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Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHX Nghien cmi Giao (fac Tap 30 So 1 (2014) 43 51 TRAO DOI Nhung thay doi trong dao tao giao vien tai Nhat Ban Mai (^uang Huy'''' Trudng Dgi hoc Gido due Dai hoc Qudc gia Hd Noi 144 X[.]
Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHX Nghien cmi Giao (fac_ Tap 30 So (2014) 43-51 TRAO DOI Nhung thay doi dao tao giao vien tai Nhat Ban Mai (^uang Huy' Trudng Dgi hoc Gido due - Dai hoc Qudc gia Hd Noi 144 Xudn Thtry Cdu Gidy Hd Noi Viet Sam Nhan 12 thang 11 n^m 2013 Chinh sua 24 t h ^ 12 nam 2013: chdp nhan dang 24 thang nam 2014 Tom tat: Tu sau Chien tranh the gidi lan thir hai, ciing voi viec sap xep lai he thdng giao due qudc dan, Nhat ban dS co nbOng cai each can ban ddi vdi he thdng d ^ tao giao vien: cac truong su pham triQ'en thong dupc sSp xep tai cac truimg dai hpc quoc lap moi tinh co it nhat mdt tnrdng dai hpc quoc lap cd khoa giao due He thdng dao tao giao % ien moi dupc xay dung c6 ba dac diem coban la: {!) Tiin hanh cac co sdgiao due dai hpc: (2) La be thdng md va(3) Dua tren he thong chdng chi He thdng dao tao da iap img nhan luc ^ e gido due cho sa ph^ trien sau chi&n tranh Dap ung cac yen cau thdi dai \a xa hoi Nhal Ban diu tha ky XXI Nhat Ban da cdng bo cac \ an kien trinh bay ve dao ^ o giao vien va he thdng chiing chi day hoc tuong laL Troi^ eac van kien cac nguyen tac "dao tao giao vien cac trudng dai hoc" va "dao tao giao vien mdt he thdng md" tiep tuc dupc di^" tri vdi nhung cai lien can thiet de d ^ ung cac y£u cau hien Ba bien p h ^ dupc dua la: (1) Cai tien cac tieu chu^ chit lupng cac chuong trinh dao tao giao uen (2) Xa> dung cac chuong Uinh dao tao giao vi£n d trinh dp s^j dai bpc va (3) Dua be tbong mdi ^ e gia han cbung chi day hpc Tif khoa: Giao vien, Nh|t Ban chiing chi day hpc, phim chai va nang luc Cai each dao tao giao vien sau Chiln tranh the gidi iSn thw 11 A »Ti.-^ Tl- J- •• I LO Nhat Ban, viec dao tao giao vien cho he ; -.J !_ J - L-, j i „• - lo-n i ; thong giao due hien dai bat dau tu nam 1872 vtn •• ^T_- i_ 1•' ^ ' X- ioo£ viec lap cac traang sir pham Nam 1886, ,' _ C,O nhiem ' ' deu f Lhoc, 1- 1.; pham vu dao tao giaoJ vien cac tiuong cao dSng sir pham duoc bo ttuong cao dins su pham dao lao giao vienlap truns i _ L•.•; J" L T ã u ã ã' ã^t.ô^'^h,.^'ô,ôi.ằ " sungvacho heviai thong su pham Iraong su hoc Eiao chodao cac tao truong su pham Tlie Inoue (1975), cii each dao tao giao vien tai NTiat Ban sau Chien tranh The gidi lan thii II dugc tien hanh theo anh hudng cda Hoa ' lL?^^'n?|SlTL Ky Xhat Ban bi quan ddi Hoa Ky chiem ddng Vao nam 1946 phai doan giao due Hoa Ky tdi khao sat Nhat Ban da dua bao cao vdi ^ " , * * , cac de xuat: s a o vien phai auac dao tao ^, '^ -,' , cac truons dai hoc hoac cao dang da nganh s , , ; , nghiep kiendao thuctao ve eiao n ^ e vien day hoc Sau cac chucnigva tnnh bao gom ba thao luan, = ,cac chuyen , ,' gia ~• Hoa Ky va•, Nhat, Ban phan la eiao due dai cuong, giao due chuyen da di tdi quyet dinh bon nguyen tac sau hen - ^ .;•' ' ' i • i T L c • quan tdi viec oao tao giao vien; Giao vien duoc dao lao mot tnrdng dai hoc da nganh; Moi ^ j ^ ^ '.^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^ „ j ^^^^ jgp ^ ^ | t ^Q^ ^^^^ ^ j ^ ^^^ l^p (Xajjonaj University) c6 mot khoa chiu trach nhiem ve dao "o si^ ™- T™? ""^e W !>*=• I"^' ' M.Q Huy Tap chi Khoa hoc GHOCHN Nghien cim Gido due Tdp 30 S61 (2014) 43-51 ciu vh giao vien cho bac hgc phd cap ve ca ban da dugc giai quylt [3] thinh lap khoa hgc hai nam d^ dao tao giao viSn cho bac phd cap, va ban hanh Luat Chiing chi nhan sit Giao due di quy dinh yeu cau cho nghe giSo va di£u chmh cac khung chuong trinh cac linh vuc ki£n thiic nhu khoa hgc co ban va khoa hgc giao dye [1] Ciing vdi vi?c dao tao giio vien cac trudng dai hgc quoc lap, cac co sd giio due dai hgc cong lap (public - tradng cac tinh ho$c thinh phd true thugc tinh lap), tu thyc diu CO thi tham gia mgt each binh ding vi$c dio tao giio vien cCia he thdng niy bing each trang bj cho sinh vien s6 tin chi tfieo quy dinh ciia Luit Chiing chi nhan su Giao due de hg cd the tham dtf cac ki thi liy chiing chi day hgc D8 trd giao vien, ngoai vi?c hoan mgt chuong trinh dao tao giao due dgi hgc hoac thac sT, ngudi hgc phai hoin thinh chuang trinh dio tao giio vien dugc quy dinh Luat Chiing chi nhan sir Giao due, va tham gia ki thi cip chung chi day hoc Hgi d6ng Giio due cic tinh, thinh td chuc Cic chting chi dugc chia ba hang la chuyen mon (sensyu), hang nhit va hang hai tily thugc trinh dg cua ngudi du thi Chiing chi dgy hgc mam non va tieu hoc cho phep day hgc tat ca cac mdn hgc, chiing chi day hgc trtuig hgc co sd va trung hgc phd thdng v i trung hgc nghe cho phep dgy mgt mdn hoc [4] Tir nam 1998, Nhit Ban dua vio he thong giio due logi hinh tmdng tnmg hgc lien cip sa trang va cao trung De dugc giing day a ci hai cip hgc tradng, giao vien phii cd ca hai lo?i chiing chi dgy hgc [5] Tren co sd cac dao luat ve giao due nhu Lu|t Ccr ban ve Giao due, Luat Giao due nha trudng va Lugt Chung chi nhan su Giao due, h? thdng giao due dai hgc mdi dugc hinh thanh, h | thdng dio tao giio vien cac tnidng su pham bj hiiy bo, De tao ngudn nhin lire vdi tim nhin rgng, vdi kidn Ihuc chuyen mdn va kl nSng cao, moi linh, da lap it nhat mgt tradng dai hgc quoc lap Theo cac dao luat \h giao diic dugc ban hanh, 249 co so giao due dgi hgc va chuyen nghiep dugc hgp nhat 68 tradng dai hgc qudc lap Cic trudng dai hoc qudc lap c6 khoa giio due ho$c trudng dao tao giao vien, de dao t?o giao vien cho giao due mSm non, tilu hgc va trung hoc [2] M5c dii ve nguyen tic cac khda dao tao giio vien d Nhat Ban dugc thuc hi^n bdn nim, nhung Nhit Ban da nhanh chdng hinh cac khda hgc dio tgo giio vien hai nim de dap ung nhu ciu \'e giao vien cho b|c cap (tieu hgc va trung hgc ccr sd) Nim 1952, cac khoa hgc dugc chia lam hai nhanh: mgt nhinh dio tao giao vien tieu hgc v i nhanh dio tao giao vien trung hgc co so Cic khda dao tao giao vien hai nim dS dugc chim diit vao nam 1963 nhu Kawakami (2005) da tdm tit cic ca sd dio tao giao vien v i cac chirng chi cd the dat dugc Bing duoi day [6] Bang 1: H^ thong dSo t?io giio vi6n vi cap ph^p dgy hpc d Nhat Ban CP sd giao due dgi hpc Van bana Trudng cao dang cdng Igp valu thvc Cao dang 48 trudng dgi hpc qu6c lap co khoa giio diic (Irir dai hpc quoc Igp Tottori khong dio tao giio vJin tieu hpc vi trung hpc co sd) Cii nhan Trudng dai hpc quoc Igp, cong Igp vi tu thyc Khac Cic tradng dgi hpc cung cap cic chuong trinh d trinh dp thgc si (chu y6u li 48 tradng dgi hpc qudc Igp c6 khoa giio due) p , Thgc sJ Chiing chi giang day Chung chi hgng hai cho vi^c giang day mam non, tieu hpc vi tmng hpc CO sd Chdng chi hgng nhit cho vi^c giang dgy mam non, li^u hpc, trang hgc co sd, trang hpc thfing vi trang hpc nghe Chiing chi hgng nhat cho vi^c giang dgy mam non tifiu hpc, tmng hpc ca sd trung hpc thdng vi trung hgc nghe Chiing chi cao cap cho viec giang day mam non tieu hpc trang hpc co sd, trang hgc ph6 thdng vi trang hpc nghe HQ-Huy Tapchi Khoa hoc DHQGHN N^ienahi Gido dac Tap 30 So CQl4, 43-51 Theo Numano (2010), tai thai diem ngiy thang nam 2008 Nhal Ban cd 582/729 tnrdng dai hgc (trong dd cd 47 73 trudng dai hgc qudc lap), 423 597 co sd dio tao sau dai hgc vi 277/385 trudng cao dang cd cic khda dio tgo giao vien Tuc la co tren 70% so co sd giio due dai hgc cd cac khda dio tao giao vien Bing : Yeu ciu doi vdi cac loai chun.gchi dgybpc YeucaucCT bin ve trinh dp dupe dao tao Logi chiing chi day hpc Trudng mau giao Trudng tieu hpc Trudng trung hpc so trung Tnrdng trung bpc cao trang Cao cap Hgng nhit Hgng hai Cao cap Hgng nhat Hgng hai Cao cap Hgng nhit Hgng hai Cao cap Hanenhit Thac si E>aihpc Cao ding Thacsf E}aihpc Cao ding ThacsT E>aihpc Cao ding Tha; si Dai hoc Ciing theo Lugt ve chung chi nhan su giio due cac chuang trinh dao tao giao vien ciing vdi so tin chi cho cac hgc phin giao due chuyen nghiep (xem bang 2), cdn co phan giao due dai cuang gdm hgc phan Hien phap Nliat Bin The due Giao tiep bing tieng nude ngoai \ a Su dvjig cdng cu tin hgc, moi hgc phan gom tin chi Chiing chi day hgc gdm ba loai li phd thong, die biet va tam thdi Chiing chi phd thong la loai thdng dung nhit va thudng dugc xem nhu "giay phep day hgc" Chiing chi niy dugc -cap bdi Hgi dong Giao due cac tinh, ^A cho ngudi tdt n ^ e p chuong trinh dao tao giao vien cac tradng dai hgc hoic cic ca sd giao due duoc Bg Giao due Van hda, Khoa hgc va Cong nghe Nliat Ban (Monbukagakusbo) cbo phep dio tgo giao vien, Chung chi co hieu luc tren ca nude Nhat Ban va cd gia tri 10 nim sau cd thi dugc gia han bing viec tham du mgt khda dao tgo gia han chiing chi day hgc tai trudng dgi hgc Chirng chi phd thdng chia ba hgng la chuyen mdn hang nhat v i hang hai phu Ihugc vao trinh dg dugc dao lao cua ung \-ien Sdtin chi tdi thieu Bdsung Chuyi;n Su phgm (chuy^ mdn/su pham) 35 34 35 to 27 4] 34 41 10 31 20 31 32 20 31 10 21 20 23 40 20 23 16 De nhan dugc chirng chi chuyen mdn, giao vien phai cd bing thac sT v i tich liiy nhilu hem sd tin chi quy dinh d trudng sau dai hgc ciing vdi sd tin chi quy dinh cho hang nhat De cd the nhan duac chiing chi hang nhat, irng vien phii cd mdt van bing cti nhan v i phai d'ch luy dugc tdi thieu sd tin chi quy dtnh cho hgng nhat tai cac trudng dai hgc Chirng chi hgng hai dugc cap cho ngudi cd trinh cao dang \ a tich lily du sd tin chi ve chuyen mdn v i su pham Ngudi cd chiing chi hang hai ludn dugc yeu cau nang cap len chirng chi hang nhat Iheo each thuc phii hgp nhat {7] Nhat Ban chi ba dac trung ddi vdi he thdng dao tao giio \ien ciia ho Thit nhat, dao tao giao vien dugc tien hanh cac tivdng dai hgc da nganh De trd thinh giao vien, dieu dau tien l i iing vien phii hoan mgt chuang trinh giao due dgi hgc Thii hai dio tao giao vien dugc tien hinh mgt he thdng md: cac co sd giao due dgi hoc neu co du dieu kien deu dugc td chirc cac khda dao tgo phin chuyen mdn va nghiep vu chuan bi cho viec thi lay chiing chi day hgc Thii ba, dua tren he MOHuy Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN-Nghien cuu Gido dvc Tap 30 S61 (2014) 43-51 thdng chiing chi; &k trd thinh giio vien sau hoc xong cac chuang trinh dao lao phii tham dy mdt ii thi liy chiing chi day hgc Hgi ddng Giao due tinh td chirc [8, 9] Theo Arimoto (2002), qua trinh hgc tap &h trd thinh giao vien o Nhat Ban tap tmng vio vi?c lam cho nhiing kinh nghiem thuc tiln cua ngudi di trudc thich nghi vdi nhu cau cua ho Nhitng ngudi mdi bit dau nghe day hoc thudng cd gang tgo lap phong each day hgc ciia minh thong qua qua trinh thu - v i - sai lap di lap lai Giio vien tap sy hgc giang dgy thdng qua thuc hanh nhdm, lap luan quy nap v i tu nhan thuc de llnh hdi nhirng kJ nang mdi Sinh vien su phgm dugc khuyen khich tham gia cac hoat dgng giio dye cac nhi tradng phd thong nhu cac su ki?n nghi ll, thi diu the due the thao, hogt ddng vin hda nghe thuat, nhung chuang trinh nghien Cliu tu nhien NTiiing hoat dgng die biet bao gdm ca cac hoat dgng dugc thiet ke de tao diSu kien phat triSn kT nang sdng va su hgp tic sinh vien, nhu nhiing cugc thi the thao toan tradng hay nhihig hoat dgng cau lgc bo chinh sinh vien tu dimg td chirc Moi tradng dfiu CO mdt ban lam nhiem vy ndi ket nhung muc tieu hgc tap vdi viec td chiic cac nhdm nghien ciru va nhung bii hgc thao diln Sinh vien duac yeu cau quan sat cac bai hgc thao dien nhu mdt gid hgc chinh thuc thdng qua tham gia thyc t§ d vong ngoii de hieu mgt vien cgng dong hogt ddng thuc tien nhu the nao Xu hudng niy die bi§t dugc coi trgng cac trudng thuc nghiem Viec dao tao tiep tuc cho cic giio vien mdi dugc bit dau tir nam 1989, Cac truang dai hgc cd vai trd chii yeu vi?c giiip sinh vien cd dugc nhiing pham chit va ning lyc tdi thieu cua giao vien, cdn viec dio tao tiep tuc la co hgi chii yeu de cac giao vien mdi ting cudng ning lyc thyc hanh va trau ddi pham chat nghe nghi?p Nhung nam dau day hgc co vai tro dac bi?t quan trgng ddi vdi giao vien mai vi hg dugc k^t ndi dio tao ban dau d trudng dai hgc vdi thuc tien sinh dgng trudng phd thdng, Viec dao tgo tiep tuc dugc thuc hien doi vdi tit ca giao vien mdi cac tradng qudc lap va cdng lap vdng mgt nim sau dugc tuySn dung, va Hdi ddng Giao dye tmh thinh triln khai thuc hien, nhim muc dich giup cac giao vien cd dugc nhgn thirc day du ve nghe giao vien v i cd thai phat trien cic hoat dgng giao due mdt each ddc lap Chuang trinh dao tgo trai dai ca nim hgc vdi moi tuan hai {hoac khoang 60 ngay) va dugc tien hinh d trudng phd thdng, nhiing giio vien mdi nhin dugc cic hudng dan tir cic giio vien cd kinh nghifm, va moi tuin mgt (hoac khoang 30 ngiy) dugc giinh cho viec dy gid, xemina v i cac khda huan luyen thuc te khac bao gdm ca cac cugc hgi thio dugc td chiic tai cac tmng tam giio due ciia cac co sd khac ben ngoii tmdng hgc Sau chuang trinh nay, cac giao vien mdi bao cio cac ket qua v6 nhihig diSu ho da co thi cd nh|in thiic ve sir mgng va y thiic trich nhiem ddi vdi giio vien, hgc cich van hanh mdt gid hgc, quan li ldp hgc, va thiet lap mdi quan he vdi tre em, va cd cac kinh nghi?m khic Ngudi ta cung nhan thiy iing cac giao vien mdi cd thi cai thien dang ke pham chat v i nang lire cua hg tham gja mgt cac tich cyc va tu nguyen vao qua trinh dio tgo niy [10] "Dio t^o giao vien va hf thong chiing chi day hgc tutmg lai": Nhiiiig djnh huong doi vdi d i o tao giao vien dau t h i ki XXI Tren trang Web cua Vien Nghien ciiu giao due qudc gia, Numano (2010) d i cu the hda hai van de lien quan den viec dao tgo giio vien Thu nhat, nhung thay ddi mdi tradng x i hgi ciia tre em, giio vien cin dip iing dugc cic thich cang gia ting nhu vi?c cung cap cac tu van giao due cho cic hgc sinh bi ldi cudn vao cac hien tugng bao lyc va bit nat d UQ Huy I Tap chi Khoa hoc BHQGHN Nghien cuu Cido due T^ 30, So I C914) 43-3i tmdng hgc, ho trg cho tre em can sir trg giiip die biet va ning lire cua cac gia dinh v i cdng ddng viec giup dO tre em dang bi suy giam Thii hai, neu nhin vio ciu tnic dd tudi ciia ddi ngii giio vien hien tai, ngudi ta udc tfnh ring 34% hay 200.000 giao vien se nghi huu 10 nim tdi, mgt sd lugng ldn giao vien vin dang thyc hi£n nhiem vu dgy hc>c Do do, ca ve so iugng v i chit lugng, dao tgo va bdi dudng mdt dgi ngii giao vien chit lugng cao trd nen mot van de cyc ki quan trgng [11] Tuan bio The Japan Time 29 thing nam 2012 de cap den van de "cac giao vien ciia Nhat Ban nhin chung cd hgc vi thip han giio vign d cac nude phit trien khac" To bio viet: "Khong the ndi ring hgc vi se ty dgng lam cho dd trd nen mdt giao vien tuyet vdi hoic cac giao vien khdng cd hgc vj se trd nen tdi te ban Giao vien gidi cd nhiiu pham chit khac nhu ldng tir bi, kien nhan va sang tao ma nhirng phim chit khdng thi phat triln dugc nlu thifiu viec dio tao chinh thiic NTiung giao vien cd the phat trien nhirng pham chat va lam cho chiing cd kha ning ting dung Idn han bing each nghien cuu cic li thuyet ve giao due va chuyen mdn ciia hg theo nhiing each cd he thdng va chit ch£ Hien nay, phan Idn cac giao vien tieu hgc v i tmng hgc d T^at Bin chi cd bdn nam hgc d cip dgi hgc Khi thi gidi trd nen phiic tap han, diSu dudng nhu khdng cdn du de dap ling nhung thach thiic mdi den hgc sinh" [12] Nhirng vin de neu tren d i dit yeu cau dua nhiing thay ddi can thiet viec dao tgo giio vien He thdng dao lao giao vien tai Nhat ban dugc thiet Igp tir sau Chien tranh The gidi thir II da hogt dgng trSn nua thi ki, va can c6 nhung thay ddi phii hgp de dip iing vdi dieu ki£n mdi Budc sang th£ ky XXI, Bd Giao due Van hda, Khoa hgc v i Cdng nghe Nhat Bin d i cong bd mgt so vdn kien dinh hudng cho nhung thay ddi h? thdng niy de dip irng nhirng yeu ciu mdi cua x i hgi Nhat Ban va bdi canh qudc te Trong thap nien diu ciia the ky XXI, Bd Giio due Van hda, Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe da ban hanh cic van kien: "Hinh he thdng giio due phd cap cho iJidi dai mdi" (2005), ' ^ i o tao giao vien va he thdng chiing chi dgy hgc ftrong Iai" (2006) dinh hirdng cho nhirng thay ddi viec dao tao \a tuyen dung gjio vien Tiep do, thing nim 2007 Luat Chiing chi nhan sy Giao due duac sira ddi Trong cic van kien nay, cic nguyen tic "dio tao giao vien cac tradng dai hgc" v i "dao tao giao vien mdt he didng md" tiep tuc dugc tri vdi nhirng cai thien nhit dinh Van kien "Dio tgo giao vien va he thdng chirng chi day hoc tuong lai" gdm hai phan ldn la Cach tiep can co ban ve cai each dao tgo giio vien va he thdng cap phep, va Nliimg bien p h ^ cu the ve cai cich dao tgo giao vien va he thong cap phep Theo van kien, viec ap dung cac nguyen tic "dao tao giio v cac tmdng dgi hgc" va "dao tao giao v he thdng md" tii sau Chien tranh the gidi lin thii hai da tao ddi ngu giio vien cd chat lugng cao, dap iing yeu ciu phd cap, md rgng giao due va phit trien xa hgi, nhtmg xem xet cic chuang trinh dao tao giao vien cac tradng dai hgc, cd the chi ba van de sau: Thii nhat, viec xay dung md hinh ngudi giao vien viec dao lao d cac trudng dai hoc li mgt viec can thiet, hien tai d cic tradng dai hgc dang xac lap va theo dudi triet li niy ddi vdi viec dao tgo giio vien, nhung qua cac chuang trinh dio tao giio vien chua lam ro dugc cac muc toi thieu ve pham chit va nang luc m i sinh vien se cd dugc sau qua trinh dio tgo Thu hai, chuong trinh dao tgo giao vien dii dugc nhin thiic cd muc dich dio tao giio vien, nhiing nguiri lim viec mang tinh chuyen nghiep cao nhung vi chua cd su thong nhat giua cac giang vien cac tradng dai hgc nen su phan chia cic hgc phan chuang trinh dao tgo thinh "cac hgc phan chuyen mdn'' va "cac hgc phin su M.O Hm-> Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN Nghien dm Giao dijc Tdp 30 S61 pham" chua dugc li giii day du, vi vay viec bien soan chuong trinh, tinh phu hgp v i tinh lien tuc ciia ngi dung giira cic hgc phan chua dugc xem xet diy dii, viec bien soan ngi dung cd the la chua dugc lam tuang xiing Nhu Iwata (2004) chi la cac giang vien giang day ve khoa hgc ca ban va giang vien giang dgy khoa hgc giao due thudng cd xu hudng nhan manh hon vai trd lmh vyc minh giang day dao tao giio vien [13j Thii ba, viec hgc tap thien Ifch nhieu ve tinh chuyen mdn ctia cac Hnh vuc nghien ciiu cua cic giang vien dgi hoc, vgy cac vin de sinh thyc tt cic tradng phd thdng khdng dugc chii y day dii Mat khac, phuong phip dgy hgc chii ylu la thuylt trinh, ben cgnh viec luyen tap hay thyc nghiem, thuc tip chua dugc coi dung mtic, viec td chitc cic bai giing mau cua cic giio vien cd kinh nghiem hgn che, viec dao tao ning lyc dgy hgc mang tinh thyc lien chua dugc dip img day du, Dieu nj^ cang dugc nhgn thiy r5 cac chuong trinh trinh dg thac sT [14], Dya tren nhirng phin tich thuc trang va vin de dio tgo giao vien, h? thdng chiing chi nghe nghiep nbu tren, nhiing phan tich bdi canh qudc te, va x i hgi NTigt Ban duong dai, van ki^n d i chi yeu ciu ve pham chit va nang lyc can thiet d mirc tdi thieu ddi vdi giao vien Nhirng phim chat va ning lyc dugc yeu ciu d6i vdi giao vien mgi thdi dgi bao gdm y thiic ve su m?nh ddi vdi mgt nhi giao due, hilu biit sau sic ve sy tradng va phit triln ciia ngudi, tinh yeu thuong mang tinh giao due ddi vdi tre em, kien thirc chuyen mdn virng vang, n6n tang vin hda rgng v i phong phii, nang lyc td chirc thyc hifin cd tinh thuc tien dya tren cac dieu cin ban ndi tren w , NhOng phim chit va ning lyc die biet cin thilt cho giao vien tuang lai bao gdm pham chit va nang lyc dl hanh dgng tren quan diem toan ciu (su hilu biet thich hpp lien quan den toin cau, qudc gia v i ngudi, tinh nhan Ioai phong phii, nhirng (2014)43-51 phim chat va nang lyc ca bin can thiet dl tdn tai x i hdi quoc te), nhirng pham chat va ning lyc ddi vdi cac vien xa hdi de sinh tdn x i hdi cd nhieu bien dgng (ning luc phat hi?n vin de, ning lyc xay dyng v i tri quan he, tri thiic v i kT ning de thich iing vdi sy biln dgng cua xa hgi), nhihig phim chat v i ning luc ddi hdi duong nhien ddi vdi nghe nghiep ciia giio vien (kiln thiic, kT nang va thai dd de day hgc, giao due hgc sinh; y thiic doan ket, long tu hao v i tinh yfiu ddi vdi nghe giio; nhu'ng hieu biet diy du ve ban chat ciia thieu nhi - hgc sinh va viSc giio due) [15], Trade do, van ki?n: "Hinh he th6ng giao due cap cho thdi dai mdi" d i neu ba ti^u chuan ddi vdi giao vien: Thii nhat, cd nilm dam me mgnh me ddi vdi viec giing day the hi?n d niem ty hao va trach nhiem ddi vdi cac cdng viec cua ngudi giao vien, tinh yeu v i trich nhi?m ddi vdi tre em ,; Thii hai, giio vifin la lyc luang chuyen gia dang tin cay ve giio dye the hien a nang lyc hieu bill tre em, nang lyc quin li giao due hgc sinh, nang td chirc boat dgng tap the, ning tgo siic mgnh cho Idp hgc sinh, nang luc day hgc va to chuc cac hoat dgng hgc tap, nang lyc giii thich cac tai lieu hgc tap ; Thu ba, giao vien la ngudn nhan lyc tdng hgp the hien d cic phim chit nhan each nhu nhin tinh va x i hdi tinh phong phii, kha ning quan h? le phep vdi mgi ngudi, ning lyc giao tiep v i hgp tie vdi giao vien tradngvavdi toan Ihl giao vien [16] De dao tao v i tri dpi ngii giao vien cd dugc nhirng phim chat va nang lyc nhu tren, hai cii each dugc dl li: Cai each chuong trinh dio tgo giao vien d tradng dai hgc nhim dam bao chac chic vi^c cd dugc cac pham chit ning luc can thiet tdi thieu cho mdt giao vien; va cii each he thdng chiing chi day hoc dl dam hio chac chan cac pham chit nang luc tdi thieu ddi vdi giio vien suot cudc ddi day hgc ciia hg Ba bien phip cu the de cai each dio tgo va sii dung giio vien dugc neu la: UQ Huy Tgp cbi Khoa hoc BHQGHN Nghien cuu Gido due Tap 30 So 112014) 43-51 Cai lien cac tieu chuin chit lugng ddi vdi cic chuong trinh dio tao giao vien de dam bao cho ngudi hgc hinh nen cac pham chat v i nang luc cua ngudi giio \ien giai dogn hgc dgi hgc Hien nay, Nhgt Ban cd khoang 800 trudng dai hgc (bao gdm ca cac tradng, khoa sau dai hoc) \ i cao dang cd cac chuang trinh dao tgo giao vien, neu dit trgng tam cua viec dio tao giao vien vio giai dogn dgi hgc thi viee diu tien rat quan trgng la phat trien va cai tien cac chuang trinh dao tao giao vien d giai dogn De cho a thdi diem tdt nghiep dgi hgc nguai hgc cd dugc cac pham chat va nang luc can thiet cua ngudi giio vien thi cac chuang trinh dao tao giio vien viec dua ho den vdi thyc te cua cac tmdng phd thdng cd vai trd quan trong, giiip ngudi hgc nhanh chdng dap iing yeu cau cua xa hgi v i cua nha trudng Xay dung cac chuong trinh dao tgo giao vien d trinh sau dai hgc nham chuan bi mdt luc lugng giao vien co trinh chuyen mdn cao horn, Trong nhung nSm gan diy, su bien ddi nhanh chdng ciia co cau xa hdi v i su da dgng, phuc tap cua cic van de sinh giao due nhi tradng ddi hdi giao vien phai li lyc lugng dupc dio tgo d trinh chuyen mdn cao ban cd linh ca nhan v i tinh xa hgi phong phu hon De dip ling yeu cau nay, viec dao tgo giio vien cic chuang trinh dao tao sau dgi hoc li can thiet, v i dugc xem la mgt md hinh viec cai tiln cac chuong trinh dao tao giao vien Dira he thdng mdi ve viec gia han chiing chi giing day de dam bio tri cac pham chat va nang lyc can thiet ddi vdi giao vien sau giai dogn dao tao Ngay cac van de sinh giao due nhi tradng thay ddi lien tuc, viec tri cic pham chit va ning lyc cua ngudi giao vien dS dugc xic l$p qua trinh dao tgo cang tni nen cin thiet han \'i vay, sau cd dugc cac chirng chi giao vien, viec tri cac phim chit va nang lyc ddi vdi giao vien dugc yeu cau thudng \u\ en thdng qua cic bien phip mang tfnh the che la mdt viec lam can thilt Lien quan tdi \\ec cai tien cac chuang trinh dao tao giao vien d trinh dgi hgc, van kien dua ba ndi dung cu thi sau: Cai thien v i nang cao chit lirgng chuang trinh dao tao giao vien qua ^ iec tang cudng vai trd cua hgc phin "hudng dan giio chiic" Tii nay, tai cac chuang trinh dao tgo giao vien dugc cdng nhan d cic Irudng dgi hpc, phai thyc hien mgt each toan dien han hgc phin "hudng dan giao chiic'", giiip ngudi hgc long hgp mot each hiru CO cac kien thuc va ki ning, hinh thinh nhirng pham chat va nang luc de cd the day hgc va giao due hgc sinh Theo quy djnh cua p h ^ luat, bing cich lam rd viec thyc thi hgc phan viec xuc tien cic no lyc mang tinh ke hogch v i thiet thyc d cic tmdng dai hgc tra nen cin thiet hon De hien thyc hda trill li ddi vdi viec dao tao giao vien bien sogn cac chuang trinh mang tinh ke hoach - tinh he thdng phai luu y den nhung hen quan thyc hien hoc phin "hudng dan giao chiic" cic midng dai hgc phai die biet coi trgng nhiing nd lyc mang ttnh td chiic vdi tu each la trudng dai bgc Xay dung hoc phan bit bugc vdi ten ggi du kiln "Thuc hinh thyc tien nghe giao viea" de xac nhan viec hinh cic phim chat \ a nang lyc cua ngudi giao vien De giup ngudi hgc hinh nen cac phim chat va nana luc tdi thieu cua ngudi giao vien, van kien de xuit viec dua vao chuang trinh dao tgo ^ i o vien hgc phan bit buoc vdi ten ggi tgm du kien la "Luyen tap cac thyc tiln cua giio chuc" Hgc phan se bao gdm bdn van de la: Ldng yeu nghl, y thiic ve sii menh v i trich nhiem, Nang luc quan be ddi vdi ca nhan v i mang tinh xa hgi, Hilu bill vl thilu nhi \ i hgc sinh, va N a i ^ iyc quan li cic vin de chuyen mdn Viec trien khai hgc phan niy duac thuc hien qua td hgp cac hinh thiic, phuang phap nhu luyen tap (vi du \ay dung giio an, tap giang hudng dan tai UO Huy Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN,?' cuu Gido dvc Tgp 30 So (2014) 43-51 hien tradng, ), nghien cuu tmdng hgp, thao lugn nhdm thdng qua hinh thiic hgp tac vdi mgt sd giao vien cd kinh nghiem, dugc tien hanh d nim hgc cudi ciing Dua he thdng dinh gii sau va tang cudng viec tham tra cdng nhin ddi vdi cac chuang trinh dao tgo giio vien Chuang trinh dio tao giao vien dugc van hinh mgt each hgp li thi viec kiem tra thudng xuyen v i kiem tra sau qua trinh dio tao, dua cic ca chi khuyen khich viec cai tiln cin dugc coi trgng, can xem xet ca cic danh gia tir ben ngoai va danh gia tir ben thu ba De tri va nang cao chat lugng cic chuang trinh dao tao giao vien, viec tham dinh de cong nhgn cac chuang trinh dugc chii Sau cdng nhan neu cic ehucmg trinh cd nhirng vi phgm phip luat se nhan dugc nhung khuyin cio yeu cau siia chiia hoac hi thu hdi giay chirng nhan [17], [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Tai lieu tham khao [1] [2] [3] [4] Inoue H, The historical background and reforms of teacher training Education in Japan, Joumal for overseas, Hu'oshuna Universit}', Vol VIII, 1975 Numano T, Teacher Traming and Certificate S>siem,2010 http llwwvf.mei go.jp/English/EducationlnJapa n/Edu cation_in_J apan/E ducaljon_ui_Japan_fiIe Inoue H., op cil Japan Associiuion of Universities of Education, Teacher Training in Japan, Dai-ichi Hoki Publishing, 1986 [15] 116] [17] Numano T., op cit Kawakami S., Teacher Training in Japan School Education Improvement Aichi Universitj' ofEducaiion 2005 Numano T., op cit Japan Association of Universities of Educauon, op cit Iwata v., Recent Trends on Teacher Education in Japan, Presented at Capital Normal University, Beijing China on 23, October 2004 http•//www.u-gakugei ac.jp/-curric1/aboul/ gakugei ac j p/~-cumct/aboul/i w ata m fo/2004102 beijmg.pdf Anmoto M Teacher Education Colleges and Institutions in Japan at a Crossroads: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century, AsiaPacific Joumal of Teacher Education SL Development 5(2) 2002, 75 Numano T., op cit Improvmg teacher education is the basis of quality education From The Japan Times September 16 issue, September 29 2012 IwataY.op cit Monbukagakusho, Kongo no kyoin yosci mcnkyo seido no ankata ni tsuite (He thong dao tgo giao vidn va chiing chi day hpc tuong lai) (tifing Nhat) htlp.//wwwmexl.gojp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/c hukyoO/toushin/05120802 htm Ibid Monbukagakusho AtarashI jidai no gimukyoiku o sozo suru (Hinh thanb hi thdng giao dgc ph6 cap cho then dai mdi) (ti€ng Nhat) http://www mexl.gojp/b_nienu/sbingi/chukyo/c hukyo0/ioushin/05102601/005.btm, Monbukagakusho He thdng dao t^o giao vien vi chung chi day hoc irong rucmg Iai hnp7/www mext go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chuky o/c hukyoO/toushin/05120802.htm M Q Huy ' Tap chi Khoa tec DHQGHN Ngfain cini Gido dgc Tap 30 S6 I 0014) 43-51 Changes in Teacher Traming in Japan Mai Quang Huy I yu University ofEducaiion 144 Xudn Thuy, Cdu Gidy, Hanoi Vietnam Abstract: Since the end of the Second Worid War, together with the re-anangement of the national educational system, Japan has had the fundamental reforms of the teacher training system: the traditional pedagogical schools were re-arranged within the State-mn universities, each prefecture had at least a State-run university that had an education department The newly built teacher training system has fundamental characteristics; 1/ It is carried out in the university educational institutions: 2/ it is an open system, and 3/ it is based on the cenificate system This system has provided adequate educational manpower to post-war developmenL In order to meet the epochal and social demands, in the beginning of the 21 century, J^tan has made public the documents on what the teacher training and the teaching certificate system should look like in the fiiture In these documents, the principles of teacher training in universities and in the open system should be maintained with the necessary improvements so as to meet the current requirements Three specific measures were proposed as follows: 1/ improvement of quality standards in the teacher training programs, 2/ building the teacher training programs at the post-graduate level and 3/ introduction of the new system concemmg the extension of of the teaching certificates Keywords: Teacher, Japan, teaching certiiicate qualities and competencies ... chiing chi dgy hgc ftrong Iai" (2006) dinh hirdng cho nhirng thay ddi viec dao tao \a tuyen dung gjio vien Tiep do, thing nim 2007 Luat Chiing chi nhan sy Giao due duac sira ddi Trong cic van kien... d i cong bd mgt so vdn kien dinh hudng cho nhung thay ddi h? thdng niy de dip irng nhirng yeu ciu mdi cua x i hgi Nhat Ban va bdi canh qudc te Trong thap nien diu ciia the ky XXI, Bd Giio due... nhiing thay ddi can thiet viec dao tgo giio vien He thdng dao lao giao vien tai Nhat ban dugc thiet Igp tir sau Chien tranh The gidi thir II da hogt dgng trSn nua thi ki, va can c6 nhung thay ddi