KHDA HPC CONG NGHE Danh gia hien trang ap dung cong nghe xdr ly chat thai nguy hai va chat thai ran sinh hoat tai Viet Nam hien nay NGUYiN THI/ONG HIEN, NGUYEN THANH Y I N , O O TIEN OOAN, N G U Y I N[.]
KHDA HPC-CONG NGHE Danh gia hien trang ap dung cong nghe xdr ly chat thai nguy hai va chat thai ran sinh hoat tai Viet Nam hien NGUYiN THI/ONG HIEN, NGUYEN THANH Y I N , O O TIEN OOAN, N G U Y I N THANH LAM, LE THI MINH THUAN, PHAN THANH GIANG, LE NGOC LAM Cue Qudn l escc, nhiet dp budng dot thd cap d nhiet dp > OSO'C) Vdi nhiet khdng dii cao, qui trinh oxy hda hda hpc bien ddi chit thai bang oxy khdng se xay khdng hoan toan va sin pham khithai cd khdi den, ndng dp eic chat d nhiem nhu CO, thii eao Trong dd, da phan cic Id dot edng suat nhd chua dupe dau tU he thdng xir ly khithai, gay nguy cod nhi^m mdi trudng Mdt sd Id dot chat thii y te dUde dau tu thdi gian gan day va dupe elp Gily phep xd ly CTNH thi dip dng cac yeu cau cua Quy ehuan ky thuat qudc gia ve 16 dot chat thii y t^ QCVN 02:2012/BTNMT Tai Viet Nam, viee khuyen khfch, Uu tien sir dung cdng nghe khdng ddt, than thien vdi mdi trudng xU ly chat thii y te da duoc lan dau nhac den tai Quy^t dinh sd 43/2007/QD-BYT cua Bp Y te ban hanh Quy che quin iy chit thai y te va gan day duoc cu the hda tai Diem a, Khoan Nghj djnh sd 38/2015/ND-CP Viec xd ly chat thii y te bang phuong phap khdng dot nhU khU khuin bang Id hap Id vi sdng dem lai hieu qua ve mat kinh te ian mdi trudng, sUdung d nhiet dudi 400°C nen khdng phit smh khf thai die biet dioxin/furan va giim tieu thu nang lupng Nhuvay, trd cic trUdng hdp die biet nhUco sd xU ly chat thii yte tap trung, hoac xU ly chit thai yte tai cac co sd dUdc cap phep xUlyCTNHthi can han che dan viec dau tu Id dot tai eaceosdy te tham chf ddng han tai mdt thdi diem thich hdp va chuyen sang edng nghe khdng dot [48] www.phapluatmoitruong.vn »Sfi (101) - TlO/2015 16 nung xi ming d nhiet dd cao (tren 1300°C) Do qua trinh nung xi mang thudng phit smh nhieu loai v i bui nen cie nha may sin xult xi mang thudng diu tU he thdng xir ly khithai tien tien dexUly vin di He thong xCrly khf thii nha may xi mang bao gdm cic cong doan nhU' loc bui thd bing xyelon, sau Ipe bui tinh bing tinh dien hoac tui vii Ddng xUlyCTNHtrong Id nung xi mang ed nhieu Uu ^em Idn nhu mdi trUdng hoat dpng d nhiet dp cao nen hieu suit tieu huy cao, xU ly dUOe nhieu loaiCTNHvdi khdi luong idn, keca chat thii chifa halogen Oac biet la hieu qua kinhte Idn ti^t kiem nguyen lieu, nhien li^u vi cic loaiCTNHde chiy gdp phan cung cap nhiet lupng v i mdt sd loaiCTNHcd phan phil hdp vdi nguyen lieu san xult xi mang Ben canh dd, dong xir ly tan dung he thdng sin xult xi ming san co nen tiet kiem dupe ehi phidautUvecdsdhatang Sau BpTai nguyen va Mdi trUdng ban hanh Quy chuan ky thuat qudc gia ve ddng xdly chat thai nguy hai 16 nung xi mang QCVN 41:2011 /BTNMT, viec ap dung 16 nung xi mang de xif ly chit thif da nhin dUoc sU quan tam ciia nhieu ddn vj Ben canh 02 ed sd difdc d p phep xU lyCTNHnhu neu d tren, mdt sd don vi d i i p dung edng nghe viec xU ly chit thii phat smh tai npi bd co sd Dac biet, hien theo quy dinh ciia Nghi dinh sd 38/2015/ND-CP ve quin iy chit thii va phe lieu, cic cd sd sin xuat xi mang cd nhu cau dong xU ly chat thii nguy hai khdng phai tuan thu cac quy djnh ve quy hoaeh ddi vdi dia diem, dieu chac ehan se khuyen khfch eac nha may xi ming i p dung cdng ngh^ thdi gian tdi So vdi 16 dot thi mic dii ehf ed 16 xi ming dupe cap nhung cdng suit la 432 nghin tanCTNH/nimso vdi cdng suat 320 nghin tan CTNH/nam cua 69 Id dot khic cho thay Uu diem ndi trdi cua loai hinh ddng xd ly Ngoai ra, cic loai CTNH dugc xis ly Id nung xi ming cung dUOc xir ly triet de hon, khdng phat sinh tro xi thU elp ma eic tro xi sinh dupe di vao lam phan cua xi ming pham Nhdm cong nghe chon lap de xii 1$ chat thai - Chdn Idp CTNH Cdng nghe hien da dUdc i p dung d Ha Ndi va Blnh Duong, Ddng Nai, Quing Ngai, Thanh Hda vdi dung tich cua moi ham chdn lap tir 10.000 -15.000 m^ HAN CH^ SU DyNG TOI NY-LON DE BAO VE MOI TRUONG KHOA HOC ICONG NGI Bai chdn lapCTNH,hay thuc chat la cic ham chdn lap, duoc thiet ke theo quy dinh tai Tieu chuan xiy dUng TCXDVN 320:2004 ve Bai chdn lip chat thii nguy hai - Tieu chuan thiet ke Viec vin hanh bai chdn lapCTNHthuc hien tren co sd Hudng dan ky thuat chdn lap chat thii nguy hai ban hanh kem theo Quyet dinh sd 60/2002/QO-BKHCNMT 07/8/2002 cua Bp Khoa hoe, Cdng nghe va Mdi trudng Uu diem cua cic ham chdn lapCTNHed nang cd lip cac CTNH chUa cd ning xU ly bSng cdng nghe khac, cdng suat Idn va gia xU ly re so vdi nhieu phuong phap tieu hiiy khac nhuddt Hon nda,CTNHtuong lai cd the dao len de xCr ly neu cdng nghe phiJ hop Cic ham chdn lap deu cd mai ehe kin qui trinh van hanh nen bien phip cd tinh chat ddng ken hon l i chdn lip, khdng cd nang phit sinh nude rd ri nhUng van cd he thdng thu gom nudc rd rL Tuy nhien phuong phip kha ton dien tieh CTNH khdng dUdc xd ly triet de, mdi nguy co rd ri van edn nen can giim sat liu dai sau ddng ham Mpt ly chdn lap CTNH chua dUoc trien khai rdng phii dim bio cic dieu kien ngat ngheo, hay cd the ndi l i bat thi ve khoing cich vdi khu dan eU theo TCXDVN 320:2004 Mot dieu can quan tam la theo TCXDVN 320:2004 thi yeu cau CTNH phai dupe hda rin, on djnh hda thi hien bj hieu phai dUoc be tdng hda trudc cho vio chdn lap Neu da be tong hda nhU trinh bay d myc 3.1.4 dat quy ehuan ky thuat quoc gia ve ngudngCTNHthi khdng can thiet phii dua vao ham chdn lap CTNH Do viy, can tien hinh soat va chinh sda cac tieu chuan ky thuat neu tren de phii hop vdi dieu kien thuc te hdn, die biet la van de khoing cich Hien nay, Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng dang chuan bi xay dung Quy ehuan ky thuat qudc gia ve bii chdn lapCTNH.Khi quy ehuan dupe ban hanh, viSc quin ly eae bai chdn lapCTNHse duoc quin ly tdt va chit che hdn - Chdn lap chat thdi rdn smh hogt Theo thong ke tinh den nam 2013 c6 khoang 458 bai chdn lap chat thii rin cd quy md tren ha, ngoii cdn cd eac bii chdn lap quy md nhd d cic xa chua dUOc thdng ke day dii Trong 458 bai ehdn lap cd 121 bai chdn lip hdp ve sinh va 337 bii chdn lap khdng hop ve sinh Cic bii chdn lap khdng hdp ve sinh phan Idn la bai ric tam Id thien, khdng c6 he thdng thu gom, xU ly nude ri ric, dang la ngudn giy nhiem mdi trudng Nhom cdng nghe tai che chat t h i i - Sdn xudt phdn hdu ca ttf CTRSH Hien nay, cic cd sd xU lyCTRSHthanh phan hUu cd chu yeu sUdung cdng ngheCi hieu hoac kikhitrong thdi gian khoing 40-45 ngay, mdt sd co sd xU ly dang hoat ddng Nha miy xd lyCTRSHNam Binh Ouong thudc Cdng tyTNHH MTV Cap thoat nUdc v i mdi trudng Binh Duong (sU dung day chuyen thiet bi cua Tay Ban Nha, cdng suit thiet ke 420 tin/ngiy); Nha may xd ly v i che bien chat thii d m XuySn, Ha TTnh thude Cdng ty TNHH MTV quin ly cdng trinh dd thj Hi Tinh(sU dung day ehuyen thiet bj ciia hang Mernat-Bi, cong suit thiet ke 200 tan/ngiy); Nhi miy xd ly chat thii rin Nam Thinh, Nmh Thuan thudc Cdng ty TNHH xiy dUng thuong mai va san xuat Nam Thanh (diy chuyen thiet bj ciia Viet Nam, cong suit thiet ke 200 tin/ngay, dU kien se nang cdng suat len 300 tln/ngiy) He thdng thiet bj day chuyen cdng nghe eiia cac co sd xir ly nhip khau td nude ngoii thudng phii thUe hien cii tien edng nghe, thiet bj de phil hop vdl die diemCTRSHchUa duoc phin loai tai ngudn va dieu kien hiu d Viet Nam -Tdi che CTNH + Tii che dau thii Hien tai, ed 36/83 cie ed sd hanh ngh^ xU ly Tong cue Mdi trudng cap phep dau tU edng nghe t i i ehe dau gdm cic cdng nghe: Chung cit cracking diu (chung phin doan hay edn goi la chUng nhieu bic va chUng don giin hay chUng mdt bac); phin ly diu nudc bing phUdng phap co hoc (ly tim) v i bang nhiet Trong thue te, phan Idn cae cd sd sir dung cong nghe chung don gian de thu hdi cac cau td dau (nguyen ly li sCr dung nhiet de lam bay hdi va cat mach, sau ngUng tu de thu hdi eic clu tCrdau,can ran dUdctich va lay ddiy ndi chUng) HiSn cd mdt sd cd sd dang dau tu cdng nghe chung phan doan (chung nhieu bic) de tii che dau, day la cdng nghe hien dai sU dung de san xuat cac san pham xang dau tU dau thai Nhin chung, ddi vdi cdng nghe chUng ddn giin cd Uu diem trang thiet bj ddn giin (cd the tU ehe tao, lip dit), de van hinh, dau tU thap, nhung viec van hanh va kiem soat kha thu edng, ddi hoi kmh nghiem v i ky nang cua ngUdi van hinh Cdng nghe chUng ddn gian phCi hpp vdi cac cd sd nhd cd iLfpng dau thai dau vao thap, bien ddng Cdng nghe chUng phin doan cd he thong kiem soat hien dai, chat luong san phim diu on djnh nhUng chi phi dau tU Mdt sd CO sd xU ly chat thai ran sinh hoat bang cong nghe Idn, van hanh phdc tap, ddi hdi nguyen lieu dau vio Idn v i on dinh ngudn dau thai Viet Nam thudng nhd le, chdn laphopvesmh hien dang hoat dpng nhUKhu lien hdp xU ly chat thii ran Da PhUde thudc Cdng ty TNHH xU ly chit bien ddng Mdt su dich ehuyen mdi thdi gian qua la da thii rin Viet Nam; Khu lien hc^ xU ly chat thii ran Tiy Bic Cu cd nhdng doanh nghiep tip trung ehu trpng xUiy chuyen ve dau thii vdi quy md va cdng nghe tUdng ddi hien dai, viec Chi thupc Cdng ty TNHH MTV mdi trudng dd thi thinh phd dau tu niy se chuyen mdn hda cao hdn v i giiip quan ly tdt Ho Chi Minh; Khu xU ly chat thai Nam Son thuoc Cdng ty hon dau thai phat smh hien TNHH MTV mdi trudng dd thi Ha Ndi, HAN CHE SLf DUNG TOI NY-LON DE BAO V^ MOI TRUONG Sd (101) - TlO/2015' www.phapluatmoitruong.vn [49] KHOA HOC I CONG NGHE Hien nay, Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng da ban hinh Quy chuan ky thuat quoc gia ve t i i che diu thai QCVN 56:2013/BTNMT, dUa eac quy djnh ve ky thuit v i yeu cau ve dau thai dUOc tai che Day li co sd phap ly quan trpng de cie ddn vj ap dung cae cong nghe tai che dau thai +• Tai che ic quy ehi thai Hien nay, cd 27/83 eO sd hanh nghe xd lyCTNHdo Tdng cue Mdi trUdng cap phep dau tU edng nghe xU ly niy, edng suit trung blnh 0,5 - 200 tan/ngay dmh ngudn eung cap d i u vao ve thu gom CTDT gap khd khan + Tii che bdt kem oxit tU bui Id luySn thep Nguyen liSu co bin cCia phuong phip xU ly bui 16 luyen thep bing Id quay li dUa vao tfnh bdc hoi cOa kim loai kem, khong che d nhiet dp nhat dinh kem bui Id se hoan nguyen v i thoat Sau dupc phan hiiy v i hoan nguyen d nhiet 1.100 - 1.150°C, hOi kem se dUOC oxi hda hoin toan tao thinh ZnO, eac tap chat khic nSm lai xi d dang hdp chat ben vCfng khdng tan nUdc dupe lim ngu6i bang Nguyen ly ciia cdng nghe tai che ic quy ehl thai la dau tien trung hda dung dich chit dien phan (dung dich axit), sau nude va thu hdi ve bai chiia xi dd dd phan loai neng bin cue chl v i vd (nhua PP) Viee phi dd Dac trUng ciia cdng nghe li viSc sU dung Id quay d^ cd the la thii cdng hoae cdgidi hda Chi v i nhUa dUdc nau t i i thuc hien qui trinh xd ly Do dp ddc ciia Id nen Id quay, ehe tai eho hoac chuyen cho eac ddn vj t i i che nguyen, nhien lieu se duoc lan dan tUdau nap lieu sang dau Hien cd mdt sd don vi da dau tUvadUa vao sUdung thii xi v i chiy ngoii tren dudng di chuyen, duoe say khd cdng nghe hien dai de t i i ehe ac quy, toan bd quy trinh xU ly nung ndng va tU bdc chiy Tdc dp nap lieu tiiy thudc vio tdc duoc cO gidi; tu ddng hda vdi nguyen ly hoat ddng nhu sau: d6 dieh chuyen cCia lieu d Id de dim bio qui trinh van Blnh ac quy (c6 ei dung dieh axit) dUdc dUa vao may nghien hanh an toin, hieu qui ddng thdi cd bd sung dung dieh kiem [sd da) de trung hda, Hien nay, Tdng cye Mdi trUdng da d p phep cho 03 hdn hop sau nghien dupe dUa tdi he thong phan tich bang doanh nghiep sCr dung cdng nghe Id quay de tai che bdt nude, nhuacdty be ndi len tren, cdn ehl cdty Idn kem oxit tU byi Id luyen thep vdi tdng cdng suit elp phep ehim xudng dudi va duoc vdt bdi gau chuyen dung la tren 120 nghin tan bui Id luyen thep/nim Viee cap phep Sau thu dupe chl luyen thd, chi thd tiep tuc dupc dUa vio qui trinh luyen tinh Mdt sd dOn vi da dau tU them he thdng dien phin de thu dUdc pham chi c6 him lupng cao hdn, tang gia tri kinh te thu duoc + Til che chit thai dien tir Hien chi cd 26/83 eo sd hinh nghe xU ly CTNH Tong cue Mdi trUdng d p phep dau tU cdng nghe chuyen xir lyCTDTniy, cdng suat trung binh tU 0,3 - tan/ngay Cong nghe dUpc sCf dung bao gdm: Cdng nghe tai ehe, thu hoi kim loai bing phuong phip CO ly: Ap dung cic bien phip co iy de nghien, sau dd tich eac hon hdp kim loai va phi kim bang trpng lUc Day la phUdng phip phin tieh ddn gian, sin pham thu hoi t i i ehe co chat lUdng thap, can duoc xU ly d cac cdng doan tiep theo Hien ed khoing 15 ddn vi dUdc Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng cap phep dang ap dyng edng nghe Cdng nghe tai che, thu hot kim loai bang phuong phip hda hpe:CTDTsau nghien, phan tieh co hoc, kim loai thu hdi bang cac phin Ung hda hoc de taeh rieng cac kim loai khic San pham thu dupc cd dd tinh khiet cao Hien cd khoing 05 ddn vi duoc Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng cap phep dang i p dung edng nghe Cong nghe thu hdi kim loai bang phUdng phap dien phan: Oiy la phUdng phap xU ly CTDT thu dUdc san pham kim loai CO dd tinh khiet cao Tuy nhien, hien mdi cd mdt sd don vi i p dung quy md thd nghiem, ehua dupc nhin rpng quy md Idn Cdng nghe thudng yeu cau thiet bj ed quy md cdng nghiep v i ngudn nguyen lieu dau vao dn [50] www.phapluatmoitruong.vn So (101) - TlO/2015 xU ly CTNH eho edng nghe da gdp phan quan trpng viec giii quyet vin de tdn dong bui 16 luyen thep von la vin de mdi trudng bdc xiic thdi gian qua tai tinh Ba Ria Vung Tau eung nhU tai eac tinh cd nha miy luyen th^ptren ci nUde I V D A N H GIA CHUNG Qua trinh phat trien cong nghe xU ly chat thai thdi gian gan day va xu hudng ap dung cac cong nghe mdi Ve cong nghe xtfly chdt thdi nguy hai So vdl hien trang cdng nghe xif ly CTNH dupe dinh gia each diy 05 nam (nam 2010), cong nghe xii ly CTNH da cd budc phit trien dang ke ve quy md, sd lugng va cdng nghS xdly Nhin vao bing cd the thay, cdng nghe xii ly chit thii ciia Viet Nam nam qua da cd sU chuyen bien ro ret Vf du, trudc dly viec thieu huy chat thii ehi thuc hien bing edng nghe 16 tmh thi hien da ed Id quay, td viec ehCi yeu l i xii ly thieu hiiy sang viec dau tU cac cdng nghe tai che cic nguyen lieu ed ich Ngoii ra, eac cdng nghe t i i che cung bit dau duoc dau tu mdt dch bai bin hdn va hien dai hdn Ve quy md, edng suit ciia cac thiet bi cung bit dau dUdc diu tU Idn hdn Vi du, so lUdng cic dOn vi i p dyng cdng nghS chUng cat chin khdng de tai che dau thii ngiy cing nhieu so vdi viee tai che dau thai ap dy ng edng nghe xd ly hda ly mdt each don thuan Mdt sd don vi cung da i p dyng cdng nghe dien phin de thu hdi kim loai (chl, kem, ) tinh khi^t thay eho viec tinh luyen bang nhiet trUdc day H*N CHE' SQ DUNG TOI NY-LON DE BAO V6 MOI TRU&NG KHOA HOC ICONG NG B^ng So sanh cdng nghe xU ly CTNH ^ Vift Nam nam 2010 va 2015 "^Jamioio L6 dot tinh hai d p Ld ddt quay - — ^ - Nam 2015 So CO sd apdung So md dun he thdng Sd eo sd ap dyng S6 md dun he thdng 21 24 34 02 47 02 Ddng xd 1;^ Id nung xi ming Ch6n lip, ddng ken Hda rin (be tdng hda) 33 24 24 XU ly, t i i che dau thii XU ly bong den thii XUly CTDT 10 Phi dd, t i l che ac quy chl thii Tai che kem oxit tU byi 16 th^p 11 Tii che CTDT Ve edng nghe xtf ly CTFSH Tinh den Qiiy I nam 2014, khudn kho Chuong trinh xU ly chat thii ran giai doan 2011 - 2020 da cd 26 cO sd xU ly chat thii ran t i p trung dupe dau tu xiy dung theo ke hoach xir ly chat thii rin ciia cac dia phuong Trong sd 26 cd sd xU ly chit thai ran cd 03 co sd xU ly sir dyng cdng nghe ddt, 11 co sdxUly sUdung cdng nghe sin cult phan hUu co, 11 cosdxU ly sUdung cdng nghe sin xuit phin hUu cd ket hdp vdi ddt, 01 cd sd xU ly sU dyng cdng nghe sin xuat vien nhien lieu Tuy nhien, hieu qui hoat ddng cua cdng nghe xU ly chat thii ran sir dyng tai 26 cd sd ehua dUdc dinh gii mdt cic day dii, toan dien; chUa lUa chpn dupe md hinh cong ngh& xii ly chit thii ran hoan thien dat dUOe ea cic tieu chi ve ky thuat, kmh te, x i hpi va mdi trudng Xu hadng dp dung cdc cdng ngh^ mdi Qua nhdng phan tich d tren, cd the thiy hien xu hudng tieu hiiy chat thii dang dUdc thay the bdi cic edng nghe tai ehe de tan dyng tai nguyen v i bio ve mdi trUdng Viec ben canh yeu td ve mdi trUdng cung se giup dupc cac eo sd xU ly chat thii, die biet l i xii ly chit thii nguy hai tang sUc eanh tranh ve khfa canh kfnh te Ben canh dd, viec tao cie ed sd phip ly nhu khdng yeu d u ve dja diem quy hoach, khdng phii lap lai bao eao danh gii tic ddng mdi trudng da khuyen khfch dotCTRSHcung dang co xu hudng ap dyng cdng nghS dot phit dfen thay vi chi dot tieu hiiy nhu thdi gian qua Hieu qui xiJr ly vi moi trUdng Theo bio eao quin lyCTNHdinh ky, bio cao giim sit mdi trudng cua cac co sd xU lyCTNHdo Tdng cue Mdi trudng cap phep eung nhU ket qui tra, kiem tra nhUng nam vira qua, hiu het cic cdng nghe xU lyCTNHda dupc d p phep deu dam bio tuan thii d c quy dinh hien hanh, dim bio hieu qua xU ly cam ket ding ky hinh nghe, phit thii dat d e quy chuan qude gia ve mdi trudng HAN CHE sir DUNG TCII NY-LON DE BAO V^ H I TRU^ING 20 22 Tuy nhien diy la ket qui cic ed sd tu giim sit hoae ket qui giim sit cd cic doan tra kiem tra nSn eiJng chUa phin inh day dii dupe mUc tuin thii Dieu phy thudc vio y thUc tU giie chap hinh ciia cac co sd NhUng it nhit, dieu eung khang dinh la cic cdng nghe da dUOc d p phSp hiSn tai la dim bio dUdc hieu qui xU ly eung nhU mdi trUdng neu dUdc van hanh dung theo thiet ke va cd sU glim sit chat che Viee ehdn lapCTRSHva ddt chit thii y te tai nhieu cd sd cdn giy inh hudng den mdi trUdng, can dupe kiem soit chit che hon thdi gian tdi Dae biet, ddi vdi chit thii yte cin chuyen sang ap dung cic cong nghe khong ddt de xU ly khU khuan eac chat thii lay nhiem, dam bao khdng phat smh Dioxin/Furan mdi trudng NhiJmg vudng mSc, bat cap qua trinh ap dung cac cong nghe xuf ly chat thii Cac cdng nghe xU lyCTNHhien cd cua Viet Nam edn chUa thUe sU hien dai, sU dung d c cdng nghe da dung cho nhieu loaiCTNH va thudng d quy mo nhd, nhUngda dap Ung flUOc phan nao nhu d u xCr ly CTNH ciia Viet Nam Tuy nhien, khd khan viee thu gom chit thai nen viec dau tU quy md Idn hien chUa phat trien dupe Hon nda, Viet Nam ehua cd quy djnh cy the ve chat thii sin pham tai ehe nen viee kiem soit cic san phim t i i che tUCTNHhien chua dupc thuc hien mdt dch ddng bd Theo quy dinh hien thi ehi kiem soat dupc sin pham tai che khong edn la CTNH Tai nhieu edsdxUiy chat thii ran sinh hoat bang hinh thUc ehon lap, qui trinh kiem soat nhiem chua thue sUdem lai hieu qui cdng tie bio ve mdi trUdng, hien van dang li van de gay bUe xuc xa hpi Cic ed sd xU ly chat thai rin sinh hoat bing hinh thUc chdn lip khong hpp ve sinh giy nhiem moi trudng, lam phit sinh v i gia ting metan (mot loai nha kinh), ddng thdi tieu tdn nhieu quy dat, khdng tan dyng dUdc cae loai chit thai ran cd nang t i i che, tai sir dung Hon nUa, hien chUa ed co sd xU ly chat thai rin bang hinh thdc chon lap So (101) - T10/2015< www.phapluatmoitruong.vn [51] KHOA HOC I CONG NGHE nao t i n thu dUdc ngudn ning lUdng tU thii thu hdi tU bai ehdn lip chat thii, gay ling phi ngudn tai nguyen tieu ehuin, quy chuan ky thuit, djnh mdc kinh te ky thuat lim CO sd khoa hpc cho cdng ngh| xU ly ehat thaL Mdt sd cdng nghe xU lyCTRSHthanh phin hUu cd dUOe nghien eUu va i p dung nUdc dap Ung dUOc tieu chi han che chdn lap nhung viee hoin thien edng nghe v i trien khai nhin rdng edn gap nhieu khd khan von dau tU cua d e doanh nghiep tUnhan edn han che; tinh ddng bo, hien dai, mdc dp tu ddng hda ciia he thdng thiet bj diy ehuyen edng nghe chUa cao; d e cong nghe xU ly chit thii rin chUa duoc sin xuat d quy md cdng nghiep - Ben canh viec ning cao hieu qua van de quan ly, tra, xU phat, Nhi nUdc can phii chu trpng den van de quin ly thj trudng va quy hoach cong nghe xii ly CTNH Cd nhuvay mdi ed the trinh cho doanh nghiep nhdng aii ro khdng dang cd, ddng thdi ning cao hieu qui bio ve mdi trUdng cua dc dar\ vi san xuat Mdt sd dia phuong sU dyng ngudn vdn ODA de nhip khau tU nudc ngoii cic cdng nghe xU lyCTRSHthanh phan hdu cd nhung cdng nghS xU 1^ chUa dat duoc hieu qui nhU mong mudn: Diy chuyen xU ly chit thii rin smh hoat chUa phil hdp vdi dieu kien Viet Nam, ti le chat thai rin dUdc dem chdn lap hoac ddt sau xU ly rat Idn tU 35 - 80%, ehi phi van hinh va bio dudng cao, Ngoai ra, sin pham phin hUu co sin xuat hien khd tiSu thu, chi phu hdp vdi mpt so loai eay cdng nghiep Viec dau tU nhieu id dot cdng suit nhd tai tuyen huyen, xa din tdi viec xU ly chat thii phin tan, khd kiem soat viee phat t h i i d nhiem thUcap vao mdi trudng khdng Ngay ea vdi mpt sd Id dot cdng suat Idn thi hien cdn tdn tai cic van de: Phin loai, nap lieu chUa toi Uu; chUa thu hdi duoc ning luong tU qua trinh xir ly chat thii; kiem soit d nhiem chUa dim bio; ehUa ed hf thdng thu hdi nUdc ric; khdng cd he thdng xif ly nudc ri rac; xU ly miii, cdn triing chUa triet de V CAC GlAl PHAP T R O N G THdl GIAN Tdi De nang eao hdn nda hieu qui xU ly chit thai thdi gian tdi, d n ap dung mot sd bien phap cu the sau diy: Doi vdri CTNH -Tiep tuc hoan thien co sd phip lyveCTNH,die biet la viec xiy dung cic quy chuan ky thuat qudc gia ddi vdi timg cdng nghe xd ly, tai che CTNH de tao cO sd phap ly v i ky thuat cho viecip dung cae cdng nghe xU ly, tai ehe neu tren Ben canh dd d n phii tang eUdng edng tic giam sat, tra, kiem tra de dim bio cae edng nghe d i duoc d p phep hoat ddng tuan thii dung quy djnh, dat cic quy chuan ky thuit ve mdi tnidng - Ting cUdng eong tic nghien cUu khoa hoac ve cie edng nghS de xd ly, t i i che cic loaiCTNHdie thii, phii hpp vdi dieu kien eiia Viet Nam ddng thdi xay dung va ban hanh eic bp Ddi vdi chat th^i r j n sinh hoat - Trien khai cdng cu phip 1;^ cong tic quan iy chat thii rin smh hoat: Xic nhan b i o dam yeu d u bio ve mdi trudng ddi vdi CO sd xU iy chit thai ran sinh hoat trUdc hoat ddng d^ gdp phan ngin chin cic cdng nghe xU ly khdng dim bio ySu cau cdng tie bio ve moi trudng - Day manh xay dUng v i ban hinh nim 2015 Quy chuan ky thuit qudc gia vi mdi trUdng ddi vdi 16 dot chit thii rin sinh hoat Day la can cU ky thuit quan mang tinh sing lpc eho viec sin xuat, lua chon v i tham djnh 16 dot tU giai doan dau - Huy ddng mpi ngudn luc: Ngudn ngin sich nha nUde, quy bao ve mdi trUdng, cic to chUc, ci nhan v i ngoii nudc ngoai dau tU cho nghien cUu phattrien edng nghe xU ly chat thii ran sinh hoat theo hudng giam thieu luong chat thai ran chdn lip, ting cUdng ti le tai che, tai sddung v i thu hoi nang lapng tU chat thii Trien khai xay dUng md hinh diem ap dyng cie cdng nghe nghien eUu de lua chon cic md hinh cdng nghe phu hop, dat dUdc c i d c tiSu chive ky thuat, kinh te, xa hpi va mdi trUdng v i nhin rong tren pham vi ea nUdc -Trong thdi gian tdi, day manh hudng nghien cu'u ve viee dong xUiyCTRSH(nhU Id nung xi mang) - Khan trUong nghien cUu cdng bd suit von dau tU xiy dung CO sd xd lyCTRSHtheo hudng khuyen khich i p dung eac cdng nghe tien tien, dim bio eic yeu cau cdng tic bio ve mdi trudng, phii hpp vdi dieu kien Viet Nam, tien gan tdi suit von diu tU cac nUde tien tien khu vUc nham ning cao hieu qua xU ly chat thii - Kiem soit chat che de trinh tinh trang nhip khau cdng nghe khdng phu hop, die biet nhip khau Id ddt cong suit nhd khdng cd he thdng xii ly thii - Tnen khai tham dmh cdng nghe xU ly ClUSH miS dupe nghien cufu v i i p dung lan dau dViet Nam; Cdng bd rpng rai ket qui tham dmh lam dmh huong cho cac nha dau tutrong lUa chpn cdng nghe xU ly gop phan phat huy hieu qua diu tU.-> ' ' ^ ^ T A I LIEU THAM KHAO Bd Tii nguyen v i Mdi trUdng, Bao d o Mdi trUdng qudc gia 2011-Chit rin Hi Ndi Cic bio cio vi cdng tic quin ly chat thii sinh hoat, edng nghiSp,ytecOaSd Tai nguySn va Mdi trudng cic tinh, phd true thude Trung uong, 2009 - 2014 Cac bio d o quin I;? chat thii nguy hai, bio d o giaffi mdi trudng dinh ky ciJa d c chCi xU 1% tieu huy chat thii nguy hai, 2009-2014 Cie bd hd so ding ky hanh nghe xii iy, tieu hiiy CTNH luu tai Tong cue Mdi IrUcmg.*:* ^ ^'^s _«J:-^'.JBfe^B *;^'^W [52] www.phapluatnioitnjong.vn 'S6 (101) - TlO/2015 HAN CHi Sii DyNG TDI NY-LON OE BAG Vg MOI TRLTONG ... each chat che hdn phit sinh d Viet Nam hien nay, ddi vdi ciCTNHv iCTRSH.Ooi D61 vdl chdt thdiran sinh hoat vdl mot loai chat thii, viec i p dung eong nghe Id ddt cd Tai Viet Nam hien dang cd xu... tao nude), ehi phi chua cao khf thai phat sinh chua dupc kiem soat chat che, cd dau tu hop ly, de van hanh phu hpp dieu kien Viet Nam Ld nguy cO phit sinh Dioxin, Furan, la nguon gay d nhiem dot... dung mdt so cdng nghe xU ly CTRSH va CTNH dien hinh dViet Nam Ddi vdi Id quay, cdng nghe dang dan duoc i p dung tai Viet Nam Hien d Vi&t Nam cd 02 ca sd xd lyCTNHduoc cap phSp cd 16 ddt dang quay