JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Interdisciplinary Sci , 2014, Vol 59, No, 6, pp 149 158 BAN CHAT VA CAC MO HINH CUA HOC TAP DUA TREN KINH NGHIEM Nguyin Van Hanh, NguySn Hi3u Hdp, Nguyin Thi Cue TrUdng Dgi[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Interdisciplinary Sci., 2014, Vol 59, No, 6, pp 149-158 BAN CHAT VA CAC MO HINH CUA HOC TAP DUA TREN KINH NGHIEM Nguyin Van Hanh, NguySn Hi3u Hdp, Nguyin Thi Cue TrUdng Dgi hoc Sit phgm Ki thudt Hung Yen Tom tat Hgc tap difa tren kinh nghiem lit mpt tif tudng, li thuylt giao due hien dai, ndi bat the ki 20 dUdc diit nen mong bang cac nha khoa hoc giao due hang diu tren thi gidi nhu Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, Jean Piagel, David A Kolb, va nhflng nhit giao due khac Trong biii bao nay, chung tdi se di phiin tich ve ban chit vii mo hinh ciia hpc tap dua tren kinh nghiem Irong cac nghien cflu ciia mpt so nha giao due tren Titkhoa: Experiential Learning, Model of Experiential Learning, Mcf dau Hpe tap dua tren kinh nghiem {Experiential Learning) la mpt IU tudng If thuylt giao dye hien dai, ndi bat Irong Ihl ki 20 dupe dat nin mdng bang cac nhii khoa hpc giao due hang dau tren thi gidi nhU Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, Jean Piagel, David A Kolb, va nhflng nha giao dye khac [3, 4] Hoc lap dua tren kinh nghiem ddng mdt vai trd trung lam If Ihuyel ve hpe tap va phat Irien ngUdi, nd cung d p cae md binh vi qua trinh hpc lap lfl kinh nghiem, ird ihanh xu hUdng, nin tang giao due thi ki 21 Cd mdt su ilnh cd kha Ihfl vi, cac nha khoa hpc giao due diu di din mpt quan diem chung, dd la viec sfl dyng ihuai ngfl "hpc tap difa Iren kinh nghiem" cho til ca nghien cflu cua minh Chflng la se tif dat cau hdi, bdn chdt cua hgc tap dua tren kinh nghiem cde edng trinh nghiin cifu ciia cdc nhd gido due Id gi? Lieu chdng cd moi quan he bien chdng ndo gida cdc md hinh hgc tap dua tren kinh nghiem cua cdc nhd gido due ixdy hay khdng? Cac eau hdi dd se dUdc chflng tdi Iam sang td bai bao nay, 2.1 Noi dung nghien cu:u Trao doi ve thuat ngtf "Experiential Learning - Hoc tap dtfa tren kinh nghiem" Chiing la vin Ihudng bat gap Ihuat ngfl "Experiential Learning" dUdc hieu vdi nhilu ten khac eac lai lieu viet bang tilng Viet nhU: Hpe lap trai nghiem, Hpc lap Ngay nhan biir 15/1/2014, Ngay nhan diing 5/5/2014, Tdc gia lien lac: Nguyen Van Hanh, e-maii: hanhutehy@gmail.coiT! 149 Nguyen Van Hanh, Nguyen HSu Hdp, Nguyin Thj Ciic qua irai nghiem, Hpc tap dUa tren kinh nghiem Vay hieu Ihe nao cho dung ve thual ngfl "Experiential Learning"? Trong tfl dien tieng Anh, ihuat ngfl "Experience" theo danh lfl cd nghia Iii kinh nghiem, vf du nhU: lo lean by experience - hpc lap qua kinh nghiem, lo know something from experience - kinh nghiem ma bill dupc dilu gl, , Ngoiii "Experience" edn la mdt ngoai dpng tfl dupe hieu la trai qua, kinh qua, vf dy nhu: to experience harsh trials - trai qua nhflng thfl thach gay go Vdi linh tfl, ta cd thuat ngfl "Experiential" nghia la dUa tren kinh nghiem, theo kmh nghiem, nhU vay, thuat ngfl "Experiential Learning" nen hieu Iii Hoc lap dua tren kinh nghiem Theo Tfl dien Wikipedia, kinh nghiem (Experience) la bao hiim kiln Ihflc hoac kT nang ma ngUdi hoe da dai dUpc thdng qua viec Iham gia vao hoiic tilp xflc den sU vat hoac sir kien dd [6J Ngudn gde cua tfl kinh nghiem dUdc sap xep d phfa sau cfla triii nghiem, thfl nghiem (Experiment) VI ihl, kinh nghiem se dat dudc qua trai nghiem, thfl nghiem, Trai nghiem (Experiment) ihudng di din mpi stf hieu biit ve su vat, sif kien niio dd, Trong dd, kinh nghiem (Experience) la khai niem mang tinh tong quat, bao ham sU hieu bill ve eac sif vat hoac sU kien trai nghiem cd du'dc, vli di cap din dUdng, ciich thflc dua din su trai nghiem dien nhU Ihl nao NhU vay, triii nghilm chi Iii mdt giai doan giflp ngUdi hpc due ket kinh nghiem mil Ihdi, 2.2 Ban chat cua hoc tap dtfa tren kinh nghiem De cd the hieu rd ban chit ve hpc lap dUa Iren kinh nghiem, irudc hit chflng ta d n phai hieu vl ban chat hoc tap Bdi Ie viec hpc tap d ngUdi dUdc thUe hien dUdi rit nhieu hinh thflc va md hinh hoc lap khac nhau, va hoc lap dita tren kinh nghiem cflng chi la mdi loai sd dd Ban chll hpe lap chi'nh la su liip nhan kinh nghiem va gia In xa hpi bang hoat dpng dpng ca nhan mdi trUdng xa hdi (ca nhan hda kinh nghiem xa hpi, hay cdn gpi la chuyen vao - inleriorizalion) va phat triin kinh nghiem dd d chfnh minh de phat trien chfnh minh (xa hdi hda ca nhan bing kinh nghiem xa hdi, hay cdn gpi la chuyen ngoai - Exteriorization) trd thanh vien cua xa hdi, qua dd gdp phan phiit trien xa hdi [2] Ban chll hpc lap cho la Ihly, viec hpc tap ludn ludn bao gdm hai hoat dpng ed ban: 1/ Ca nhan hda kinh nghiem xa hpi; 2/ Xa hdi hda ca nhan bang kinh nghiem xa hpi Nghien cflu eua Jean Piagel vl elu true cua qua Irinh nhan thflc da chi ring, tri tue ngudi hpc khdng irdng rdng va nhan thflc cua ngUdi hpc d bat cfl d p dp nao diu IhUc hien cac thao lac tri tue ihdng qua hai qua trinh ddng hda (assimilation) va dilu flng (accomodtion) [3] Dong hda chinh la qua trinh hpe tap thdng qua cd che bieu tUdng, trflu tupng khai niem dUa tren hoat ddng quan sat, phan anh cua ca nhan ve kinh nghiem xa hdi, day chfnh la hoat dpng ea nhan hda kinh nghiem xa hpi Diiu flng lii qua trinh hoe lap bang cac hoat ddng tri tue, the chit cua chfl the nham llm kiem giiii phap, dudng giai quyll vin dl thUc tiln bing vdn Iri thflc cua cii nhan, day chfnh la boat ddng xa hpi hda ca nhan bang kinh nghiem xa hpi Quan niem cua Jean Piagel chi cho la ihly 150 Bdn chdt vd cdc md hinh ciia hgc tap dua tren kinh nghiem rang, ngudi hoc ludn cd mdt vdn kinh nghiem ca nhan nhll dinh dac IrUng bang nang life giai quyll vin de dde lap d dang tiim nang Lev Vygotsky cho rang, gifla tri thflc da biit (kinh nghiem da cd) va tri thflc mdi (eai chUa biit, cln ITnh hdi) hoan toiin cd mpt cay d u ndi gifla hai vflng vii nd dUdc xay dung bang chfnh kinh nghiem ca nhiin cua ngUdi hpc Tfl quan niem nay, xull phat lfl khoa hoc phdt irien ngfldi cua minh Lev Vygotsky da dl xudng If thuylt vl Vflng can phat tnen (Zone of Proximal Development) dat nin mdng vd cflng quan trpng irong day hoc va giao dye hien dai Vung can phat trien am chi mot khu vifc niim gifla sU phat trien nang life (dang liim nang) dac trifng bang nang life giai quyet vin de (d qua khfl) va sU phiit iril'n hien lai dac iritng bing nang life giai quyll van dl dpc lap, khu vifc chfla nhflng kinh nghiem ca nhan cua ngUdi hoc [1] Vung can phat trien cho ihay riing, mdi ca nhan deu cd kinh nghiem lam nin tang, d dang liim niing cfla mdi ca nhan ed dupe thdng qua boat ddng hpc lap, sU trai nghiem va cd ca yeu td di truyin Hoe tap Iii qua trinh difa kinh nghiem ca nhan viio IUdng lac vdi mdi IrUdng hpc tap, tfl dd tiim nang kinh nghiem dupc huy ddng de xay dung tri thflc cho ban than Ihdng qua boat ddng irai nghiem ciia chfnh hp Su chia se, thfl trach IUdng lac vdi mdi trudng hpc tap giflp cii nhan phai trien nen trinh dp mdi, cao hdn Qua dd, ngudi hpe phan anh vdi kinh nghiem hien lai cua ho, vii dieu chinh, liim phong phu kinh nghiem nin lang de kiin tao tri thflc lilp Iheo Nhu vay, hpc lap se Iam thay ddi Viing can phai tril'n cfla mdi ca nhan sau mdi qua irlnh kien tao tri thflc Nhflng phan tfch tren cho thiy, ban chll cfla viec hpc lap dUa tren kmh nghiem ludn ludn eoi vdn kinh nghiem ea nhan chinh la ed sd eho viec nhan ihflc ihl gidi, va su nhan thflc ldi uu se diln tai Vung can phat tril'n eiia mdi ca nhan Hpc tap la qua trinh kien tao tri thflc lien tyc d ngUdi hpc xay theo hai cd chi ddng hda va dieu flng, iri thflc ngudi hpc thu nhan dUpc se md rdng sU hieu biet, Iam ihay doi Vflng can phat trien, lam phong phu kinh nghiem ca nhan d ngUdi hpc, kinh nghiem mdi se la cd sd cho viec nhan ihflc ciie su vat, sit kien mdi thi gidi hien ihuc khach quan, thflc diiy sU phat trien tri tue d ngifdi hpc Viec nghien cflu qua trinh hpc tap dUa tren kinh nghiem dang dUdc nhilu nha giao due quan lam nghien cflu, cd thd chi mdt sd dai dien lien phong nhU Dewey (1939), Kolb (1984), Powell vii Wells (2002), Trong phin 2.3, se irinh bay mdt sd nghien cflu lieu bieu vl qua Irinh hpc lilp dfla Iren kinh nghiem cfla mdi sd nha giao due, 2.3 2.3.1 Cac mo hinh cua hoc tap dtfa tren kinh nghiem Mo hinh nghien ciiu hanh vi cua Lewin (Lewin's Model of Action Research) Kurt Lewin lii mpt nha tam li hoc, dUdc biet den nhu la ngUdi tien phong ITnh vUc tam If xa hdi, lam If id chflc va flng hp lam If hpc Gestall Lewin la mdt nhflng ngfldi diu tien nghien cflu vl su nang dpng cua nhdm (group dynamics) vii phat trien td chflc (organizational development) Cac nguyen tic hoat dpng cfla tam If hpc Gestalt coi 151 Nguyen Van Hanh, Nguyin Hflu Hdp Nguyin Thi Cue bp nao la loan dien, song song, va tUdng tU, vdi xu budng tu td chflc Nguyen tac cho rang mat ngUdi nhln thay cac ddi titdng Irong toan bd cua nd infdc nhan thflc cae bd phan neng le, cho thiy loan bp la Idn hdn tdng cfla cac bd phan cua nd Hdn nfla, toiin bd dfldc du doan cac bp phiin khdng tich hdp vdi nhau, Nha tam If hpc Gestalt cbo rang nhan thflc la san pham eua sU IUdng tac phflc tap gifla cac kfch thich khac T^m If hpc Gestall dat nin mdng cho nhan dinh cfla Lewin nghien cflu vl lam If hpc td chflc lin rang, mpi ngUdi nhan thflc tdt nhll cd sU mau ihuln, cang thing gifla suy nghT neng re va kinh nghiem cy the eua hp Va nhan Idi ihach ihflc cfla cae vien khac nhdm thi ban than hp se phai the hien, hanh ddng, theo dudi, su hieu bill cua minh Diiu chinh la he qua cua PhUdng trinh Lewin (Lewin's equation) - PhUdng trinh ve cac yiu td bien ddi hanh vi cua ngUdi dUdc dua cudn sach cua dng vdi lieu dl "Principles of Topological Psychology" vao nam 1936, Kurt Lewin", PhUdng trinh Lewin cd ndi dung: B^ f{P,E)[5] Trong dd, B (Behavior) la hanh vi cua ngudi; P (Person) lit dac dii'm chfl the/ca nhan ngUdi IUdng lac vdi cac ylu td, mdi trUdng cua nhdm; E (Environment) la eac Ihanh vien cua nhdm, la mdi trUdng xung quanh nhU ban be, gia dinh, cdng ddng, Kit luan cua Lewin khang dinh, hanh vi cfla ngUdi lit la mpt ham sd cua ca the va mdi tntdng xunh quanh Trong phUdng irlnh nay, P la yiu td khd thay ddi nhll, bdi le mdi ngUdi mdt Ifnh each, mdi ngUdi mpt sd thich, ca tfnh khac mil khdng the ap dat Do dd, mudn thay ddi hiinh vi cua hp, ta phai thiet ke mdi tnfdng E cd du kfch thfch, hflng thu, dii diiu kien dehp Ihay ddi himh vi Tfl day, Lewm de xuat nen md hinh nghien cflu qua Irinh ihay ddi hanh vi bao gdm bdn giai doan: Kinh nghiem cu the (concrete experience), Quan sal va phan anh (observations and reflections), Hinh thiinh khai niem trflu lUdng vii khai quat (formation of abstract concepts and generalizations), va Kiem tra tac dpng cua khai niem tinh hudng mdi (testing implications of concepts in new situations) dUdc the bien Hinh Md hinh dupe cdn gpi vdi ten la md hinh hpc tap dUa tren kinh nghiem cua Lewin (The Lewinian Experiential Learning Model), •Trong md hinh niiy, lap tflc Kinh nghiem cu the la td ed ban cho boat dpng Quan sat va phan anh Phan anh la sU ddng hda (so sanh) vao If thuyet ve nhflng tac ddng cho hanh vi dUde suy luan Cac suy luan, gia thuyet sau dd se dupe lap ke hoach, thifc hien de tao kinh nghiem mdi Md hinh diic biel nhan manh lam quan trpng cua hai khia eanh la Kinh nghiem cu the (concrete experience) vii ihdng tin Phan hdi (feedback) Khia canh Ihfl nhat, kinh nghiem eu the cua ca nhan la dau mdi cho hpc tap, cho cudc sdng, va chfl quan cfla mdi ngUdi ve y nghia khai niem trflu lUpng, khai niem mdi se dupe xem xel cho viec kiem tra lac ddng va bieu qua cua y tudng qua trinh hpc tap, Khia eanh thfl hai, nghien cflu hanh vi la difa tren qua trinh phan hdi, thdng tin phan hdi cung cap cae danh gia tac ddng eua hanh vi va dinh hUdng myc tieu hanh vi tilp theo Md hinh cua Lewin gdp phin vai trd rll Idn viee id chflc hanh vi hpc tap cua Kolb Md hinh hpc lap trai nghiem eua Kolb cau true gidng vdi md hinh nghien cflu hanh vi cua Lewin Bdn chdt vd cdc md hinh ciia hoc tap dua tren kinh nghiem • Concrele experience - Testintj implicalions of cudcepts in new situations Observations and refleclior Formation of abstract concepts and generalizations Hinh 1: Md hinh nghien cdu hdnh vi cua Lewin (Lewin's Model of Action Research) [4] 2.3.2 Mo hinh hpc tap dua tren nghiem cua Deway (Deway's Model of Experiential Learning) "•-., ItTipuls^e Judgement, Kr"ii:ii,"jlei:]ge, Hinh 2: Md hinh hgc tap diia tren kinh nghiem cua Dewey (Dewey's Model of Experiential Learing) [4] John Dewey la mdt nha iriet gia, nhii lam If hpc vii cai each giao due ma lU tudng cua dng da cd anh hUdng Idn giao due va cai each xa hpi, lii mdt ngUdi Iheo trill li cua chfl nghTa thifc dung Mac dfl boat dpng d nhieu ITnh vUc khiic nhUng ten ludi Dewey dUde nhac din nhiiu nhat Irong cac an pha'm lien quan din giiio due, dUdng nhien dng cung viet nhieu lac pham ve ciic chii de khac nhU tham mT, nghe Ihual, Ii Ihuyll xa hdl, Ve giao due, Dewey cd nilm lin rang, ngUdi hoc se hpc tap hieu qua nhll mpt mdi trudng cho phep hp trai nghiem va tUdng lac vdi mdi trUdng day hpc va lit ca ngUdi hpc phai cd cd hdi tham gia viio viec hpc cfla minh Trong cudn sach "Kinh nghiem va giao due (Experience and Education)" xull ban nam 1938 cua minh, Dewey cho ring, ngUdi hpc (lfl nhii ire cho den dai hpc) khdng phai la ngdi nha trdng rdng chd dpi dUdc liim diy kiln thfle Thay vao dd, dng cho ring ngUdi hpc nhan thiic dfla tren IhUc te Ihdng qua tu If luan, va hoc tap dua tren kinh nghiem chfnh Iii cay clu ndi gifla If ihuyll vdi thflc hanh thifc le, MP hinh hpc tap cua Dewey bao gdm cd Xung (Impulse), Quan 153 Nguyen Viin Hanh, Nguyen Hflu Hdp, Nguyin Thj Ciie sat (Observation), Kiln thflc (Knowledge) va Phan xel (Judgment) sip xip mdi chu Irinh keo dai cho den tat ca ciic thdng tin da dUdc hoc hay ngUdi hpc dat dUdc myc dich hpc tap, Md hinh hoc lap cua Dewey difdc the hien hinh Md hinh hoc tap cfla Dewey Iii gan gidng lUdng IU vdi md binh cfla Lewin, dng lam rd rang hdn vl \ iec ap dung hpc lap theo md hinh cua Lewin bang md la ciich hpc tap biln ddi xung cam xflc vii mong mudn eua kinh nghiem cy the vao muc dich hanh vi Su ihiic day cua kinh nghiem liiin sinh ciic y tudng, cac y tudng se djnh hUdng cho xung tac dpng, Quan sal va phan doan se dUdc thifc hien sau mdi xung tac dpng nham can Ihiep vii dilu chinh hanh ddng nham hudng din myc dfch hpe tap Md hinh cfla Dewey cung d p mdt khudn mlu cho chu trinh hpc lap dita tren kinh nghiem cua Kolb 2.3.3 Mo hinh hpc tap va phat trien nhan thu'C cua Piaget (Piaget's Model of Learning and Cognitive Development) Jean Piaget la ngUdi Thuy Sy, mdt nha tam If hpc phat trien va nha triii hpc noi lieng, Piagel diinh mdi quan lam ldn, llm quan Irpng ldn ddi vdi giao dye Ire em Lf ihuyel nhan Ihflc ciia Piagel lii mpt li thuyet loan dien vi ban chll va phiit trien cfla Iri tue ngUdi, ndi dung cfla nd dl cap din ban chat cua ban than kiin thflc vii each Ihfle eon ngudl dan dan tiep can, kien tao vii sfl dung nd Piagel dac biet lap trung vao qua irlnh ddng hda (Assimilation) va dieu tiet (accommodation) de giai thfch ve eon dudng phat trien nhan thflc Theo dng, tre em xay difng sU hil'u biet vl ihl gidi xung quanh, sau irai nghiem sif khac biet gifla nhflng gi chung da bill vii nhflng gi chflng kham pha mdi trudng xunh quanh Piagel cho rang, mpt dfla tre se di qua bdn giai doan phiil Irien nhan thflc bao gdm: Cam giac van dpng (Sensorimotor), Tnrdc hoat dpng (Pre-Operalional), Hoat dpng ey the (Concrete Operational), vii Hoat dpng chinh thfle (Formal Operations) Md hinh hpe lap vii phat trien nhan ihflc cua Piagel dUdc the hien tren hinh Trong md hinh nay, quii trinh hpc tap dien stf phat trien Iii mdt chu trinh tUdng tac gifla ca nhan va mdi trudng, dieu niiy tifdng tU nhu md hinh hpc lap eua Dewey va Lewin Giai doan - Cam giac van ddng la giai doan diu lien bdn giai doan phat Irien nhan Ihfle, keo diu tfl sd sinh din nam ludi, Trong giai doan nay, tre xfiy dUng kiln thflc vii su hieu biit ve thi gidi bang viec phdi hdp cac irai nghiem (nhln, nghe) vdi cac tUdng tac vat If viio ddi tupng (nhU nam, diiy bfl, mut) Hpc tap lii cac hoat ddng the chll chu ylu thdng qua xflc giac, sd md, vii xfl li mil nd ihUc hien Irong the gidi ihdng qua cd che kich thich va phan flng Tre tiin bp tfl cae hanh vi phan xa, ban nang lfl luc sinh din Iflc bat d:iu hUdng din suy nghT bil'u tupng d cudi giai doan Giai doan - TrUdc boat ddng (2-6 tudi), bit dau tfl dfla tre bll diu hpc ndi vii keo diii cho din bay tudi Trong giai doan nay, dfla Ire cd the hinh hanh khai niem dn dinh hinh anh linh than va nilm lin ao tUdng, nhien lai khdng cd kha nang thifc hien Ciic hoat ddng theo trf de ma thay vao dd Iii eac phan xa the chat Vi thi, giai doan niiy dUdc gpi la giai doan irude hoat ddng Hpc lap la cae ird chdi mang linh bieu lUdng (iconic) chu yiu irong tu nhien thdng qua sif van dyng, ihao tae cua quan siit vii hinh anh 154 nd liiiih cita hgc tap dua tren kmh nghiem Cwiitrete PfiertoiFii Hinh 3: Md hinh hoc tap vd phdt trien nhdn thiic cua Piaget (Piaget's Model of Learning and Cognitive Development) [3] khiii niem Uong trf dc Giai doan infdc hoat ddng dUdc chia Ihanh hai giai doan nhd- chflc nang bieu IUdng, va true quan suy nghT, Chflc nang bieu tUdng (khoang 2-4 ludi) la ire em cd the hieu dUdc, mieu ta, ghi nhd vii hpa hinh cac ddi tupng irf tue cua nd ma khdng cd ddi lupng trudc mat TrUc quan suy nghT (khoang 4-7 tuoi) lit ire em cd xu hudng de xuat cac ciiu hdi "tai sao?" vii "nhu the nao den?", Giai doan niiy la ire mudn hieu biel kien thflc ve lai ca mpi thfl Giai doan - Hoat ddng cu the (khoang tfl 7-11 tudi), qua irlnh suy nghT cua mpt diia tre trifdng Ihiinh hdn, luy nhien, tU trflu tifdng, gia thuylt chua phat tril'n, vii tre chi cd the giai quyet van de qua viec ap dung cac kinh nghiem ve sU kien va ddi tifdng cu the, Vi du nhU tre biit dau hpc cac phep loan cdng, irfl ihdng qua viec sfl dung que linh, phep nhSn qua bang cfl chUdng Mdi irUdng hoc tiip tac dpng khiln tre chuyen lfl linh hilu kl Id md sang ham hieu bill, hflng ihfl kham pha Hoc lap giai doan la dupc dieu chinh bdi trat IU cua Idp hoc va cac mdi quan he, giao tilp Bude diu kiim chi ifnh hieu ddng, bpl phat de chuyen ihimh Ifnh ki luat, nl nip, chip hiinh npi quy hpc ta.p Trong giai doan cam giac van ddng, chu Irinh hoc lap dUdc chiem Uu the bdi qua irlnh dieu flng thi Irong giai doan boat dpng cy the Iii qua trinh ddng hda nhilu hdn Irong chu trinh hpc tap Giai doan - Hoai ddng chinh Ihflc (khoang lfl 11 ludi din 15-20 ludi), ngUdi chuyen tfl qua irinh phat irie'n bieu tUdng difa vao hoat ddng cu the sang quii trinh phat trien bieu IUdng ctia If luan khoa hpc (kha nang gia thuylt va suy luan) Trong giai doan nay, ngUdi hpc phat iril'n kha nang tu khai mem hda, Ngudi hpc phat tril'n khii nang nhan biet tiic dpng eiia If thuyet hau qua cua hanh ddng, va lien hanh trai nghiem de kiem tra tfnh dung dan cua If thuylt dd Kha niing tu If iuan cho phep tri sfl tap trung, 155 Nguyen Van Hanh, Nguyen Hflu Hdp, Nguyen Thi Ciic suy nghl, Iheo ddi, va giai quylt vin dl thdng qua trai nghiem cd he thdng, cd phUdng phap Piaget y tudng rang, kiln ihflc khdng phai la bl'm sinh, ma la mpt san phl'm cfla hanh ddng Quan diem tao mot phan chfnh li thuyet hpc tap dUa iren kinh nghiem cfla Kolb, 2.3.4 Mo hinh hpc tap dUa tren kinh nghiem cua Kolb (Kolb's Model of Experiential Learing) David A Kolb la mdt nha If luan giao dye ngUdi My, eac iin pham, tap chi cua dng chu ylu tap trung vao ITnh vifc hpc lap dUa tren kinh nghiem phat trien nghl nghiep, giao due cho ngudi ldn Khi nghien cflu ve hoc tap dUa tren kinh nghiem, Kolb tin rang, phong each hpe lap ciia mdi ngudi la kit qua lfl mpt lifdng lac gifla dac diem ben mdt ea nhan va mdi trifdng, hoan canh ben ngoiii eua hp nham thu nhan va xfl If thdng tin cac linh hudng hpc tap Day chinh lii nen lang tU lUdng de dng phat trien md hinh hpc tap dua tren kinh nghiem, va mdi quan he eiia nd vdi phong each hpc tap cfla mdi ca nhan Md hinh hpc lap difa tren kinh nghiem feua Kolb dUpc the hien tren Hinh Concrete Experience Feeling Accommodating feel and Diverging feel and watch Active Reflective Observation Watching Experimentalton Doing Converging think and Assimilating think and watch Abstract Conceptualisation Thinking Hinh 4: Md hinh hgc tap dUa tren nghiem cua Kolb (Kolb's Model of Experiential Learing) [4] Trong md hinh nay, Kolb kl thfla gin nhU hoan toiin theo ciich to chflc cua md hinh phat trien nhan thflc cua Piaget, bao gdm bdn giai doiin phat tril'n IUdng flng vdi bdn giai doan md hinh cua Piaget: Cam giac van dpng (Sen.sorimolor), TrUdc hoat dpng (Preoperational), Hoat dpng cu the (Concrete operational), va Hoat dpng chinh thflc (Formal operations) Mdi giai doan md la mpt each thflc nam bat kiln thflc vii chuyen doi kiln thflc I- Giai doan thfl nhat tUdng flng vdi giai doan Cam giac van ddng (Sensorimotor) cua Piaget - Hpc tap la cac boat ddng the chll cua chfl the nhim tim kiim giai phap, Bdn chdt vd cdc md hinh ciia hoc tdp dua tren kinh nghieni dudng giai quyet van dl thue lien bang vdn iri thflc cua ca nhiin Kolb gpi giai doan phu thfl nhat la Dieu flng (Accommodative) 2- Giai doan thfl hai lUdng flng vdi giai doan Trude hoai ddng (preoperational) cua Piagel - Hpc tap la thdng qua ciie bieu IUdng cu the lU nhien thdng qua sif van dung, thao lac eua quan sal va phan anh hinh anh, khai niem irong trf de Kolb gpi giai doan thfl hai la Phan ki (Divergent) 3- Giai doan thfl ba tUdng flng vdi giai doan Hoat ddng cu thd (Concrete operational) cua Piaget - Hpe tap la ihdng qua cd che bieu tupng, trflu tUpng khai niem difa tren phan iinh Kolb gpi giai doan thfl ba tii Ddng hda (Assimilative) 4- Giai doan thfl tu lUdng flng vdi giai doan Hoat dpng chfnh thfle (Formal operalions) cfla Piaget - Hoc tap la thdng qua gia thuyet va If luan vl mdt van dl Kolb gpi giai doan thfl tU la Hdi lu (Convergent), Ban chat cua md hinh hpc lap difa tren kinh nghiem cfla Kolb (hinh 4) la mpt vdng xoan dc md ta qua trinh hpc lap gdm bdn giai doan cd ban, phfl hdp vdi bdn phong ciich hpe lap bao gdm: 1/ Kinh nghiem cu the (Concrete Experience), 2/ Quan sat phiin iinh (Reflective Observation), 3/ Trflu tifdng khai niem (Abstract Conceptualisation), 4/ Thfl nghiem (Active Experimentation) Theo hinh 4, hpc lap se xuai phat tfl mpt mlu thuan gifla Kinh nghiem cy the va Khai niem trflu Ifldng, hie'u ddn gian thi dd ehinh lii mau thuin cai da biel vii cai chifa biet, Khi giai quyet mau ihuan nay, mdi ngudi hpc cd the thfch sfl dung Kh:ii niem trflu tUdng hoac kinh nghiem cu the Ngifdi hpc nao thfch sif bao quai, nhan thflc vin dl sc Ua thfch "Suy nghi - Thinking", ngudi niio thfch su ro riing, hieu rd van de se ua thfch "Cam xflc - Feeling" biiy td, trinh dien mdi kinh nghiem hpe lap Hai each Ihflc chuyen dd'i y nghTa dflc rflt lfl kinh nghiem la Thfl nghiem va Quan sat phan anh, ngUdi hoc cd the thich sfl dung Thfl nghiem hoac Phan anh NgUdi hpc nao thfch sU md rdng, hie'u ngoai dien van de se Ua thfch "Lam - Doing", ngudi nao ihfeh npi ham, ndi dung van de se Ua thich "Xem- Watching" cd gang de ap dung y nghTa cua triii nghiem Theo md hinh hoc lap cua Kolb, qua irlnh hpc lap if tudng thi ngudi hpc phai di qua tat ea bdn phUdng ihflc nham giai quyet van de tinh hudng hoc tap thi se dat hieu qua hpc lap eao nhat Ban than mdi ca nhan se nd luc, cd gang sfl dung, tiep can ca bdn phUdng ihflc nay, nhien, hp ihudng cd xu hUdng phat Irien, chien Uu the ve mpi phitdng thflc nam bat kinh nghiem, va mot phUdng thflc chuyen ddi kinh nghiem Ket luan Hpc difa dua tren kinh nghiem dUdc xem nhU la mdt li thuyet hpc tap quan trpng, dat nen mdng cho nen giao due hien dai vii dupc cac nhii giao due phat irie'n cac md hinh ve qua irinh hpc lap lfl kinh nghiem Cac md hinh hoc tap deu thdng nhat quan diem rang, vdn kinh nghiem ctia ca nhan rat cd gia irj, hpc lap Iii qua irlnh dua kinh nghiem ca nhan vao lUdng tac vdi mdi trUdng hpc lap, lfl dd kien tao In thflc cho ban than Nguyen Van Hiinh, Nguyen Hfru Hpp Nguyin Thj Cue thong qua boat ddng trai nghiem cfla chfnh hp Nghien ciiu niiy da md tiim nang, hUdng phiil irie'n cua hoc tap dUa tren kinh nghiem tifng ITnh vifc, chuyen nganh cu the, TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] Pham Van Hai, 2013 Bdn chdt vd dgc tnfng cita li thuyit dgy hgc kiin tgo Tap chi Khoa hpc Dai hpc SU pham Hii Ndi sd 58, Hii Ndi, [2J Dang Thanh IlUng, Trinh Thj Hdng Ha, Nguyin Khai Hoim, Tran Vu Klianh 2012 Li thityit phuang phdp day hoc Nhii xuit ban Dai hpc Thai Nguyen, Thai Nguyen [3] Jean Piiiget, 2001 Tdm ll Iwc vd gido due IUK Trin Nam LUdng, Phung De, Le Thi djch NXBGD, Hii Ndi [4| Kolb D, 1984 Experieidial learning: Experience as the source of learning and development Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prenlice-Hall [5] Hltp://en.wikipedia,org/wiki/Lewin'.s_equalion [6] Htlp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_nghi%EI%,'BB%87m ABSTRACT The Essence and Models of Experiential Learning Experiential Learning is a modern educational theory that was prominent in the 20th century and was grounded by the leading science educators around the worid, including Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, Jean Piaget and David A Kolb, In ibis paper we analyze the nature and model of Experiential Learning in some researches of these educators ... experience - hpc lap qua kinh nghiem, lo know something from experience - kinh nghiem ma bill dupc dilu gl, , Ngoiii "Experience" edn la mdt ngoai dpng tfl dupe hieu la trai qua, kinh qua, vf dy nhu:... "Experiential" nghia la dUa tren kinh nghiem, theo kmh nghiem, nhU vay, thuat ngfl "Experiential Learning" nen hieu Iii Hoc lap dua tren kinh nghiem Theo Tfl dien Wikipedia, kinh nghiem (Experience)... mdt giai doan giflp ngUdi hpc due ket kinh nghiem mil Ihdi, 2.2 Ban chat cua hoc tap dtfa tren kinh nghiem De cd the hieu rd ban chit ve hpc lap dUa Iren kinh nghiem, irudc hit chflng ta d n phai