TRUONG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc s6 21 (8 ; 4 THI^C TRANG LO AU VA CAC HINH THU''''C UTVG PHO CilA HOC SINH TRUNG HOC P H 6 THONG , 1 ^ • Nguyen Thanh Tam", Vu Minh Phu png" Doan Thj Dien", Tran[.]
TRUONG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc s6 21 (8-; THI^C TRANG LO AU VA CAC HINH THU'C UTVG PHO CilA HOC SINH TRUNG HOC P H THONG WCDi^ ,1^ • Nguyen Thanh Tam", Vu Minh Phu-png" Doan Thj Dien", Tran Van CJengO Tom t^t I Nghien cieu tim hieu moi quan hi giira thiec trang lo du vd cdc hinh thdc img phd vdi lo du cua hoc sinh trung hgc phd thdng, ihdng qua su dung thang lo du MASC vd thang ung CCSQ khdo sdt tren 390 hgc sinh cua hai trudng trung hoc thdng tren dia bdn Hd Ngi vd Hdi Duong Kk qud nghiin ciiti cho thdy, lo du xudt hiin khd phd biin dhgc sinh, nhung nhiiu hinh ihuc ung chm dugc su dung hiiu qud Tuong quan thudn vd nghich giiea cdc nhdm nhdn to lo du vd ieng phd diu co y nghia Bdi viit dua nhimg khuyen nghi ciing nhu di xudt cho cdc nghiin cuu tiip theo vi vdn^ ndy tuong lai Tiekhda: lodu, hinh thuc img phd, hgc sinh, trung hgc phd thdng thudng ngdy Dupc xem Id mgt van de cang Oat van de Sfress hay lo au qua muc co the pha vd can bien d HS, Io au tiiu hut sy quan tam nghien bang ttong cugc song va lam sinh nhieu he lyy Cliu cua nbieu nba giao dye, nha xa hgi hoc, nha tieu cyc kbac, Theo danh gia chung cua nhieu quoc tam ly hgc, khdng chi ve thyc tigng, nguyen nhan, gia tten the gidi, cdc roi loan lien quan den tam ly cac yeu to anh hudng ma ca cac bign phap iing pho, chiem 20 - 25% dan so Trong dd, rdi loan lo au la tieu bieu la Lazarus (1984), Beard (1879), Compas roi logn thudng gap va bien Ngbien ciiu cua (1987), Endler (1997) Rieger va cgng su (1990) cho tiiay cd khodng 15% Nghien cuu khdi dau cho img la co che dan sd not chung da ttai nghiem dau higu ddc trung phdng ve (Defense mechanism) cua SigmundFreud cua roi logn lo au va 2,3% den 8,1% dang cd roi logn duoc dng de cap den bai bao "The Neurolo du, ty le roi logn lo au tte em la 5,7% d^n 17,7% psychoses of Defense" (1894), tiep sau dugc [14] Theo Kashani va Orvaschel (1990), ty lg roi thdo luan ttong bai "Futber Remarks on the Neurologn lo au tte em va •vitiianhnien My la khodng 9% psychoses of Defense" (1896) vd "The Aetiology of [9] Ve lo au d hoc sinh (HS), bai tac gid Raakbee Hysteria" Tuy nhien, dng cbua phan logi va nghien va Apama (2011) thuc hien nghien ctm tten 100 cim mdt each cd be thong ve van de HS tfiong va tim rdng khoang 50% HS gap Nghien cuu ve each tbuc iing phd voi kho phai nbiing van de lo au khac d giai doan nao khan tam ly, vao nam 1984, cdc nha nghien cuu ^ dd [19] Tuong ty nhu vay, mgt nghien ciru Dat tim thay mdt each tiep cgn de ludng va danh ga Tan Nguyen va cong su (2013) tai Can Tbo, Vigt cac each iing phd, duoc tdm tdt ttong cong frinh Nam cho tfiay ti lg lo au Id 41,1 %, va ly cbu yeu cua Richard Lazarus, Berkeley va cpng sy Susan la dp lyc tir gig dinh va hgc tap [3 ] Ngbien cuu cua Folkman Hp da xac dinh dupc each ung bao tdc gid Jessica Hess (2014) tten HS My cho tfiay ti gom: doi dien vdt van de, co thoat khditinhhuong lg lo au la khoang 36% [6] Nhu vay, rtiiieu nghien khd khan; tim kiem su ho tip xa hpi; ganh vac trach Cliu tten the gidi va Viet Nam cho tiiay ti le lo au d nhigm; ne ttanh thyc tai; lap ke hoach gidi qifl'S HS la kha pbo bien, khodng tu 1/3 den 1/2 so HS van de vd hudng ve sy ticb cyc, Cac nha n^6n Lo au cd the din tdi nbieu be qua khac nbau cuu tin rdng nbimg each phdn anh hai kieu cff ve tdm ly, xa hdi va bpc tap cbo HS Theo mdt bao bdn cua su ung pbo: tap trung vao van d^ vat(ip cao nam 2007 ciia Bo Y te Uc, lo au la y §u to nguy trung vao cam xuc [II], CO gay cdc van de lien quan den hpc tap hay ldm Tgi Viet Nam, tten tfiuc te, mgt so bai bao I viec, cac moi quan he, va boat dgng ttong cugc song phdn anh viec bdi viet tten ttang Tuoi Tri Onliw vdi tieu de "Sue khde ldm thdn cua HS dang bi bo quin" [5] HS cd qua nhieu dp Iuc tir hgc hanh, fti '"' Tnrong Dai hpc Giao due, Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Npi cu, tii gia dinb va xa hpi, cd xu budng tdng lo an nhailiaiqoi H61 swvacadiftost lDii[17jTac! iiasii ihic biet trao jjitlisiiiinK cuaH W[ltTiiyiihim.i WiiElaHSTHP igtnveiiliaocadivi In flue die copes b hieu moi quan be ::[MciiaHSIJB^ ICackbainiei lloanbauba ^siisoijaihoacJal] fiirfiiiiigiiiiloaiii ^HiepboiSi[cLh( «"notngtroinikdii » l o ling (8 SafftigcaniaK Hliaiigiigaj'nhul " % v a cac moil ^LazanB[]i *"^"nSnoluc;ea *^«ci,l^ ^^^alaab^, "•^I'^lTl^Delo •soJli T R U O N G DAI H O C DONG THAP % 13:?ili; =35:ai laOKtE loclaiB: icbii»ii mm: vd tram cam Theo mpt cupc khdo sat 1.727 HS trung hpc co sd tai Ha Npi, cd 25,76% so HS cd van de ve siic khde tam than Nghien cim ciia nhdm gidng vien khoa Tam ly - Giao dye (Trudng Dgi Su pham - Dai hpc Hue) cho ket qud hau het HS Idp 12 Trudng Trung hpc thdng (THPT) Quoc hpc Hue deu ttai nghiem sttess ttong hpc t^ d miic dp cao Tac gia Nguyen Thi Hdng Phuong (2007) da chi nguyen nhan chinh gay roi loan lo au d HS: nhdm nguyen nhan lien quan den bpc tap, nhdm nguyen nhan lien quan den gia dinh, nhdm nguyen nhan lien quan den cdc moi quan bg xa hdi va nhdm nguyen nhan lien quan den bdn than HS [16], Tac gia Ho Thanh My Phuang va nhdm cdng tac vien (2007) phan tich nguyen nhan gay sttess vd each phdng chong sttess ttong cdng viec va gia dinh [17] Tac gia Nhan Thi Lac An (2010) chi sy khac biet ttong vigc img phd trudc nhirng khd khan tam ly cua HS THPT d thdnh Ho Chi Minh [1] Tuy nhien, chua cd nghien ciiu nao tten khach the la HS THPT - lira tiioi dang dan hoan tfiien ve nban each va dimg trudc nhimg lua chon day dp lyc cho cugc song, Nghien ciiu nhdm tim hieu moi quan he giiia thyc ttgng va bien phap ting phd cua HS gap cac van de gay lo au, Cac khai niem Roi loan lo au bao gom cac roi logn dgc trung bdi su sp hai hogc lo ldng qua muc, vd cd hen quan den nbiing roi loan nhieu ve hanh vi (DSM-5) [2] vi-.jiis Theo Higp hdi Sire khde tam than quoc gia My, doi vdi mdt ngudi mdc chiing roi logn lo au, ho lo ldng la"-'-? va su lo lang ndy cd the ttd nen toi te hon theo thdi gian Nhihig cam xuc cd the cdn ttd cac hoat ddng hang ngdy nhu hieu suat lam vigc, viec hpc d trudng, vdcac moi quan he [15] Theo Lazarus (1993), ung phd nhu tong the XD:£'S' cua nhung no lyc ve nhan thuc va bdrtii vi de qudn ly cac nhu cau ben ngodi hoac ben cy the duac danh gia la nd vupt qua cdc kha nang cua ngudi [10] Theo Delongis va cpng su (2011), khdi nigm ung phd dupc hieu Id sy no lyc nhan tbuc va dua ra, tfiuc bign cac hdrtii vi de gidi quyet van de [4] Ket hpp vdi vigc tong hpp khdi niem tmg phd ttong mpt so cdng trinh nghien ciiu tai Vigt Nam ve each img phd, nhu cua tac gid Phan Thj Mai Huong (2007) [7], Dmh Thi Hong Van (2014) [20, tt 18], NguyenThiHuang(2013) [8,tt I7],NguyenHim >i-,i'T2a m^ Tap chf Khoa hpc so 21 (8-2016) Long (2015) [12, tt 23], chimg tdi nit khai mem img phd la duong dau doi mat vdi nhung tinh huong bat thudng Theo nghta rpng, iing phd bao gom tat cd cac dang tuong tdc cua chu the vdi nhiing yeu cau cua the gidi ben ngoai va ndi tam - nam bat Iam chu hay ldm siQf gidm, lam quen bay ldng ttanh khdi nhung yeu cau cua hoan cdnh cd van de Nhihig dieu kien ben ngoai - yeu cau cua hodn cdnh, hay ben ttong - dgc diem tam ly ciia cbii the, tao nen npi dung cua each iing phd, Idm chung hodn toan khac biet vdi sy tbicb iing don gian Lo au d HS THPT la su bat an cua HS THPT ve van de nao dd (tinh buong, nhung van de sinb frong cupc song ) Tuy nhien, cd nhieu em khdng he biet rrtinh dang bi lo du, cdc em khdng cd su can thiep gi, khien tinh ttang cang trd nen nghiem ttgng Tdm Igi, iing pbd vdi lo au la duong dau doi mat va gidi quyet su bat an thoang qua hoac dai dang kbi phdi doi dau vdi mdt su de doa, mgt cdng vigc khd hoan thanb, mdt tinb buong cu the nao dd cugc song To chirc va phmmg phap nghien cihi Nghien cim duoc tbuc bien tten 390 HS tir ldp 10 den Idp 12, tai trudng THPT tten dja bdn Ha Ngi va Hdi Duong So HS tfiam gia bao gom 233 HS nu (chiem 59,7%) va 157 HS nam (chiem 40,3%) Nhu vay, kbacb the tuong doi dong deu ve mat gidi tinh Do tuoi trung binb cua khdch the la 16,87 (do lech chuan 0,79) Phuong phap nghien ciiu Hai tbang duac su dung de tai la tbang lo au (Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (1997), viet tdt la MASC, cua tdc gia John S March, Trudng Dgi hgc Duke, HoaKy) [13] va thang img phd (Children's Coping Sttategies Checklist, viet tdt Id CCSC (1990), cua tac gia Ay ers va cdng sy, Trudng Dai hpc Bang Arizona, Hoa Ky) [18] Day la cac tbang cd licb su phdt trien lau ddi, cd dp tin egy va higu lyc cao, da dupc dich va thich nghi ve ngdn ngir tieng Vet Thang lo au MASC gom 39 cau hdi, dd la nhihig bieu hien the hign sy lo au ttong cudc song cd lien quan den gia dinh, hgc tap hay chinh bdn than cac em Vdi bon pbuang an ttd ldi: "Khdng bao gid diing vdi em", "Thinh tfioang diuig vdi em", "Thudng xuyen diing vdi em" va "Ludn ludn dimg Tap chi Khoa hpc so 21 (8-; TRUCfNG DAI HOC DONG THAP vdi em" tuong img vdi so diem lan lugt Id 0, 1,2, ban 22, Dau tien, cac pban tich thong ke nhutinh Tuang tu, tfiang ung phd CCSC co 60 cau tan suat (Frequencies), phan tram, ty ie, dp lech Dd la nhung bign phap ung dugc su dyng chuan (Stardard Deviation, viet tdt la SD), diem doi vdi lo au, Cdc phuong an trd ldi: khdng trung bmh (Mean, viet tat la M) dugc sudungdj bao gid, ddi khi, tiiinh tiiodng va phan ldn tiidi gian tinb toan nhttng dac diem chung ciia khach the ngbien cuu nhu tuoi tac, gidi tinh, ldp hoc Tiep tuong ung vdi so diem la I, 2, 3, 4, Cdc tfiang MASC va CCSC dupc djch va tbeo, phan tich nhan to (factor analysis) duacsij thich nghi ve ngon ngii vdo Viet Nam bdi mpt nhdm dyng de xem xet cac nhan to (hoac la cac tieu cac nha khoa hgc tu Trudng Dai hgc Vanderbilt, thang do) d mdi bang hoi lo an va ung Hoa Ky vd Trudng Dai hgc Giao dye, Dai hpc Sau dd, he so tm cay ben Cronbach's Alpha Qu6c gia Ha Npi, Dau tien, trac nghiem dugc dich duoc tinh cho tung nhan to va cho toan bo thang tu tieng Anh sang tieng Viet, duoc djch ngupc tii Cuoi cung, cac test thdng ke nhir tuong quan, tieng Vigt sang tieng Anh, sau dd nhom cbuyen gia so sanh (ANOVA) diroc sir dung de xem xet su hpp lai va quyet dinh giii, bo hoac dieu chinh cho lien quan va su khac biet ve cac bieu hien lo au mdi cau (item) cua tbang Hai tfiang dang vd cdch thuc iing phd theo ldp, gidi tinh, hoc luc dugc su dung ttong mgt so nghien cuu ttong dy an Ket qua nghien cuii cua Pbd Giao su Bahr Weiss - Dai hgc Vanderbilt Dau tien, chimg tdi thdng ke mo ta de tim va cdc cdng su so lupng va ty le % cac bieu hien lo au Phan Idn Vdi dii lieu thu thap duoc, chiing tdi tien hanh HS deu CO nhtrng bieu hien lo au (d nhimg mirc pban tich tren phan mem thong ke SPSS phien dp khac nhau) Bang Bieu hien lo au thuomg gS|i \ a it t>ap o^ HS % Bieu Iiien lo au ttimmg gap Em CO ging het vang lm bo me va thay co giao Bieu hien lo au it gap % 68 Em bi run o tii\ 23 Em CO ging lam moi vi§c hoan hao 67 Em gap kJio kh.in Irong vice hit th(t 197 Em cam ihay hoi hfip, lo ling phai trinh diln/noi trmirc dam dong 63 Em c t o tha\ tire nguc 19 Tay Clia em mirirl mo hoi hoac lanli 18.5 Em CO gang lam vita long moi ngiroi 62,7 Khi gap phai van de lo au, HS su dyng nbieu buih thuc img khdc nbau, nhihig hinb thuc ung pbo duoc su dung nhieu duoc liet ke ttong bang Bang Hinh thuc ung vol lo au duuc HS lua chgn nhi^u Hinh thirc ihig vai lo au Em nghe nhac thir gian Em CO chu y hoac nglil v^ nhiing dieu tdt dq) troi^ cuoc ddi minh Em xem tivi de thu gian Em tir nhu ring moi viec se t6t dep hon Bdng So sanh mii'c lo au a H S v e gioi kh^i \&p, hoc luc \k khu v u c song Nhom Gioi linh Nam M 1,07 1,25 Kiioi lop 26 Lop 10 1,25 Lop 11 1.12 Lop 12 1,17 r P 24,941 0,000 4,294 0,014 Tien hanh so sanh bang ANOVA muc lo au d HS ve mat gidi tinh, khoi ldp, hoc luc va khu vyc song, ket qua cbo thay Ve gldl linh Ket qua trinh bay bang cho thay p