Tsp chl Khoa hpc DHQGHN Khoa hgc Xi hoi va Nhin vSn Tjp 30 Si 3 (2014) 14 27 I Dian tin \h giai trong sach giao khoa Tiing Viet ti6u hoc Nguyin Thj Hucmg* Trudng Dgi hgc Ngogi ngu Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd[.]
Tsp chl Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Khoa hgc Xi hoi va Nhin vSn Tjp 30 Si (2014) 14-27 Dian tin \h giai sach giao khoa Tiing Viet ti6u hoc Nguyin Thj Hucmg* Trudng Dgi hgc Ngogi ngu Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Noi, Phgm Van Ddng Cdu Gidy, HdNgi, Viet Nam Nhan 09 Ihang nam 2014 Chinh sua 18 thang nam 2014; ChAp nhan dang 19 thang nSm 2014 Tom tit: Dira vao ty ihi^'fit ve didn tin ciia Legal va Morchal, bai vidt diit van de tim hieu nhihig bigu hien cua difen tin \h gioi sach giao khoa tifing Viet tiiu hoc hien hanh a Viet Nam Thong qua viec phan tich cac bi^u hien lien quan d6n vin d8 nh^n dien gioi va phan biet gioi qua hinh thuc ngon ngu va phi ngon, bai viit lam r5 sir chi ph6i ciia dien tin gioi tir phia nguoi so?n sach va anh huong, lac dpng ciia di£n tin gioi d6i voi lua tuoi tieu h9c, tren co so de xuat mpt s6 giai phap va quan niem vk giao due gidi g6p phan tang cuong nhgn thuc va hanh dpng vfi binh ding gioi Tir khoa: Di^n tin, diin tin vk gi6i, gidi, binh dang gioi, sach giao khoa tieng Viet tieu hpc L Dit vin de Gidi la san pham cua cac tu-ong tac van hoa xa hoi Chinh cau true v ^ hoa xa hpi da san sinh gidi va den lu0 no, cac ca nhan lai dieu chinh cimg each ung xii cua minh cho phCi hop vdi khuon thuoc gioi ma xa hpi quy dinh Trong so cac hinh thuc tuang tac van hoa x3 hpi gop phSn hinh nhung niem tin ve gicri, nhiJng bieu tupng v6 gidi a m6i ca nhan thi gi^o due giif mot vai tro quan trpng, neu khong muon ndi la quan trpng nhat Trong boat dpng giao due a nha truang Viet Nam, sach giao khoa la mpt cong cu day-hpc quan trpng cua giao vien va hpc sinh Sach giao khoa (SGK), nhu ten gpi ciia no, la cong cu de giao due Ngoai npi dung day DT: -84-942992609 Email: nguyenhuong99I2^gmail.com hpc, SGK huong den viec gido due c&c ky nang xa hpi cho hpc sinh (HS) Co the noi, SGK dong mpt vai tro dang kd vjec xay dimg cac chuan xS hpi va hinh each nhin vh xa hgi HS Npi dtmg cua SGK c6 the tac dpng manh den tri tuang tucmg va su nhay cam ciia cac em NhtJng hinh mau ma SGK dua CO the anh huang den tinh each, thai dp va each nhin th& gidi ben ngoai ciia cac em Co thi noi, SGK CO mpt quyln lire nhit djnh d6i voi HSTH ma dac tnmg lira tuoi la tinh chua on dinh vg tam ly va tir phan bien ciing chi dang qua trinh hinh Cac em cd xu hudng cho rang nhuTig gi thi hien SGK la sir that Sv tin tuong ciia giao vien va phy huynh ddi vdi SGK cang ciing cd nilm tin ay a cac em Chinh vi vay, bit eir noi dung nao dira vao SGK diu phai duac can nhic than trpng Qua khao sat, chung toi nh|n thiy la SGK tiiu hpc I .\' T Huang Tgp clii Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Khoa ligc Xd hpi vd Nhdn vdn Tgp 30 So (2014) 14-27 hien hanh d Viet Nam ton tai kha ro dien tin ve giai, dSc biet la sir bat binh dang giira nam va nii SGK ciing dua mot so biii hpc ve viec chong lai si^ bat binh dang nam nxt nhung chinh nhiing bM hpc da thi hien mpt quan niem ve giai mpt loi tu ve vdn dl gidi hay dan gian, chua di vao du^c nhirng cung bac tinh vi va lat l^o cua no Dieu co the gay nhiing hau qua tieu circ ddi vdi cac em vdi tu each la nhihig cdng dan tuong lai Trong bai vilt nay, sau lam ro khai niem dien tin va dien tin ve gidi, chiing tdi tidn hanh phan tich nhung bieu hien de nhan thay va nhiing bieu hien tinh vi cua dien tin gidi SGK Tieng Viet (TV) tieu hpc, dac biet chii trpng vao SGK TVI va TT^ 5, tren co sd dd de xu^t mpt sd giai phap va quan niem ve giao due gidi cho HSTH Khung co sd Iy luan cua bai viet nam khudn khd cua nhiing cdng trinh nghien CLTU ve dien tin ciia Legal [1] va Morchal [2] Mpt s6 tiln de ly lu^n 2.1 Dien tin Tir gdc dd tam ly hpc xa hdi va xa hpi hpc dien tin' (tieng Anh: stereotype, tieng Phap: stereotype) la nhirng nilm tin, bilu tugng tinh than cd the diing hoac sai hpp nhiing hieu ' Mpt s6 nguoi dimg dinh kien thien kien de dich stereotype'Stereotype nhung theo ehiing toi, djnh hen thiin ki^n thiSn v^ nghia ti^u cue stereotype'stereotype mang tinh Uiing l^p c6 the dung ho$c sat CO the tich cue ho^c tieu c\fc Co nguoi dich la hmh anh nhung chung toi tha> tir naj' qua chung chung l^i chua neu Ht du?c tinh chat co djnh bam re sau n h ^ thiic nguoi cua khdi ni^m stereotype'stereotype Cung CO nguoi djch la khuon mau nhung chiing toi th£y tii naj du da chuyen dgt dugc tinh chat co djnh, cung nhae cua stereotype stereotype nhung chua chuyen dgt duge > niim tin \k quan niem - mpt npi dung quan tnpng npi ham ciia kbdi ni?m xet tir g6c dp tam Iy hgc xa bgi va \k hgi bgc biet cua chiing ta ma chiing ta dua vao dd d6 phan loai, danh gia ban than ho^c ngudi khac/nhdm ngudi khac Day la nhiing niem tin, bieu tupng mang tinh tap the, duoc cac ca nhan Cling mpt cpng ddng ngudi chia se va cd mdt tac dung chi phdi nhat dinh ddi vdi nhan thuc ciia chiing ta ve the gidi, ve cung each ung xu cua ngudi khac/nhdm ngudi khac va dieu hudng hanh ddng ciia chiing ta theo tam ly sd ddng Vi du, niem tin, quan niem cho rang ngudi Nghe Tinh keo kiet, ngudi miSn Nam hoc true, ngudi Phap ljch su, ngudi Anh lanh limg, phu nii nhay cam hon nam gidi, dan dng thich nhiing ngudi phu nQ' dep ban nhflng ngudi phu nii thdng minh ia nhiing dien tin 2.2 Dien lin ve giai Theo Robert Stroller (bac si tam than, nha tam ly hpc phan tich My va la cha de ciia khai niem giai) thi moi mpt ngudi dupc cdu ciing mdt liic bdi hai phSn: mdi ngudi cd mgt ca the tao nen ban sac gidi tinh va mdi ngudi cd mot bdn nga tao nen ban sac gidi (dan theo Chemin, [3]) Neu nhu co the la mpt thuc tl sinh hpc, sinh i;^ va di truyin bi quy dinh bdi ty nhien thi ban nga lai la mpt thuc the sinh tir van hda Simone de Beauvoir tac phltn «Gidi tinh thir hai» cung dua mpt dinh thuc ndi tieng: «Ngudi ta khdng sinh da sin la dan ba ma ngudi ta trd dan ba» («On ne nalt pas femme, on le devient», Le Deuxieme Sexe, Galimard, 1949, tr.285) O day, cd sir phan biet giiia gidi tinh bam sinh va gidi tren phuong dien xa hpi Ngudi ta sinh da mang sSn mdt gidi tinh (la nam hay nii) nhung de trd dan dng hay dan ba lai phai cac tuang tac xa hpi van hda hay ndi each khac, gicri la san pham cua cac tuong tac van hda xa hdi Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi khdng di sau vao phan biet gidi va gidi tinh Chung tdi dung gidi theo nghia gidi nam va gidi nii hay nam gidi va nii gidi Gidi d day la gidi theo nghTa ST Huang, Tgp chi Klioa hpc DHQGHN Khoa hpc Xd hgi va Nhdn vdn Tgp 30 Sd (2014) 14-27 nhdm xa hpi, ndi each khac la tap hpp ciia cac ca nhan cd chung mpi sd d§c diem ve mat gidi tinh va xa hdi Quan diem cua chung tdi la neu nhu gidi tinh la tap hpp nhiing d|c diem chung phan biet nam va nir, Ihl hien su khac biet ve mgt sinh hoc cua nam va nii, la mdt quy dinh cua t\r nhien va theo dd, su khac biet giiia nam va nu la duong nhien thi gidi ve mat xa hdi duac xay dung trudc hit tren ca sd gidi tinh nhimg quan trpng nhat la cac can cur xa hpi nhu; vai trd xa hdi, hanh vi img xCf xa hpi, nhiing ki vpng lien quan din nam va nii (dan theo Nguyen Van Khang [4]) va theo dd gidi can phai dupc nhin nh|n mpt each binh dSng khdng dupc lay sy phan biet gidi tinh dfi dp dung cho gidi vemat xahpi Tir quan niem vl dien tin d 2.1, chiing tdi I^p thuc khai niem dien tin gidi - mpt dang dien tin - nhu sau: dien lin giai la nhimg niem tin vl gidi, nhung bilu tupng vl gidi tdn t^i cpng ddng d$c diem xa hpi, v3n hda, tu tudng ciia cpng dong quy djnh vd din lupt nd, dien tin gidi l^i cd tac dyng chi phdi din nhin thiic, hanh ddng, ung xii cua moi ca nhan cpng ddng cung nhu nhiing quan niem, danh gia ciia ca nhan ve ngudi khac hoac gidi khac Tij dd cd the thay dien tin gidi ddng vai trd nhu mpt can cu giiip ca nhan nhfin di|D ban than va ngudi khac tu each gidi ddng thdi diln tin gidi cung la can nguyen ciia su phSn bi^t gidi tdn tai dai dang tir thi he sang thi h| khdc Trong bai vilt nay, van dl diln tin gidi SGK TV tieu hpc dupc nhin nhan va phan tich xoay quanh bai binh di|n nh^n di?n gidi va phan biet gidi 2.3 Gido due nhtr id cong cy truyen bd dien tin Dien tin dup'c lan truyen phd bien qua cac dudng sau: qua dudng truyin mieng, qua cic phuong tien thdng tin d^ii chung va mpt nhiing dudng truyen ba nhanh nhat va cd hieu Ivc nhat la giao due Cd the ndi giao due la m^t nhihig phuang tiSn chfnh yeu dl truyen ba dien tin Mot each logic, giao due ciing phai la cdng cu chinh yeu viec loai thai nhiing dien tin xau va phd bien nhiing dien tin tdt Nhilu nghiSn cuu da chi rang dien tin cd thi gay mdt anh hudng tu dpng va vd thiic din ling xiir va nang lire cua ngudi Cac nghien ciru thuc nghiem ciia ciia Bargh, Chen va Burrows (1996), Dijksterhuis & van Knippenberg (2000), Legal (2005), Nelson va Norton (2005) [1] da chi rang neu kich hoat diln tfn tdt mdt each vd thiic d ddi tucmg thi doi tupng sg tu dpng san sinh nhiing img xu va nang lire tich cue Ngugc lai, neu mpt dien tin xau dupc kich ho^t ddi tuang se cd nhiing hanh ddng, ling xii va nang luc tieu cue Trong Iinh vuc tam ly hpc xa hdi va su pham, hi?u ung dupc d|t cho mdt cai ten la hipu img Pygmalion^ Cd the dinh nghTa mpt each ngin gpn bieu img nhu sau: su chd dpi cua gido vign vl kha nSng (tdt hay xiu) ciia HS cd thi khien HS cd nhung hanh xii va nang lgc tucmg hop vdi su chd dpi Bieu hien cQa diln tin gidi SGK Tieng Vi?t tiiu hgc Npi dung thdng tin m^t cudn SGK thudng duoc gidi thieu, thi hien qua hai hinh thiic: qua van ban (ngdn ngfl-) va qua hinh thuc phi ngdn (anh, tranh, sa dd, bang bilu) [5] SGK tifiu hpc tir Idp ] den ldp d Viet Nam cung dugc clu true theo md hinh truyin thdng Dudi day, chiing tdi se phan tfch cac bilu hien Hen quan den vin dl nhan dien gidi, phan bi?t gidi SGK TV tiiu hpc qua hai hinh - Ly thuyet vl hi?u ung Pygmalion doi nSm 1968 \i tic gia ciia no la Rosenthal va Jacobson \.T Huang ' Tgp chi Khog hpc DHQGHN: Khoa hpc Xa hpi vd Nhdn vdn Tgp 30 So (2014) 14-27 thuc thi hien ciia ndi dung thdng tin la hinh thuc ngdn ngii va hinh thuc phi ngdn Hudng trpng tam vao nhiing phan tich dinh h'nh, chiing tdi khdng d§t muc tieu thdng ke day dii va triet de nhiing bieu hiSn ve gidi tit ca cac SGK TV tir ldp den ldp ma chi diing nhiing sd lieu thdng ke djnh lugng chii yeu TVI va TVS - hai dai dien ciia giai do^n dau ti6u hpc va cudi tieu hpc 3.1 Nlnmg bieu hi^n lien quan den van de nhdn di4n gidi 3.1.1 Bieu hi?n cua nhgn dien gidi qua kinh phi ngon Ve hinh thuc bl ngoai the hien qua ldi phuc sire cua cac em nam va nii, cac hinh minh hpa d tat ca cac SGK tir Idp din ldp 5, cac em nam va nii dugc phuc siic theo dien tin truyen thdng vS gidi: nii thudng mac vay, neu mac quSn thi dd Id nhiing bd quin ao hoa hoac quan ao cd cac mau sic ndi bat nhu cam, tim, dd, hdng, vang; nam thi thuang m^c quan ao cd mdu xanh Ve phy kien trang sue cho mdi gidi, hau het cac em nii deu cd no cdi len dSu, mau sic ciia no cai dau dugc lya chpn phii hop vdi mdu sic cua quin ao; tdc cac em thudng dugc cpt vdng cao ho§c tet bim vdi no hinh budm ho$c hinh bdng hoa sac sd cdn em nam hoac de dau trdn vdi mai tdc cit ciip cao gpn gdng ho|c dpi mu cat-ket Trong TV J, lgp 1, chiing tdi thdng ke cd 101 hinh minh hpa cd ca nam va nu nhung chi cd 6/101 hinh minh hpa (gdn 6%) dd em n& khdng cai no tren dau (tr.54, 55, 81,129) Tuy nhien, dii khdng cd no cai dau nhung cac em nii vdn dugc nii tinh hda nhd quin ao, phu kien vd dif u bd, cit chi dugc cho la danh rieng cho gidi niJ (tr.51 54 55, 81, 129) Nhu v4y, each minh hpa ldi phuc sue ciia cac em neon va ni^ (cung nhu cua bd me dng bd, cd gido) hoan toan bj chi phdi bdi diln tin ve hinh thuc be ngoai cua nam vd nii Dieu ndy tao mdt lgi the de thay la giiip cac em HSTH nhan dien gidi mdt each de dang, gdn nhu khdng phai mat cdng suy doan Tuy nhiSn, each minh hpa tren chac chan se dan da hinh d cac em mpt khung thdm my cd dinh, mdt khudn mau thdm my cd dinh ve ve ben ngoai ciia nam va nii Cac em sS dan hinh cho minh nhiing tieu chi de nhan dien vd qua dd de danh gia be ngodi cua nam va nu": nam thi phai thi nay, nu' thi phdi the kia, nhu thi va nhu the mdi dugc gpi la phu hgp, neu khdng nhu the va nhu the Id di chech khdi quy dao va cd the hi che cudi, th|m chf bi cd lap Lien quan din dac dilm tfnh each ciia mdi gjdfi, nhieu hinh minh hpa cung cho thiy dnh hudng ciia dien tin gidi thS hien cac nhan vat nam vd nii Trong TV 1, lap 1, chi cd binh minh hpa em gai dm biip be (tr.8, 66, 91) Minh hpa cho tir "y ta*' la hinh cd y td dang kilm tra kim tiem chuan bj tiem, em gai diing ben canh chd tiem vdi ve mdt lo lang, sg hai (tr.54) dd, minh hpa cho tir "bac s f la hinh dng bac si dang nhip tim cho cau be cdi trdn, ve mat c^u binh thdn, tham chf cau cdn hai mim cudi (tr.l54) Trong TVI, tgp (fe 2, minh hpa nhiing cdnh li8n quan din boat ddng ddi hdi nhiing dpng tac khodng d^t, manh me, cdc nhd mmh hpa SGK thudng chpn cac em trai {TVI, tgp : h-.102; TVI, tgp : tr.40, 137, 138, 141, 152) cdn cac em gdi thudng dugc chpn de minh hpa cho nhiing ddng tac, hoat ddng nhe nhang {TVI, lap : tr.l30,140; TVI, tgp : tr.92, 141, 132) Khi minh boa cho cac chii de Iuyen ndi "vang idi cha me", "con ngoan, trd gidi " (TVI, lap : tr.l09, 131; TVI tgp : tr 23) thi hinh minh hpa chi cd cdc em gai va tuyet nhien khdng cd em trai Tuy nhien, em trai dugc chpn de minh hpa cho bai dpc "Khdng nen phd td chim" (TVI lap 2, tr 151) Trong sach TV4, tdp 2, bai dpc minh hpa cho chii dS "Giii phep lich su bay td ydu clu, dl nghj", nhan A T Huang i Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN Klwa hpc Xa Iwi vd Nhdn vdn Tpp 30 Sd i20l4j 14-2 v|t em trai dugc gan cho tinh bit lich su, vd le cdn em gdi thi lich su, ll phep (tr 110)^ Nhu v|y, d ^ diem tinh each cua em nam vd nii ciing bj gidn luge hda va thd so hda dudi anh hudng ciia dien tin gidi Cac em nii dugc gdn cho nhiing tfnh each nhu diu dang, nhe nhang, thich ldm dieu, vdng Idi ngucri Idn, le phep, nhudng nhin, that tha cdn cac em nam thi manh me, hieu ddng, ngo nghich Cach the hi?n tinh each nam/nii cua SGK se gieo vao dau cdc em HSTH nhimg bieu tugng vl tinh each gidi, quy dinh cdch ung xu ciia cac em Cac em cd the se r|p khudn theo nhiing khudn mdu md SGK trinh bay vi cac em dat niem tin vao SGK Cdc em nam cd the sS tu cho phep minh hidu dpng, ngd nghjch, cdc em nii tu cho phep dugc dif u ddng vi cac hanh vi da dugc hgp thuc hda bdi dien tin gicri Cdc em cung tu dat rdo cdn ngdn minh khdng dugc the hien nhiing tinh cdch dugc cho Id thudc ve gidi khdc, neu khdng muon bj che cudi, cd 14p Do d§c didm tdm ly lua tudi, cac em rat sg bj chiing bgn cudi che, bj cd l?p Bi cd lip, bi tdch khdi nhdm Id mdt hinh thuc trimg phgt ddng sg nhat doi vdi cac em d lua tudi va dd ciing Id hinh thirc trimg phat dang sg cua ngudi nhiing xa hpi ma ngudi chua cd y thiic mpt cdch rd rdng ve gia tri ca nhan hay ndi cdch khdc cdn ddng nhat gia tri ciia cd nhdn vdi gid tn ciia nhdm [6] Ndi lo bi cd lap khien ngudi ta luon phai gd minh theo sd ddng, trang phyc theo sd ddng, suy nghi theo sd ddng tgo mdt thu ddng phuc tap the, tu tap the Chinh vi vay, dien tin viia cd Igi la giup cd nhdn ty djnh vi vd djnh vj ngudi khdc mot cdch Trong tai ll^u chuyen de **Giao due n€p song ljch \ an minh cho hgc sinh Ha Npi" (diing cho hgc sinh lop 5) cua So Giio due va Dao t«o Ha Ngi (NXB Ha NgL 2012), tat ca nhitng guong nguoi t6t viec i6t deu thugc ve cac em nit khong c6 ngo^ 1^ Cac em nam dupc khdc hga nhu nhihig nhan v$t phan di^n d^i di^n cho nhung thoi x4u can phai tranh Theo danh gia cua chiing toi thi day ta mgt sai lam trim upng ve m$t su ph^m dl ddng, tao cho ca nhan cam gidc an toan, dugc che chd t|p the nhung cung vira cd hai la triet tieu tu tranh bien, khat vpng sdng tao dpc ddo ciia cd nhan Trd Igi chuy?n minh hpa trang phyc cho HSTH, chiing tdi nhgn thdy each vd minh hpa nhu the cang ciing cd d cac em HSTH nhimg hinh mau gidi cdc em thu nhan tu gia dinh Ngay tir sieu am dl bilt gidi tinh, gia dinh dS trang tri phdng dc, mua sim qudn do, dd dung theo su phan biet gidi tdn tai xa hdi Khi cdc em Idn hon mpt chiit, gia dinh mua dd choi, hudng cho cdc era chai vd hdnh xu theo sy phdn bi|t gidi ly Dgc dilm hinh thiic be ngodi va tinh cdch dugc minh hpa vd thd hien SGK cung phan dnh dugc thuc te xdy xd hpi nhung nhieu tnrdng hgp nd bj day Idn muc cue doan va chinh vi thi ma cd phdn philn dien Chiing tdi dd so sanh nhiing hinh ve minh hpa vdi nhiing anh chyp SGK vd thiy ring cac dnh chup ttr thuc te, s6 lugng cdc em gai cd no cai dau chiem mpt ty le rat nhd Trong sach TVI, lap co anh chyp canh sinh hogt ddi thudng ty nhien ciia HSTH (tr.l 1, 37, 46, 86,77) cd rit nhieu HS nii nhung chi cd nhat dnh chyp minh hpa cho cdu "Be tap viit" cd hinh bd gdi cdi na trdng tren ddu (tr.77) Nhu vgy, thuc tl, ty 1? cdc em gdi cdi no tren tdc khdng dgm dac nhu d SGK Dilu ndy phdn dnh dac diem tinh chat ciia thdng tin diln tin dua lgi nhilu khdng chfnh xdc, chi dua trdn nhiing xdc tin thilu su kiem sodt nghiem ngat cua hidn thyc khach quan 3.1.2 Bieu hi^n cda nhgn diin giai qua kinh ngon ngir Dudi day, chiing tdi se phan tich nhiing bieu hien cua nhgn dien gidi thdng qua ngdn ngir vl gidi dugc thi hien SGK Trong pham vi bai vilt, chiing tdi chi dl cgp mpt sd bilu hien ndi bat chir khdng thi khdo sdt mpt N T Huang/ Tgp chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Khoa hpc Xa hdi va Nhdn vdn Tgp 30 Sd (2014) 14-27 each tridt dd tdt cd cdc bidu hien vd ngdn ngO gidi dugc Trudc het la van de dinh danh ddi tugng HS vd gido vidn Chdng tdi da thdng ke cdch dinh danh HS hai tap SGK TV Trong TV 1, tap 1, danh tir phd biln dk djnh danh HS la "be" nhung ndi dung quy chilu lgi khdng gidng nhau, cy the cd 15 trudng hgp sd chi ciia "be" Id em gdi, trudng hgp sd chi la em trai, cd trudng hgp sd chi la mpt t^p hgp g6m ca trai va gai (2 trai, gdi), Ngoai cd trudng hgp su dung tir fte + lin nam vd trudng hgp sii dung be + ten nir Chi din cudi sdch TVI, tdp mdi xudt hidn danh tir "em" dl chi HS (4 iln: tr 131, 139, 149, 167) Sang sdch TVI, lap 2, tir "em" dl chi HSTH lai chilm uu thd (25 iln) dd tir "be" chi cd Idn Ddn sdch TV thi khdng cdn xuit hidn tir "bd" nira ma chi cd tir "em" Cdu hdi dat d day la cd phdi cdc sogn gia SGK cho ring d hpc ki dau cua ldp cdc em hay cdn non dgi, bd bdng, ngdy tha nen da lya chpn tir "be" dk gpi, qua dd tgo cam gidc gan giii, thdn mgt? Tir "bd" chii yeu diing de chi cac em nii cd thi la mdt gpi y trd Idi cho cdu hdi ndy Tuy nhien, theo ddnh gid cua chung tdi, neu ddy Id mpt sy lya chpn cd y chii khdng phai anh hudng v6 thuc ciia didn tin vd tre em ndi chung vd be gai ndi rieng thi cdc nhd su pham cdn xem xet lai cdch lua chpn ndy vi se gdy mdt hdu qud tidu cue viec xdy dyng bieu tugng tinh than d cac em Dimg tir "be" de gpi cdc em chi cd tdc dyng keo dai hon niia mdi trudng gia dinh va quan hd gia dinh mdt mdi trudng mdi vdi mdt quan he mdi mang nhiing tinh chat mdi Vide van giii mpt mdi trudng gia dinh vd quan h^ gia dinh nhu vay se cd tdc dpng tidu cue viec phat trien y thuc ve tinh ty chu, ve gia trj cd nhdn cua cdc em Cach gpi "be" da vd tinh xda nhda ranh gidi gia dinh/nhd thudng thdy cd/hpc sinh khiln cho HS g?p khd khdn vi?c xac dinh cdc van dd: ta la ai? d dau? ldm gi? (tat nhien la vdi miic dd phii hgp vdi tu cua HSTH) Dilu rdt quan trpng vi neu HS xdc dinh mdt cdch rd rdng cdc van dd thi se cd nhirng hanh vi ung xu phu hgp dieu ma cdc nhd su pham mong mudn Vi vay, theo chiing tdi, can phai thay ddi each dinh danh HS tir diu chii khdng dgi ddn cudi Idp mdi bat dau thay ddi mdt cdch khdng cd he thdng Day khdng chi don gidn Id each dinh danh ddi tugng md lien quan den quan niem ve mdi tnrdng gido due Trong sach TVI, tap 2, cac em dugc hpc cdc npi dung theo chii didm thi chu didm ddu tidn cac em dugc hpc Id chii diem Nhd truang Day la nguyen vdn cua bdi tap dpc cd tidu dd Truang em thupc chu diem nay: wTnrdng hpc Id ngdi nhd thii hai cua em trudng cd cd gido nhu me hidn, cd nhieu be ban thdn thidt nhu anh em Trudng hpc day em thdnh ngudi tdt Trudng hpc dgy em nhirng dieu hay Em rdt ydu mai tnrdng ciia em." Qua bdi dpc, cd the thay phdn ndo quan niem cua cac nhd soan sach Hda ra, budc vdo Idp cdc em chi chuyen budc tir ngdi nhd sang ngdi nhd khdc vdi nh&ng quan h^ dugc giir nguyen tinh chat: cd gido la me hiln, ban be Id anh em Quan nidm nhu the dd danh ddng cac su vat mang nhiing bdn chit khac vd se khidn HS lgc ldi viec xay dung cdc bieu tupng tinh thdn Mdi tnrdng tnidng hpc vd gia dinh cd the cd cimg chung mpt muc dich giao dye, cimg hudng tdi mdt sdn phdm giao due gidng nhung each thuc, phuong phdp vd phuong tidn gido dye thi phai khdc, phdi cd nhiing ddc thii ridng Khdng gian nhd trudng va khdng gian gia dinh khdng gidng vi mdt bdn Id khdng gian cdng cdng vd mot ben Id khdng gian ridng tu Cd gido khdng cd nghia la me hidn va cung khdng ndn la me hien vi giura cd gido vd HS thidt Igp mpt mdi quan he khac bin, quan he me la quan he gia dinh cdn quan he cd trd la quan he xd hpi Bgn be ciing Shdn < T Huang Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Khoa hoc Xa hoi vd van Tdp 30 Sd 12014) 14-27 khdng thi la anh em vi quan he anh era la quan he rupt thit cdn quan he be bgn la quan he xa hpi Ddn trudng la mgt co hpi de cdc em da dgng hod cdc mdi quan he ciia minh va nhd dd cac em hinh >' thirc vd minh vdi tu cdch la thdnh vien cua xd hgi Vide tiep tyc tri mdi quan h? gia dinh khdng gian nhd trudng da tudc di d HS y thiic vd vai trd moi cua minh vd cd thi tao ndn nhiing bieu tugng tinh thdn meo md d cdc em, vd hdu qua Id cd nhd trudng va gia dinh deu khdng dat dugc muc dich gido dye vd khdng the tao dupc nhiing sdn phim gido dye todn didn Mpt vdn dd lien quan Id van de xung gpi trudng hpc Chung tdi khdng cd dilu kidn khdo sat thuc tl xung gpi iriKmg hpc d Vidt Nam ma chi de cap mgt sd quan sat ciia chiing tdi vd cdch xung gpi sdch TVI Khdc vdi TT /, tap 1, TVI, tap da cd nhieu hinh thuc bdi tgp vd qua cdc bdi tap cd thi quan sdt dugc each thuc xung gpi md cac sogn gid SGK ndu dl ggi y cho HSTH Trong cdc bdi tgp ddi hdi phdi cd sy tuong tac giiia hm hay nhieu HSTH, cdc nha soan sdch dua phuong dn "ban" de gpi va "tdi" de xung (tr.47 56 62 68 95, 118 151) Theo ddnh gid ciia chung tdi, ddy td mpt quan nidm tidn bp (ndu qud Id cd mpt quan nidm nhu thd!?) ciia cac sogn gid SGK vd chuan xur^ hd ttudng hpc Cdch dimg cac tir chi quan he than tpc de xung hd cdc mdi trudng ngodi gia dmh chi khidn cho cdc nhan vat tham gia giao tiep hi giam hdm Idu hon vdo cdc mdi quan he gia dinh gia hidu Trong dd xung "tdi", ngudi tham gia giao tilp cd co hdi cung cd vd xdy dyng y thirc ve cd nhan minh, y thuc ve chfnh minh nhu mpt cd the binh ddng voi nhiing cd thi khdc \a hpi Neu cac tac gja SGK thuc hidn mpt each tridt de cdch diing ndy bing each cho HS xung "tdi" vdi giao vien thi cd the sd t^o mdt sy thay ddi Idn quan nidm aiao due Tu\ nhien cap tir xung hd phd bien giua giao vien \a HS SGK van ta "cd em" Vd cdc tdc gia da de Ipt mdt vi du ddng tile d tr.74 mdt bai tap Iuyen ndi dims tir "be" thay cho tii "em" van thudng dime Ndu nhu tir "em"dugc chap nhdn de dang vl la tir diing tru\ en thdng phd bidn vd quen thudc thi tir "be" mai mai dat cac em vao vj the bit binh ding mot each cimg cyc \\ the ciia nhung dua tre khdng - dugc - Idn Quan nidm cho ring HS la nhung dua tre be bdng phdi bao boc day dugc the hidn d nhirng cdu hdi kilm tra miic dp hidu bai dpc cua HS cu the la dinh danh nhan vai xung "em" cdc bdi tap dpc la "ban nho" va each dinh danh keo ddi mpt each cd he thdng tat cd cdc sach TV til ldp den ldp Cung cac bai tap cac sach TV tii [dp din ldp 5, chiing tdi nhan thay la can dinh danh doi tucmg giao \ ien bao gid cdc soan gia SGK ciing diing hinh thirc: co gido fllidy gidoj ha>' CO gido fliogc tlidy gido) Ve mat logic trinh bay phan dai ngoac dugc xem la phan phu, tir cd the doan dugc y ciia cac soan gia Co gido d day !d phan chinh chiem da sd \a litdy gido la phan phu, them vao de de phdng trudng hpp tren thuc te khdng phai la cd ma la thay Qua diing la tren thyc te sd lugng giao vien nii day tieu hpc chiem Iy Id Idn so vdi nam gido vien nhung each sir dung hinh thixc ngdn ngir dd phan biet gidi nhu SGK the hidn su: vyng ve thieu tinh su pham Tai khdng thay bang tir gido vien? Theo chiing tdi da\ chinh la mpi bieu hien cua vide dp dung dien tin gidi mdt each rap khudn Trong thyc te ngdn ngii d phd thdng trung hpc va dai hpc nhidu giao vidn diing "anh" "chi" dd gpi HS nhung de thi kiem ira hp van chju anh hudng ciia didn tin gidi mdt cdch vd thiic qua viec dimg nhiing hinh thuc ngdn ngir nhu; anh (chi) lidy.- anh N T Huang ' Tgp chi Khog hpc DHQGHN- Khoa hgc Xd hot vd Nhdn vdn Tgp 30 So (2014) 14-27 (hay chi) hay Moi sd giao vien y thiic dugc sdc thdi phan bidt gidi toat len til nh&ng each diing nhu vdy ndn thay bang: anli/chi hay Tkx cd nhihig dilu ndi Idn mpt dilu ring, dii mudn hay khdng, chiing ta van hi chi phdi bdi dien tin gidi vd vdn phdi tfnh din su tdn tgi ciia dien tin gidi phai ddi didn vd xii Iy nhiing van dd lien quan ddn gidi 3.2 Nhihig bieu hiin lien quan den vdn de phdn biet gidi Lien quan den vdn de phdn biet gidi, chiing tdi sd xem xet nhihig bidu hidn ve hogt dpng, nhidm vy, nghe nghiep vd vai trd xd hdi ciia nam vd nQ dugc trinh bdy, gidi thidu SGK TV tiiu hpc 3.2.1 Bieu hiin cua phdn biit gidi qua hogt dgng nhiim vu ciia nam/nu Hogt dpng ciia HS nam vd HS n& ciing nhu ciia cdc vien khdc gia dinh cac em (dng, bd, bd, m?) SGK TV tiiu hpc cung bj didn tin hda mdt cdch rd ret Trong hai tip sach TVI, trd choi ciia cac em nam vd nii bj phdn hda theo gidi; em nu' chai dd hang, choi nhdy day, choi blip bd; em nam choi bdng dd, chai bdng chuyin, choi bit ve, choi keo co, choi bi Ci nhihig tranh minh hpa dd cd cd nam vd nfl', su phan bd vai trd tudn theo quy lugt sau: ndu trd choi dugc cho Id thudc vl gidi nam thi n& ddng vai phu, dung d hang thd, ngugc Igi, nlu hogt ddng dugc gdn vdi dac diem gidi n& thi nam dung d hang thu (TVI, tap 1: tr.l9, 24, 26) Trong nhdng tranh minh hpa cho nhung hogt dpng cd cd nam vd n&, cdc em nfl thudng dugc thi hien nhu la phai ylu, thfeh dugc che chd (TVI, tap 1: tr,37, 69 141) Quan sat cdc hogt dpng ciia cdc em nam vd nii TVI, tap chung tdi nhdn thdy cac em nii da tham gia rat nhidu vdo cdc cdng viec ngi tn?: tr.9, 47, 49, 51, 53, 61, 70, 109, 113 phai den TVI, tap mdi cd tranh minh hpa em nam tham gia vdo cac cdng vide gia dinh: tr.l3, 75, cdn tdt cd cac cdng vide thupc vd npi trg ddu em n& hoac me ddm nhidm Nhiing cdng vide ndi trg ma cdc em nii tham gia cung la phdn viec ciia me Trong sdch TVI, tap 2, tuyet nhidn khdng cd tranh dnh minh hpa hay bai dpc dd b6 lam vide nha dd me ddm nhiem mdt cdch gan nhu tuyet ddi tit cd cac cdng vide cham sdc cdi, nhd cua: tr 58, 83, 89,110, 125, 132, 147, 150 Ndi gan nhu tuyet ddi vi cac phan vide ndy dupc su hd trg it nhidu ciia ba : tr 62, 66, 84, 109, 110, 123, 142 Hinh dnh ciia bd vd me cdn dugc khic hpa qua nhflng bdi tip dpc d cdc trang 35, 55, 66, 88, 100, 163 Trong nhimg bdi dpc ndy, bd vd me hien len nhu nhiing ngudi chiu thuang, chiu khd, diu ddng, nhdn hdu, la ngudi cdc em cd thi tin tudng tuy?t ddi Trong todn bd cudn sdch, bd xudt bidn Idn: tr.52, 85, 100, 129, dng xuit hien Idn: h 78, 84, 105, 143, 167 So vdi hinh dnh m? vd bd, binh dnh bd vd dng xuit hidn khung cdnh gia dinh rdt md nhat, bd vd dng gdn nhu dimg ngodi cdc cdng vide gia dinh Bd xudt hien lan thi Idn Id d mdi trudng ngodi gia dinh, hai lan ddng vai trd la quan sdt vidn cdn tat ca cdc vide md dng ldm deu xudt phdt tir thii vui tudi gia cua chfnh dng chii khdng phdi Id phan viec ma dng phdi tham gia vdi tu each Id vidn gia dinh Nhu vay, buc tranh gia dinh, bd va dng van Id nhiing dudng vien md nhat, ngodi ria, cac em trai chu ydu giii vai ngudi hudng lgi (dugc cham sdc, an) dd, me, bd vd cdc em gdi Id nhiing nhan vgt trung tam, tham gia mpt each trpn ven vao cdc boat dpng gia dinh Cach trinh bay vd md hinh gia dinh va nhiem vu ciia nhiing ngudi gia dinh ciia SGK phii hgp vdi dien tin vd gidi dugc cac ca nhan .\- T Huang' Tap chi Kiioa lu>c DHQGHN: Khoa hpc Xa hpi vd Nhdn vdn Tgp 30 Sd