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XAY D I T N G B O C A U H O I DINH HlTCTNG SlT DUNG T R O N G DAY H O C T H E O P H l / O N G P H A P DU* AN O DIA LI LOfP 12 T H P T NGUYENDlfC VU Truong Dgi hgc Suphgm — Dgi hgc Hue NG UYEN THI KIM[.]
X A Y D I T N G B O C A U H O I DINH HlTCTNG SlT D U N G T R O N G DAY H O C T H E O P H l / O N G P H A P DU* AN O D I A LI LOfP 12 T H P T NGUYENDlfC VU Truong Dgi hgc Suphgm — Dgi hgc Hue NG UYEN THI KIM LIEN Trudng Dgi hgc Su pham TP Ho Chi Minh Tom tat: Bai bao trinh bay ve quan niem, phan loai, dudng hmh bp cau hoi Djnh hudng: Cau hoi Khai quat, Cau hoi Bai hpc, cau hoi Npi dung; d6ng thdi xay dung mpt so bp Cau hoi Dinh hudng dimg day hpc theo phuang phap du an d mon Dia li 12 THPT nhkm gop phin doi mdi phuong phap day hpc theo hudng phat triln nang luc hpc sinh TIT khoa: Cau hoi Dinh hudng, Phuang phap dir an, Cau hdi Khai quat, Cau hoi Bai hoc, Cau hoi Npi dung DAT VANDE Trong day hgc theo phuong phap du an, bg Hd so bai day la san pham tdng tha ciia mot du an day hgc ma ngudi day thiet ke va hoan vdi su tham gia nhat dinh cua ngudi hgc Bg Hd so bai day day dii thudng gdm cac phan: Ke hoach bai day Ho trg bai day, Tai nguyen khda hpc, San pham hgc sinh, Danh gia; Ke hoach bai day la trung tam cua Ho so bai day [1, 1.08] Bd Cau hoi Dinh hudng la mot Uong nhihig phan co ban cua Ka hoach bai day, the hien bao quat mue tieu du an, dinh hudng cac boat dpng va san pham cua hpc sinh (HS), dam bao chuan chuang trinh giao due phd thdng dap ung dugc dinh hudng thuc tiln ddng thdi hudng den cac chuan gia tri ciia thdi dai Bai bao tap trung da xuat each thuc xay dung bg Cau hdi dinh hudng phii hgp cho cac du an day hpc - vi du minh hga qua cac du an Dia li 12 THPT QUAN NIEM VE B O CAU HOI DINH H U ' N G Bg cau hdi dinh hudng (Curriculum Framming Questions) la he thdng can hdi d nhieu dp do, cd mdi quan he chat che, giup HS xac dinh tdng quat hudng di cua dy an Bp can hdi dinh hudng (CHDH) cd tac dung gay thii va phat trien tu duy, nhim din cac k j nang tu bac cao nhu: KT nang so sanh, tdng hgp, dian djch, danh gia nham dam bao du an hgc sinh co sue thu hut va thuyet phuc; Giiip cac du an tap trung vao nhiing chu de quan trgng; hudng dan nhirag eau hdi thii vi, nhimg thac mac, tran trd d HS; ho trg cbo HS co nhirng hudng di diing dan qua trinh thuc bien du an; giup lien he vdi cac mdn hgc khac va cac chii de nghien cuu khac; giiip HS tham gia tra Idi nhihig cau hoi tirag dugc hdi sudt qua trinh nhan thuc PHAN LOAI B O CAU HOI DINH H U N G Bp Cau hdi dinh hudng gdm dang cau hdi: Can hoi khai quat (Essential Questions) Can hdi bai hgc (Unit Questions), Cau hdi ngi dung (Content Questions) T?p chi Khoa hoc va Giao due, Tnrong Dai hpc Su pham Hue ISSN 1859-1612, S6 01(29)/2014: tr 63-68 YEN DUC VU - NGUYEN THI KIM LIEN 3.1 Cau hoi khai quat (CHKQ) La loai cau hoi thirong co noi duag lit rong; la nhttng cau hoi mo, la ciu n6i giiia bai hoc va mon hoc co thi la ciu noi gi&a cac mon hpc voi nhau, hirong tcri nhimg y hrong Ion va nhung khai niem mang tinh ben vimg Cac cau hoi giiip GV tap trung vao nhirng chu d& quan trpng xuyen suot chuong trinh giang day nam hpc va mang din y nghTa cho cac ITnh virc lien quan den nhieu mon hpc Vi vay, co the su dung cimg CHKQ cho nhiju dir an khac va thuong khong yeu ciu HS phai tra Icri tron ven CHKQ mot dir an CHKQ CO thi lat rpng va co tinh chat vTnh cuu, tirong ty nhir co nhihig quan niem song bit bien, nhirng mong uoc tot dep cua nhan loai, nhirng nhu cau chinh dang ciia loai nguoi; vi nhu: Ldm the nao de the giai tdt dep hanl Lam gi de dat den chan thien m^ The nao hanh phuci Dieu gi co ban nhat ciia cuoc d&il CHKQ CO the mang hoi tho ciia thai dai, xuyen qua cac quoc gia, hirong din nhung h-ach nhiem chung, cimg doi mat voi thach thirc; chang han: Lam thi nao di phat triin ben virngl Ldm the nao de thich nghi v&i mot the gi&i day bien dongl Lam gi de thich ung v&i bien ddi haul Do cung CO the la nhirng cau hoi the hien trach nhiem d6i voi ban than, d6i voi gia dinh, doi voi To quoc: Cuoc sdng thay ddi hay chimg ta phdi thay ddi? Tai phdi cd gdng ren luyen? Ldm the nao de thay ddi chinh minh? Ldm thi nao di vircm din cdng? Yeu Id de cdng la gil Ban cd phdi la mot eong dan yeu nu&c khdngj Ldm thi nao de dinh vf! Ban cd the ddng gdp duac gi cho su phat triin ciia dit nuoc'! Ldm gi di did nu&c tdt dep hanl Sir khdc biet ndm & ddul Lam thi nao di tao su khdc biet? CHKQ cung co the kha sat voi npi dung dir an Dja li, nhu: Ldm gi thien nhien ndi gian? (bai 15, Bao ve moi truong va phong ch6ng thien tai), Ngudn nang luong tuong lai ciia chung ta se nhu thi ndol (Bai 27, I Cong nghiep nang luong) Ban Id ngu&i quyet dinh tuong lai? (Bai 17, Vin dl viec lam va huong giai quylt viec lam) Nhu vay, de v.et hoac chpn dupe CHKQ cho mpt m6n hpc, thucmg phai suy nglm den nhirng van de sau day: Tai HS phdi quan tam din mon hoc nay? Gia tri ciia mdn hoc nam a dau? Lam gi de ndi dung chuang trinh hoc that su cd y nghia ddi v&i HS? Dieu giHS cd the nho duac tir mdn hoc ndm nam t&i hay cd mot d&i ngudi? Lam the nao di kien thuc mdn hoc tri niim tin, hu&ng ddn hanh ddng vd cdeh si xucuaHS? 3.2 Cau hoi bai hpc (CHBH) La nhung cau hoi mo co lien he bye tilp din mpt du an hay mot bai hoc, giiip HS thi h.?n pham VI hieu biet cua cac em ve mpt chu dl, doi hoi tu tfing hop, lien quan ch,t che den muc tieu cua bai Loai cau hoi thuong co y nghia viic quylt dinh phan np, dung va phan ki thuat cua du an, h6 trp cho viec nghien ciru/suy n g l m v l Vi du: Co thi xac dinh CHBH du an Hanh dpng vi moi trtr&ng hom rury - Bin XAY DUNG BO CAU HOI DINH HUONG SU DUNG TRONG DAY HOC vitng tuong lai ma/(bai 15, SGK Dia li 12) nhu sau: Em danh gid nhu the nao ve moi tru&ng & dia phuang em? Ldm the nao de gop phdn bdo ve moi truong? Hoac du an: Phii Cat (Binh Dinh) vitng Duyin hdi Nam Trung Bp (bai 36, 44, 45), CHBH la: Em biet gi ve khu vuc, dia phuang minh sinh song? Ldm gi de que huong minh giau dep hon? Da viet dugc CHBH, can quan tam den cac van da chinh sau day; Tai ngi dung bdi hgc Igi quan trgng'} Tai HS cdn phdi quan ldm noi dung nay? Gid tri ciia bdi hgc nam & ddul HS cdn ghi nho gi tir bdi nay? Nhung dieu ndo cdn duac rut tir bdi hgc nay? HS cdn lien ket m& rang va kit ludn gi tir ngi dung md cac em dang hgc? 3.3 c a u hdi ngi dung (CHND) La nhirng can hoi cu the dua tren cac sir viec thuc te, cd mpt pham vi hep cac dap an diing, thudng lien quan dan dinh nghTa, khai niem va nhac lai thdng tin CHND chinh la dang cSu hoi tai hien kien thuc, HS chi can cd dugc day du thdng tin la cd the tra Idi, khdng can phai dao sau suy nghi CHND cd tha dugc xay dung tir npi dung saeh giao khoa, tai lieu tham khao hoac tir cac nguon thdng tin dai chung Nhirng van de can quan tam vilt CHND la: i) HS c5n tra Idi dugc cau hoi ngan nao sau hgc xong bai; ii) Phai chac chan la nhirng cau hoi khong qua rpng, chiing can co nhat mot cau tra tdi dung hoac mpt cau tra Idi dung khdng tha tranh cai dugc; lii) Tap tnmg vao cac su kien nao ma HS tra Idi dugc va hieu dugc de cd the tra Idi nhung cau hdi Idn hon ciia bai hgc Vi du: Co the bien soan he thong CHND dudi day du an: "Hanh dpng vi moi trie&ng horn - Ben vitng tuong lai mai": Hai van de quan trgng nhat bao ve mdi trudng cua nude ta la gi? Cd bao nhieu loai d nhilm mdi trudng? Cac tac nhan gay d nhiem? Cac bieu bien d nhiem mdi trudng d dia phuong em? Tac nhan? Hay chung minh rac thai cung c6 the dugc xem la tai nguyen CON DUCJNG HINH THANH BO CAU HOI DINH H U N G Cd the xay dung va phat trian bp CHDH bang each Cach 1; Di tiey tu&ng bao quat din npi dung cu thi Bg cau hdi dinh hudng dugc xay dung bSt dau tir CHKQ dan CHBH va den CHND Vi du, khai niem "Phat trien ben viing" da trd quan diam xuyen sudt cac linh vuc x3 hdi, mdi trudng va kinh te cua toan nhan loai Dja li 12 vdi ngi dung Dja li tu nhien, Dja li dan cu va Dja 11 kinh ta Viet Nam, lien quan den ca ba linh vuc tren Do dd vin de "Ldm the nao de phat trien ben vimg" cd tha trd CHKQ xuyen sudt moi chu dl tu tu nhien, dan cu va kinh ta Xet mot van de Bao ve mdi trudng bai 15, tu y tudng Idn tren: Lam the nao de phat trien bin vung? (CHKQ) dan den nhan thirc lien quan den bai 15, rang: Viec bao ve tdt tai nguyen va moi tnrdng cung chinh la mot khia canh phat trian ban viing, hi dd dan den CHBH: Ldm the nao de gop phdn bdo ve moi truong? NGUYEN DljC VU - NGUYEN THI KIM LIEN De din tra loi can hoi nay, HS bit diu tim hieu hien traiig mot truong ca nuoc hoac tai dia phuong dl co thi tra loi nhihig cau hoi cu the nhu: Hay neu nguyen nhdn gov d nhiim mdi tnrdng & thi vd ndng than? Trinh bay cac bieu hien o nhiem moi tru&ng tai dia phuang em Do chinh la dang cac cau hoi npi dung, HS de dang tim thay cau tra loi bai hpc hoac thirc tien cac em quan sat dupe, hoac tu cac nguon thong tin dai chiing cac em da dupe nghe, nhin, dpc Cach 2: Bi tir not dung cu thi diny tu^&ng bao quit Bp cau hoi djnh huong dupe xay dung ngupc voi each tren, bat dau tir CHND din CHBH va din CHKQ Vi du, tin lai bai 15, ciing van de moi truong, tir viec nim dupe hien trang moi truong cua mr&c ta la tinh trang mat can b k g sinh thai moi huong va tinh nang nhilm moi tiucmg (CHND) Tir dd dat vin de Liim thi ndo de bdo ve mdi tru&rig (CHBH) Tra loi dupe vin dl uen chinh la phin nao tilp can din CHKQ: Lam thi ndo iephdt trien bin viing? Tiiy timg truong hpp cu flil dl chpn duong xay dung bp CHDH Trong tnrong hpp npi dung du an lien quan nhilu din kiln thuc cac em da co, chpn each di tir cu the den khai quat se co nhieu thuan loi hon v i DU MINH HOA BQ CAU HOI DINH HUCiNG Vi du 1: Du an "Hanh dong vi moi tnrang hdm - Ben virng tirong lai mai" (bai is) - CHKQ: Lam thi nao dl phat trien bin vimg? Hoac: Lam thi nao de tao gia tri? - CHBH Em danh gia the nao ve moi truong a dja phuong em? Lam the nao de gop phan bao ve moi trudng? - CHND: Hai van de quan nhat bao ve moi tnrong cua nude ta la gi? Co bao nhieu loai nhiem moi trutmg? Tac nhan gay nhiem? Cac bieu hien nhiem moi tnrdng d dja phuong em? Loai nhiem nao nghiem trpng nhit? Tac nhan? Hay chung minh rac thai ciing cd the dupe xem la tai nguyen Vidu 2: Duan "Khi thien nhien noi gian" {hki 15) - CHKQ: Lam the nao de phat ttiin ben virag? - CHBH: Lam die nao de nhan dien, phong tranh va giam nhe thien tai? - CHND: Trinh bay hien trang mpt so thien tai chu ylu cua nude ta Cu thi: + Thdi gian, tan suat, pham vi tac dgng va bau qua cua bSo? + Nguyen nhan, thdi gian xuit hien, pham vi tac dpng va hau qua cua hien tupng ngap lut? + Lu quet thudng xay d nhimg vimg nao va thdi gian nao frong nam? Hau qua? + Han ban thudng dien d dau? Tac hai? .\AV DL>;G BO CAU HOI DINH HUONG SU DUNG TRONG DAY HOC + Ddng dat, sdng than cd tha xuat hien d Viet Nam khdng? Hay chung minh Vi du 3: Du an "Phii Cdt - Binh Dinh viing Duyin Hdi Nam Trung Bp" (Bai 36, 44, 45) - CHKQ: Lam the nao de tao su khac biet? - CHBH: Em biat gi ve khu vuc va dja phuong minh smh sing? Em cd tha lam gi de qua huong minh dep giau hon? - CHND: Xac dinh vi tri dia li va pham vi lanh thd ciia vung Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg Nhiing thuan Igi va kbd khan phat trian kinh tl d Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg? Hay chung minh Duyen hai Nam Tnmg Bd cd uu the phat trien tdng hop kinh te bien Cach thuc va kha nang giai quyet van de luong thuc thuc pham vimg? Diau kien va hien trang phat trian cdng nghiep? Hien trang va xu hudng phat trian co sd tang giao thdng van tai? KET LUAN Bg Can hdi dinh hudng la khai niem bien d cac nude tian tien, song hanh cimg phuong phap day hpc du an Tuy nhien day la dang can hdi chua that quen thudc d Viet Nam, du day bpc du an da dugc nen giao due nude nha tiep can hon 10 nam qua Vdi da so giao vien, sinh vien su pham, bd Cau bdi Dinh hudng la mpt nhirag thach thirc khd vugt qua thiet ke Ke hoach bai day ^ n g the bp Ho so bai day cua mot du an day hgc Nam chac chuang trinh vdi chuan kien thiic, kT nang; dinh hudng that ro day hpc phat trien nang luc hgc sinh; lua chgn chii de phii hgp mdi tuong quan vdi thuc tien; tim bieu nhu can va kha nang cua HS; lian kat vdi yau cau, ddi hdi cua dia phuang, dat nude lam co sd de xay dung bp Cau hdi Dinh hudng phu hgp va hieu qua cbo mot du an day hpc mdn Dja li ldp 12 THPT TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] [2] [3] [4] Cong ty Intel (2009) Chuang trinh dgy hgc cua Intel - Khda hoc ca bdn,^XB Tdng hgp TP HCM Nguyin Thj Kim Lien (2005) Phuong phap dgy hoc dua tren du dn (Project Based learning) vd cac hinh thirc ddnh gid tuang ung, Ki yeu Hoi thao khoa hpc Doi radi phuong phap kiem tra, danh gia day hpc Hue Nguyen Thi Kitn Lien (2011) Phuang phap du an va uu the van dimg vao day hpc DiaU \lJY{?J,Tgp chi khoa hoc DHSP TP HCM %^l\ Nguyin Thj Kim Lien, Mai Thj Chuyen Pham Thi Thiiy H5ng (2012) Dgy hgc theo du an vd khd ndng giao due Id ndng sdng cho hgc sinh thdng qua mdn Dia li 12, THPT Ki ylu hpi thao Dja li toan qu6c lin thu 6, Hul 30/9/2012, NXB Khoa hpc tu NGUTYEN DUC VU - NGUYEN THI KIM LIEN [5] nhien va cong nghe, tr 1035 - 1044 Le Thong (T6ng chu bien), Nguyin Viet Thjnh (Chii bien), Nguyen Kun Chuong, Pham Xuan Hau, Dang Duy Lgi, Pham Thi Sen, Phi Cong Viet (2011) Sdch giao khoa Dia li 12 Sdch giao vien Dia li 12 NXB Giao due Viet Nam Title: CONSTRUCTING CURRICULUM-FRAMMING QUESTIONS FOR PROJECTS OF GEOGRAPHY 12 IN HIGH SCHOOLS Abstract: The Article presents the \iew, the classification, the way of constructing CurriculumFramming Questions including Essential Questions, Unit Questions, Content Questions as well as creates some Curriculum-Framming Questions in teaching grade 12 Geography at high schools in order to innovate the method of teaching towards developing students' capacity Key words: Curriculum-Framming Questions, Projects Based Leaming, Essential Questions, Unit Questions, Content Questions PGS TS NGUYEN DlSC VU Vien Nghien ciiii Giao due, Trutmg Dai hoc Su pham - Dai hpc Hul ThS NGUYEN THI KIM LIEN Khoa Dja li Trudng Dai hpc Su pham TP H6 Chi Minh ... Thi Thiiy H5ng (2 012) Dgy hgc theo du an vd khd ndng giao due Id ndng sdng cho hgc sinh thdng qua mdn Dia li 12, THPT Ki ylu hpi thao Dja li toan qu6c lin thu 6, Hul 30/9/2 012, NXB Khoa hpc tu... Viet (2011) Sdch giao khoa Dia li 12 Sdch giao vien Dia li 12 NXB Giao due Viet Nam Title: CONSTRUCTING CURRICULUM-FRAMMING QUESTIONS FOR PROJECTS OF GEOGRAPHY 12 IN HIGH SCHOOLS Abstract: The... vi moi trtr&ng hom rury - Bin XAY DUNG BO CAU HOI DINH HUONG SU DUNG TRONG DAY HOC vitng tuong lai ma/(bai 15, SGK Dia li 12) nhu sau: Em danh gid nhu the nao ve moi tru&ng & dia phuang em? Ldm