thai (20,77 %) vd nong nghiep (7,8 %) [3], Vift Nam da thdnh lap ca quan cd tham quyln quoc gia vf CDM (DNA - thupc Bo Tdi nguyen vd Moi trudng) tu nam 2003, co ddy du cac dieu kifn tham gia vdo cac du an CDM quoc tf, va Idp Ban tu vdn chi dao lien nganh (CNECB) nhdm tu vin, chl dao cho DNA vifc quan ly hoat dpng vd tham gia danh gid edc dy dn CDM tgi Vift Nam Chinh sdch uu dai cua Nha nudc dfi vdl cde CONG NGHIEP NIO SO S - U doanh nghiep tham gia dy dn CDM dugc thi hiJn rfi Quylt djnh sd 130/2007/QD-TTg, ft quy dinh ede doanh nghiep ndy se dugc mi§n, giam thul thu nhdp doanh nghifp, miln thul nhap khdu dfii vdi hdng hod nhap khdu de tao tdi sanco dmh cua du an, hang hoa nhdp khdu la nguyen tieu, vdt tu, ban phdm nudc chua sai xuit dugc, mifn, giam tifn su dung ddt thudd^ vd mpt sfi trudng hgp san phdm cua d y i i CDM se duge trg gia Do dfi, nlu tham gia vaod^ an CDM vd thuc hifn cdc cong trinh thu hfi va su dung via than, ngoai viec dam bao muc tifu d\ giam KNK, nganh than se nhan duge nhilu uu dai, thudn Igi tu ehinh sach cua Nhd nudc, va Igi ich kinh t l khdng nhu'ng tu viec su dung CH4 thu hdi dugc, md cdn tir viec ban cac chung chl CER, Tdm Iai, tfing quan kinh nghiem tren thf gidi cho thdy, cde bifn phap kilm soat phat thai KNK nganh than phu hap vdi dilu kifn Vift Nam gbm: cdc giai phap thu hfii va su dung via tfian (khoan thao khi, thu hfii metan lufing gio thai), tham gia dy an CDM va thuang mai thai Viec giam phdt thai KNK cdc hoat dfing khai thde va c h l biln than cd vai trd quan trpng giup phat trien bin vQ'ng ngdnh than gdn lien vdi bao ve, cai thien moi trudng sinh thai, ddng gop tich cue vdo vifc thuc hien mgc tieu ung vdi biln ddi hdu eua ddt nudc va thf gidi.n TAI LIEU THAM KHAO IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006), US EPA, Coal mine methane recovery: A primer (2009) Chiln lugc qude gia v l tang truang xanh thai ky 2011-2020 va tdm nhin d i n nam 2050, bar hanh kem theo Quylt dinh sfi 1393/QD-TTg ngaj 25/9/2012 Nghj quylt sfi 24-NQ/TW 03/6/2013 CUE BCH T y Dang khda XI "vl ehu dfng ung vd biln dfii hdu, tang cudng quan ly tai nguyen vi bao vf mdi trud'ng" Ngwdi bien tap: Nguyen Binh This paper presents the cunrent status of greenhouse gas emissions in Vietnam's coal industry, forecast emissions in 2020, emissions reduction targets and control measures lo reduce emissions for coai industry ... than nam 2013 la 1,56 trieu tC02-e Trong do, phat thai t u khai thac h i m 16 la 1,04 trieu tC02-e, t u khai thdc lg thien la 0,52 trieu tC02-e He s6 phdt thai KNK binh quan nganh than nam 2013... Ukraina Nga Oc An 09 Vi ^Nam H.2 BiSu dd SO sanh phat thSi KNK cua nganh than Viet Nam v&i nganh than mot s6 nutfc tren thS giai So sanh he so phat thai nganh than V i f t Nam vdi h f sfi phat thai... d i n nam 2020 nganh than can giam phat thai KNK tren mfii t i n than khai thac (giam he sfi phat thai) khoang 8^10 % so v d i nam c a s d 2010, Lfdc tinh h f sfi phat thai K N K nganh than vao