GIA TR! VA HAN CHE TRONG NQI DUNG VA PHU ONG PHAP GIAO DUC CUA K H 6 N G TCF NGUYEN TH| HOA PHtfONG'''' Tdm tat La nha giao due Idn cua nhan loai, Khdng Tu da dd lai cho mudn ddi sau mdt he thdng quan di[.]
GIA TR! VA HAN CHE TRONG NQI DUNG VA PHU-ONG PHAP GIAO DUC CUA K H N G TCF NGUYEN TH| HOA PHtfONG' Tdm tat: La nha giao due Idn cua nhan loai, Khdng Tu da dd lai cho mudn ddi sau mdt he thdng quan didm giao due kha dac sic, dac bidt la quan didm vd ndi dung va phucmg phap giao due Trai qua hon 2.500 ndm tdn tai, quan diem dd van cdn dnh hudng ddn su nghiep giao due d nhidu nudc tren thd gidi, dd ed Viet Nam Ngi dung va phuong phap giao due ciia Khdng Tu vira khong tranh khdi nhiing ban ehe nhat dinh can phai khic phuc, vua chua dung nhirng gia trj can tidp tuc phat huy nham gop phdn tich cue vao su nghidp ddi mdi giao due d nude ta hien T^ khda: Gia trj; han che; ngi dung giao due; phuong phap giao due; Khdng TQ Khdng Tu (551- 479 TCN) Id ngudi sdng Ijip Nho giao - hge thuydt tridt hgc chinh trj - xa hdi d Trung Qudc thdi Xuan Thu, ddng thdi la nhd gido dye Idn eua nhdn loai Cd thd ndi, Ijch su giao dye phuong Ddng, Khdng Tu Id ngudi diu tien xay dyng he thdng quan diem giao due khd ddc sdc md ddn vdn cdn dnh hudng khdng nhd den sy nghigp ddi mdi gido due d nudc ta Gia trj ngi dung va phuong phap giao due ciia Khdng Tii' 1.1 Gid trj npi dung gido due Mye dich gido due eua Khdng TQ trudc hdt Id lam cho mgi ngudi thdng rd djio Iy dd xd hgi trd ndn hQu dao, ngudi trd ndn nhdn nghTa, trung ehinh, bidt irng xu vd thyc hidn nghTa vy eua minh ddi vdi gia dinh va xd bgi Vdi myc dich dd, ndi dung gido dye eua Khdng Tu chu truang day cho ngudi rat phong phu, gdm nhOng didm CO ban sau: Thu nhdt, gido due dgo dire, nhdn cdch vd dgo ly ldm nguai Trong eudn Ludn ngir, ed 39 Idn Khdng Tu ndi tdi due, didu dd cho thdy mdi quan tdm Idn nhdt eua dng ddi vdi vide gido hda dao dQe cho ngudi hge, ngi dung ea bdn duge dng dd cap nhidu nhdt Id nhdn, DQc nhdn la pham tru trung tdm ndi dung gido due cua Khdng Tu, bdi dng coi dQe nhan Id bae thang gia trj eao nhdt thang bdc dao dQe ngudi, edn ede pham chat khdc, nhu: tri, dung, trung, hidu,.,, eung dugc Khdng Tu chu y tdi, song, dng quan nidm ehung chi Id nhung bd phdn cua dQc nhdn ' ' Thac sT, Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hpi, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi?t Nam Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viit Nam, so 11(84) - 2014 Nhan dugc Khdng TQ nhic di nhdc Iai nhidu Idn ttong Lugn ngir va duge dng gidng cho dd tQ khdng lue ndo gidng liie nao, song cdt Idi ciia chfl nhdn la ldng thuong ngudi Id ydu ngudi vd eoi ngudi nhu ban than minh Ong vidt: "didu gi minh khdng mudn thi cting dimg dem dp dung cho ngucri khdc"; "minh mudn lap thdn thi ciing giup ngudi khdc lap than, minh mudn dat thi cung giup ngudi khac thdnh dat" Khdng Tu chu truong ydu thuang ngudi ndi chung, nhung khdng phai ydu cung nhu ma cd su phdn bidt than, so, quy, tidn Quan didm khde vdi chu truong ydu ngudi khdng phdn bidt cua Mac TQ, eung khde xa tu tudng tu bi cua Phdt giao chi mudn tim each giai thodt chung sinh dd dat dugc hjrah phQc vinh hing d edi Nidt ban Cd thd ndi, quan nidm vd ndi dung gido due dQe nhan vide gido due pham chat dao due cua Khdng Tu cho ddn vdn edn nguydn gid tri nhan vdn cao cd cua nd, Dae bidt xd hdi ta hidn nay, su tde ddng manh md cua kinh ,te thj trudng, vide chay theo Igi nhuan vd tinh thyc dyng da Idm dnh hudng khdng nhd ddn dao dQc, loi sdng, nhdn cdch ngudi thi vide giao dye dQc nhdn, gido dye ngudi bidt ydu thuang ngudi khdc nhu ehinh bdn than minh edng ed y nghTa hem bao gid hdt Ngoai dQc nhan, Khdng TQ edn chu trgng ddn Id Le theo Khong Tu khdng phdi Id mdt tieu chuin dao due hodn toan dgc lap md Iudn gin lidn vdi nhdn, la hanh vi bidu hien ben ngoai cua 58 ngudi thyc hidn nhan, Theo Khdng Tii, eon ngudi can cd Id dd Idm quy tie, chudn muc, dd tidt chd ldng dye, sua trj ban than, Muc dich cua vide thyc hdnh theo Id cdn dd gifl diing nhiing tinh cam cho thich hgp vdi dao trang Ld dugc thyc hidn nham nan ducmg, chi Idi cho eon ngudi thyc hidn dao nhdn mgt chimg mye nhit djnh, trdnh ty thai qud Ndu hanh dgng ty thai qua thi mic phdi sai Idm; qua cung khdng dugc, thieu eung khdng ndn, Khdng TQ noi: "Cung kinh md khdng bidt Id thi met nhge, can than md khdng bidt Id thi nhiit nhdt, dung cam md khdng bidt Id thi loan, thdng thin md khdng bidt le thi Idm phdt y ngudi khac", Ld ludn dugc BChdng TQ xem nhu Id khudn vang thudc nggc dd didu chinh hanh vi, thai va cdch cu xu cQa ngudi gia dinh vd ngoai xd hgi Trong quan nidm cua Khdng TQ, le khdng chi Id Id gido, nghi thQc ky cuong quy djnh cd danh, cd dirt khoat ma quan trgng hem la dQc cua ngudi sdng dung vdi danh va khi, dung vdi Id gido, nghi thuc ky cuong xd hdi Ndi theo ngdn ngfl ngdy nay, dd Id tinh ddng cap, tinh trat tu, tinh ky ludt rgng khdp, chat chd ddn khdc nghiet Song, vdi tinh hinh xd hgi loan lac duong thdi thi vi?c ddt Id vd day cho ngudi hgc tudn theo Id Id quan didm hdt sQc tidn bd Sau ndy, d nhflng thdi ky ljch su khac nhau, le dugc khai thae d nhidu khia canh khac ca tich cyc Idn tidu cyc Gid trf vd hgn chi ngi dung vd phtrong phdp gida dye Trong ndi dung gido due dao due cho hgc trd, ngoai nhdn Id, Khdng TQ cdn ehu ttgng day nhQng chudn myc dao dQe, nhu: tri, dung, trang, tin, hidu, dd,., Theo Kh6ng TQ, nhdn cdch ngudi qudn tu Id nhdn each Iy tudng, dd Id sy thdng nhat cua nhan, tri va dung Tri la bidt ngudi, biet phdn biet dung sai, hay, dd; dung la khdng sg set, khdng sg cudng quydn, bao l y c , Theo Khdng Tu, dat duge ba phdm ehdt nhdn, tri, diing, ngudi hgc da dat dugc dinh cao cua viec ren luyen nhdn edeh ngudi quan tu, Ong ndi: "Dao qudn tQ cd ba didu: ed nhdn, tQc la chdng Io budn; cd tri, tQc Id chdng Iam lac; ed dung, tQc la chdng sg set Trong dd, nhdn cd tinh ehdt bao ham, bdi theo Khdng TQ thi "ngudi nhdn dt hdn cd dung, ngudi dung chua chic dd cd nhdn", Ngoai ra, Khdng Til cdn day eho ngudi hgc cae phim chit trung, tin, hidu, dd, Trung la Iam hdt bdn phan, trung d ddy cdn dugc hidu Id "trang thQ" tQc Id didu gi minh khdng mudn thi dung Idm eho ngudi khdc, didu gi minh mudn thi cung mudn cho ngudi khde "Trung thQ" la tQ ta suy ngudi Khdng Tu khuyen ngudi hgc iiy "trang thQ" Idm phQong phap vd dudng chu ydu dd dat ddn nhdn vd khdi phyc le, ddy cung chinh Id ehu truang tu thdn ma dng quan tam day cho cde dg tu, nghidm, nhdt la h^ng vd tin" Tin Id mdt bdn vin de co bdn ngi dung gido due eua Khong Tu "vdn, hanh, trang, tin", Ong cho ring: "ngucri ma khdng tin that, ta khdng bidt ngudi dy lam vide gi eho nen dugc", Tuy nhidn, Lugn ngir, Khdng Tu it ban vd tin ma ehu ydu bdn vd nhdn Id, hidu, dd Khdng TQ eoi "hidu dd la gdc eua dao nhan, gay dyng dugc gdc, tQ dd cd dao ly" Chinh vi thd ma didu ddu tidn eac dd td cua Khdng TQ phdi hgc dd la dao hidu Khi hgc ttd hdi vd hidu, dng day rdng: "dao hidu la kinh cha me"; "Id ed thd nudi cha me, lam vide khd nhge vi cha me nhung phdi vui, sac mat phdi tuoi" Ong day ngudi hgc: "khdng ttai dao hidu, khdng trdi Id phdi nhat la ddj vdi cha me phdi dung Id" Khdng Tu dd chi cho ngudi hge thdy myc dieh cua vide hidu thudn vdi cha me khdng phdi chi d vide nudi duong cha me md chinh Id d tam ldng kinh vdi cha mg Ong ndi: "Ngdy ngudi ta ggi nudi ndng sdn sdc cha me la thd cha me, nhung ddi vdi chd vd ngua ngudi ta eung phdi nudi ndng chdm sdc nd Ndu nhu ddi vdi cha me md khdng kinh thi su chdm sdc ddi vdi cha me ed khdc gi ddi vdi vide sdn sdc nudi ndng chd ngya?" Cd thd ndi, quan nigm eua Khong TQ vd vide giao due hidu, dd nhdn Id, trang, tin ed y nghia hdt sue sau sic, da gdp phdn xdy dyng nen Ben canh due trang, Khdng TQ edn nhflng dao ly tdt dep traydn thdng coi tin Id pham chit ma ngudi quan tQ vdn hda phuang Ddng ma ngdy vdn cdn cd Theo dng "ngudi qudn tQ Id nguydn gid trj ngudi cd dao dQc doan trang, uy 59 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi VietNam, so 11(84) - 2014 Thir hai, dgy van hoa, chinh tri Vdi muc dich day cho ngudi ttd ndn nhdn nghia, trung chinh, hinh thdnh ndn nhdn cdch todn didn, Khdng Tu chu traang day thi, thu Id, nhac, djch, xuan thu: thi dd day vd chi; thu dd day vd vide; Id dd dgy ve due hanh; nhac dd day vd hda; djeh dd day ve am duong; Xudn Thu dd dfiy ve danh phdn Trong dd, Khdng TQ ehu ydu tap trang day cho hgc trd thi Id, nhac, bdi theo dng, ddy Id ba mdn hgc khdng thd thidu dd giup cho eon ngudi thdu sudt didu nghia, thuin thyc didu nhdn Ngodi ra, Khdng Tu cdn chu trgng gido dye kidn thuc "lye nghd" cho hgc trd Ngoai le, nhac edn cd sa (tap bdn), ngy (eudi ngya), thu (vidt, ve) vd sd (tinh todn) Didu ed khde vdi ndi dung gido due eua chQng ta hidn nay, song, so vdi thdi cd dai each day hon hai muoi 15m the ky, thi quan nidm dd vd ndi dung gido dye eua Khdng Tu Id hdt sQc tidn bd Su tidn bd iy cdn the hidn d chd, thdng qua ndi dung giao dye eho ngudi hgc, Khdng Tu muon ddo tao ndn nhflng eon ngudi cd van, cd chit dd hdnh dao, dd Idm quan, de gdp phin cdi tao xd hdi, xdy dyng mdt xa hdi cd tdn ti trat ty Cho ndn, ndi dung giao dye, Khdng Tu hdt sQc chu trgng day cho ngudi hgc ttach nhidm, nghia vy cua ed nhdn ddi vdi gia dinh va xa hdi Con ngudi phai "tu than - td gia - tri qudc - binh thidn ha" trade hdt phdi tu than, tuc la phdi ty sua minh, ty hodn thign bdn than Bdi theo Khdng Tu, mudn thidn thdi binh thi trade hdt qudc gia phdi thjnh ttj; mudn qudc gia 60 thjnh tri trudc nha nhd phai em dm; mudn gia dmh em i m thi trade hdt mgi ngudi phdi biet tu than, Ngi dung ehu ydu dd day ngudi hgc tu than la thi, thu Id va nhac, "Thi dd Idm khdi tdm hdn, Ld dd sira pham cdeh cho diing ddn, Nhac dd thdnh tyu dQe hanh ciia ngudi qudn tu", Theo BChdng TQ, ngudi quan tu phai Id ngudi todn didn, dat dao, dat due, tinh thdng Id, nhac Dd cung chinh Id mdu ngudi ma Khdng TQ mong mudn hgc ttd dat tdi Cd thd ndi, so vdi giao dye hidn dai thi ndi dung gido dye cua Khdng Tu cdn nhidu han chd, song so vdi duong thdi thi ngi dung gido due cua Khdng Tu kha todn didn, bao gdm cd ngi dung gido dye dao dQc, vdn hda, chinh tri,,, 6ng la ngudi ddu tidn xay dyng duge ndi dung giao dye cd he thdng, cd mye dich rd rdng, phu hgp vdi thyc tidn xd hdi thdi biy gid, 1.Z Gia trj trongphirrmgphdp giao due Khdng Tu khdng dung tir "phuong phdp day hge" de chi cdch thuc gido hda cua minh Ong chua thyc su ndu Idn khdi nidm hoac xay dyng thdnh mgt khoa hgc vd "phuang phdp gido dye" nhu ngdy nay, Nhung qua nhQng cdu ghi chep cde thu tjeh cd, sdch co vd dde bigt saeh Lugn ngU thi "cdch hgc" va "each day" ciia dng duge dd cjp khd ro net Tir sy tong hgp va phdn tich cdc tdi lieu, chung ta cd thd khdi qudt mgt sd phuong phdp gido dye ca bdn ma ngdy vdn cdn gid trj sau sdc, cd the van dyng dd gdp phin doi mdi phuang phdp d£iy hgc d nudc ta Gid trf vd hgn che ngi dung vd phtrong phdpgido diic Thii nhdt, ve phucmg phdp dgy Trong qua trinh gido hda hgc trd, Khdng TQ da su dyng nhidu cdch thQe d?iy hge khdc nhau, ngdy ggi Id phuang phdp day hgc, Nghidn euu Lugn ngU, chung ta thdy Khdng TQ dp dyng cdc phucmg phap day hge cd chu dich, hgp ly vd khoa hgc, Tu ehd hidu hgc trd, vao tinh cdch, dQe hgnh, hodn canh, ttinh hidu bidt cua timg hge trd ma Khdng Tu cd each giao due phu hgp, Cho ndn, Khdng TQ mdi ndi: "Tu ngudi bye trang trd Idn mdi day dao ly chd cao Tu bye trung trd xudng chd ndn gidng day dao ly chd cao sidu" Va eiing khdng phai ngdu nhidn md dng traydn thidn dao cho Trgng Cung, traydn nhan dao cho Nhan Uydn, Phdn Tri Hgc trd eua dng dugc chia lam bdn khoa: khoa due hanh phdi kd den Nhan Uydn, Mdn Tu Khidn, Trgng Cung; khoa ngdn ngu ed Td Ngd, Tu Cdng; khoa chinh trj cd Nhidm Huu, Quy Lg; khoa van hgc cd Tu Du, TQ Ha.„ NhQ vdy, dd day hgc ed kdt qua, Khdng Tu dd can cu vdo ddi tugng day hoc, theo trinh hgc van, tinh cdch, to chdt cua ngudi hge de ed ngi dung va phuang phap day thich hgp Chinh phuang phap ndy se giiip cho ngudi hge phdt huy dugc kha ndng cung nhu sd trudng cua minh, phdt huy dugc tinh thin hgc tap tich cyc Tuy vdo ddi tugng ma day hay day hgc phai edn eu vdo ddi tugng, phai phu hgp vdi ddi tugng Phuong phdp hidn vdn dugc eoi trgng vd ap dyng khd phd bidn, Trong qua trinh day hge, Khdng Tu thudng hay su dyng phuang phap ndu gucmg, Ong thudng dua ngudi xua Iam guong, lay nhan cdch eua cac bdc thdnh hidn dd tde dgng ddn hgc ttd, lay md hinh "quan tQ", "tidu nhan" dd ndu guong cho hge trd phdn ddu theo mdu hinh tdt, tranh trd thdnh ke xau, Dong thdi bdn thdn Khdng Tu Id mgt ngudi thdy mdu mye, mdt tim guong vd nhdn each dao dQc cung nhu tinh thdn hgc tap cho ngudi hgc noi theo, Phucmg phap ndy ngdy vin cdn gia trj vd mat thyc tidn, vdn dugc dp dung day hgc hidn dai Hd Chi Minh timg khang djnh: "Mdt tdm guong sdng cdn ed gid ttj hon 100 bdi didn vdn tuydn truydn" Cd thd ndi, edeh tdt nhat dd gido due ngudi khac la ty minh trd tam guong sang Dieu van dugc van dung day hgc nay, NhQng nam gdn ddy, nganh giao dye nude ta da day manh va nang eao hidu qud cudc van dgng "mdi thdy, cd gido Id mdt tam guong dao dQc, ty hgc vd sang tao", dd la mdt minh chung eua vide van dyng nhung gia trj mang tinh thyc tidn phuang phap gido dye cua Khdng TQ ddi vdi giao due d nudc ta hidn Khdng Tu edn dae bidt eoi trgng phuang phap ggi md tri phan dodn cua hgc trd Day la phuang phap ed the phat huy tdi tm khd nang tu duy, khoi day sy nd lyc, ty gidc va vai trd chu ddng cua ngudi hgc Trong qua trinh giang day, Khdng TQ thudng ydu cau hgc trd phdi Id ngudi ddt van dd trade chQ khdng phdi la thdy: "Ndu ngudi ndo khdng hdi phdi Idm gi thi ta khdng bidt phai ldm gi 61 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 11(84) - 2014 eho hdn" Khi hge trd hdi rdi thi dng thudng "chi ggi Idn mdt mdi rdi &^ ngudi ta ty minh phdi suy nghT md hidu lay" Nghia Id thay chi khoi ggi chQ khdng ttd ldi hdt, cdt dd cho hgc trd ty mmh suy nghl ma tim edu ttd Idi Khdng Tu chi gidng gidi hoac ggi md tri thuc cho hge ttd nhu edu hgc hdi, nhu edu phat bidu y kidn hay suy luan phan dodn cua hge ttd trd ndn bQc xQc Ndu hge trd chua khao khat mudn bidt, chua hd then vi khdng bidt thi dng chua day bao Ong chu traang "ke ndo khdng cd cdng tim kidm thi ta chdng ehi vd, kd ndo khdng bde Id dugc hi tudng cua minh ta chdng khai sdng eho, ke ndo dd bidt rd mdt gde, nhung chang cdn cQ vao dd bidt ludn ba gde kia, thi ta chdng day" Ngdy nay, day hgc ngudi rit ehu trgng sy tuong tac giQa thiy vd trd Thay phdi tao mdt mdi tradng hgc tap thdn thidn, cdi md, giup hgc trd chu dgng kham phd tri thQe Dieu ndy chung ta thay ro each day eiia Khdng Tu thdng qua phuang phdp hdi - ddp, cdn ggi la phuang phdp dam thoai Todn bd sdeh Luan ngir dd ghi Iai su ddi dap giQa Khdng TQ vd hgc trd, giQa eac hge trd vdi Khdng Tu Iudn bidt ldng nghe hgc trd, thdm ehi nhdn ldi khuydn hay ldi trach cua hgc trd Nguge lai, hgc trd mac du rit kinh trgng thay nhung khdng sg set, nhut nhat md thing thin trao doi vdi thdy nhQng thdc mic mgt cdch ehan thanh, thdy trao ddi vdi trd mgt each ty nhidn Thiy vd trd cung ban luan, trao ddi vdi mdt cdeh binh ddng de cung tim dao ly, chQ khdng phai 62 thuydt giang mdt chidu, thdy ddng vai trd tnmg tdm nhu thudng gap phuang phap thuydt gidng traydn thdng Day la phuang phap day hoc khd hiiu hidu, tao dugc mdi truang hgc tap thdn thien, tao nidm vui ttong hgc tap cho ngudi hgc, giup ngudi hge phat huy vai trd chu ddng, tich eye, Ngdy nay, ttong day hgc hien dai phuang phdp rdt duge eoi trgng, Didu cho thdy nhimg gid ttj ttong phucmg phdp gido due cua Khdng Tu Id khdng thd phd nhgn, Thu hai, ve phuang phdp hoc Khdc vdi ldi dudng tim mdn sinh kidu Mac Djeh hay Socrate, Khong Tii mong mudn hgc ttd trade hdt phdi ty tim ddn vdi thay dd thd hien sy ham muon duge hgc, Ty giae tim ddn vdi thiy, ty giac hgc hdi, dd Id ydu cdu trade tien cua Khdng Tu ddi vdi hgc trd, Trong qua ttinh day hgc, Khdng Til khdng chi chu trgng each day md cdn chu y djnh huijng each hge eho hgc trd, Theo dng, vide hgc tap phdi ludn gan lidn vdi suy nghl, dn tap vd thyc hanh, Khdng Tu cho rang: "Hgc md chdng chiu suy nghl thi chdng dugc thong minh, Suy nghl md chdng chju hgc, thi ldng da chang ydn dn", Cho ndn, hgc la phdi tu duy, suy nghl, tu cdi ndy suy eai khdc, tu edi bidt rdi suy cai cdn phdi hgc, Bdn canh dd, hgc phdi gdn lien vdi dn tap, dn cu dd bidt mdi Theo Khdng Tu: "Ngudi nao dn \^i nhihig dieu da hgc, nai dd ma bidt thdm nhflng didu mdi, ngudi iy cd thd ldm thdy thidn ha", Khdng TQ rat lo ngudi hgc khdng bidt hudng vao qua khQ md Gid trj vd hgn che Irong ngi dung vd phirong phdp gida dtic "on cd" dd tim lai nhirng dinh cao cdn Han che tir tirdng giao due dat tdi, Cho ndn, dng mong mudn cde dd cua Khdng Tir tu ciia minh hgc ddn ddu thi tap ddn ddy 2.1 Han che npi dung gido due ngay, hgc didu gi thi tap dieu ay, Khdng TQ chu truang dung ducmg Idi Cach hgc, theo Khdng TQ Id phdi phdi "nhdn trj", "dQe trj" dd thi hanh "dao" hgp gifla ly thuyet vdi thyc hanh "hgc cua minh nhdm dn djnh xa hdi, lap Iai nhi thdi tap ehi, Hge ma khdng thye hanh trat ty Id phdp, xdy dyng qude gia thdi sd khdng ed tdc dyng gi, vi vdy md ngudi binh, thjnh trj, Ndi dung gido due cua hgc phai bdn ehi tu hge, hge dd Qng dng nhdm phyc vy cho myc dich chinh dyng, dd "hdnh dao" giup dcri ciiu ngudi, tri Vide xdy dung miu ngudi hodn thidn Bdi vi, "hgc rdng md khdng Idm duge khdng phai vi chii thd ngudi ma vi vide gi thi hgc rgng ed ieh ehi dau?" myc dich chinh trj, cho ndn ndi dung Rd rdng, each hge theo Khdng TQ Id gido due cua Khdng Tu, nhat la ndi sy kdt hgp gifla hgc vd tu duy, suy nghl, dung gido due vd Id, trd ndn cQng nhdc dn tap vd thyc hanh kidn thQe da hgc vd bdo thu, Ndi dung gido dye vd nhan Cd thd ndi, "hgc" vd "tu", "hge" va mang tinh dp dat tu bdn ngodi vao y "tdp", "hgc" va "hdnh" ddu thd hien tinh thQc eua ed nhdn md chua ehu trgng tinh chu ddng, tich cyc, ty gidc cua ngudi ty giae cua mdi ed nhdn vide hidu hgc, Ndu "tu" dem Iai sy hidu bidt sdu Id vd thyc hanh nhdn, sic ve nhQng didu da hgc, thi "tap" se Tuy da dua mgt he thdng cdc chudn hinh thdnh ndn ky ndng, sy van dung myc dao due edn cd dd hinh ndn Iinh boat vd nhuin nhuydn nhQng kidn nhdn each hodn thidn, ehu y ddn gido dye thue da hgc Trong "hge" bao hdm sy tinh than cdt cdch, dao ly nhung ndi dung suy nghl vd thye hanh, luyen tap, nguge giao due cua Khdng Tu vdn cdn ndng vd Igi thye hdnh, luyen tap eung bao dao due img xu Cdc vdn vd ty nhidn, vd hdm sy suy nghl, tu cua ngudi hge khoa hgc ky thuat, vd lao dgng san xudt, Nhu vdy, phuang phdp hge ma Khong vd kinh td,, hdu nhu ehua dugc dua vao TQ djnh hudng cho ngudi hgc da the gidng day; Ong cdn ddnh gia thdp cdc gid hign mdi lidn hg cd tinh thdng nhit gifla trj vat chit, thidn vd cdc gia trj tinh than, "hge", "tu", "tap" vd "hanh" Cd thd ndi, thidu quan tdm den vide img dung tri eho ddn khdng phai nhd gido due thue vao cdc ITnh vye lao dgng san ndo cung nhdn thQe vd thyc hign dugc xuit He qud tat yeu cQa ndi dung gido didu Ndi nhu vdy dd thiy duge mat dye iy se tao ndn nhQng eon ngudi ed tri tich eye phuong phdp hgc rnd thQc thidn lech, thidu tinh nang ddng vd Khdng TQ day cho ngudi hgc van cin nhay ben cudc sdng Do vdy, ndn dugc vgn dyng ddi mdi gido due d gido dye iy thi khd ed thd dao tao duge nudc ta, ddc bigt Id ddi mdi phuong mau hinh ngudi phdt tridn toan didn phdp hgc giai doan hign Mde du so vdi duong thdi thi ndi dung 63 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi VietNam sd 11(84) -2014 gido dye cua Khdng Tu kha todn didn, bao gdm cd ngi dung giao due dao dQe, van hda, chinh trj nhtrng so vdi ndi dung gido due cua phuong Tdy thdi ky dy thi Khdng Tu chQ trgng gido dye vd nhdn cdch, dao dQc nhidu hon, it chQ ttgng gido dye tri thQc 2.2 Han chi phuang phdp gido due Phuang phdp gido dye eua Khdng TQ ed nhidu gid trj tich cyc, song hau nhu vai ttd eua ngudi thdy vdn la ehu dao qud trinh day hge, Mgt sd phuang phdp giao dye dugc eoi la tich cyc thdi bdy gid hidn ndu khdng bidt van dyng sang tao se ddn den sai ldm, qua trinh day hgc se khdng ed hidu qud thdm chi hidu qua nguge lai Vi du, phuang phdp "dn cd nhi tri tdn" vdi nguydn tdc "thuat nhi bdt tae" thi cd thd se din den Idi hgc vet, thy ddng, thieu sang tao, Ndu "dn ed" theo kidu thude ldng mgi cdu chu eua "cd nhdn", thudt lai, lap lai, lam y nguyen lai ma "bit tac", khdng sang tao, khdng lam cdi mdi vd vide qud dd cao "dn ed nhi tri tan" mdt each phidn didn, mdt chieu thi didu dd se tao ndn sy tri trd, bdo thu qud trinh gido due vd ITnh vyc hoat ddng tinh than ndi chung, Cach lani khd ed thd chap nhdn ndn giao dye hidn dai nay, Tuy edn nhidu ban ehd, nhtmg xet tdi eung, dd eung Id mgt tit ydu lieh sQ, Vi vdy, nghidn cuu tu tudng giao due cua Khong TQ, chung ta can phdi nit dugc nhflng han chd dd khic phyc vd nhflng gid ttj de tidp thu va van dyng 64 Ngay nay, nhidu nhd gido dye trdn thd gidi da nghien ciiu va danh gia cao nhung gia tri trudng tdn ttong tu tudng giao dye cua Khdng Tu, Nhttng gid trj dd dugc van dyng khdng chi linh vyc day hgc ma dac biet dugc de cao gido dye dao dQc, nhdn each cho thd he trd d nude ta hien nay, dd dap Qng dugc ydu cdu cua sy nghidp ddi mdi cdn ban, todn didn giao dye vd ddo tgo, ddp img ydu ciu cdng nghidp hod, hign dji hoa didu kidn kinh td thj tmdng djnh hudng xd hdi chu nghia va hOi nhdp qudc td thi viec kd thQa va van dung sang tao nhiing kinh nghidm, nhflng gia trj gido due cua nhdn loai dd dugc thdi gian khdng dinh la didu cin phai lam Mdc dutu tudng giao due cua Khdng TQ ed nhflng han chd nhit djnh didu kidn ljch su vd lap tradng giai cdp nhung ndu bidt kd thQa mdt cdch chgn igc thi sd tidp thu dugc nhiing gia trj tieh cyc cho vide gido due ddo tao eon ngudi giai doan hidn Tai li^u tham khdo H6 Chi Minh (2000), Todn lap, tl, Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia Ha Npi Tran Trpng Kim (1971), Nho gido, Nxb Bp Giao due - Trung tam hpc lipu, quyen thupng Boan Trang Con (1996), Khdng Tii:, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue Doan Trung Con (2011), Tii- Ihir, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue Dang Cpng san Vipt Nam, Vdn ki^n Dt/i hgi dgi biiu todn qudc Idn thd XI, Nxb Chinh trj quoe gia Ha Npi ... trf vd hgn chi ngi dung vd phtrong phdp gida dye Trong ndi dung gido due dao due cho hgc trd, ngoai nhdn Id, Khdng TQ cdn ehu ttgng day nhQng chudn myc dao dQe, nhu: tri, dung, trang, tin, hidu,... budn; cd tri, tQc Id chdng Iam lac; ed dung, tQc la chdng sg set Trong dd, nhdn cd tinh ehdt bao ham, bdi theo Khdng TQ thi "ngudi nhdn dt hdn cd dung, ngudi dung chua chic dd cd nhdn", Ngoai ra,... qudn tu Id nhdn each Iy tudng, dd Id sy thdng nhat cua nhan, tri va dung Tri la bidt ngudi, biet phdn biet dung sai, hay, dd; dung la khdng sg set, khdng sg cudng quydn, bao l y c , Theo Khdng