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Tiep can nen giao due l(lioa cur tli0i Le sa •It ' PHAM NGOC TRUNG IKI Kri* ;i ij;.!b no 'en \n: m niA 'A: •rv liJitci ;1r '.•i"^ V iu > iiiAr ;, •3»d Mtj ri^ui'j nil ,Yiin V ifto ^iX< Ld Lgl, ngudi anh ddn tdc da dodn kdt todn ddn ddnh dudi gidc Minh binh djnh thidn ha, thu non sdng ve mdt md'l, md Uld'u dai nhd Ld ligay td budi ddu, Ld Loi da chu hong ndng dd hien tdi, tim ngudi dn ddt, md cdc ithoa thi, xdy dung ndn vdn hgc nude nhd, cung cd chinh su qude gia Vua hdt Idng chdm lo vide hoc hdnh, true tidp djnh chuong h'inh hoc tdp cho trudng Qude Td gidm d idnh dd vd cdc U'Udng edng, tu d cdc iO, phu, chdu -am 1429, Le Loi da xudng chieu yeu ciu "nhring ngudi van vd hio kiet hoac bi bd sdt trim tre khdng ed chric tude, khdng tidn cu, hoae vi thu bin ma bi de nen che giau thi ddn chd thieu phd Le Van Linh ma ty tien cu xet thyc ed tai due thi tau trinh dd cit dung, khdng ke iii nguy quan hay la si thu, lay tai drie Ii han"(l) Vua md khoa thi niiiili kinh bdc hoc de chpn ngudi tai gidi thdng thao kinh sri, ddng thdi bit cac quan \an vd tu tri pham trd xudng phai thi kinh su Den nam 1431 vua lai eho md khoa thi liodnli tic dd chon nhung ngudi van hay, hpc rpng bd lam quan Bing nhung chidu du dd, mac dri Le Lpi ehua md dupe eac khoa thi tie'n si nhung dng da tap hop dupe mdt ting ldp nho si tri thric tien bd giiip tridu dinh dyng nude, an dan, dn djnh xa hpi sau nhidu nam binh lua chien tranh Tidp tuc sy nghiep cua vua cha, Le Thai Tdng (14341442) da khdng ngung cung cd nhi nude phong kien mdi dupe hinh bing each tang cudng dao tao chau cac quan van vd tu luc pham trd len, cac quan phu dao thii linh d cie phien trin thdng qua hinh thuc uu tien lap danh sach eho den Quoc Tu giam dpc sach chd tuydn dung Cung vdi viec su dung em gia dinh quan lai, quy tpc, vua cung td chuc cupe thi hoc sinh nude, liy dd hon 1.000 nguoi va chia liim hang: hang nhat, nhi dupe viio Qude Tu giam tiep tuc hoc tap, hang ba cho vd hpc d cac nhii hpc dia phuang tat ca deu duoc mien lao djch dd toiin tam toim y hpc tap Nhung nho sinh d cae nha Id hoc tri 25 tudi trd len ma thi khdng dd phai vd que lam dan thudng \a chju mpi lao dich Nam 1437, vua eho khao sat thi Viet va tinh liy dd 690 nguoi bd lam thudc lai cac nha mdn Ndi theo chi hudng mot ldng ciu hien vii het muc sung nho, trpng dao ciia tien nhan, Le Thai Tdng vin dem tim ke anh tai dung ngudi tuin kipt va dng nhiin manh mudn cd ngudi gidi trude hdt phai chpn ngudi van hpc, dd liy khoa muc thi tuydn lam diu Sd 306 Thang 12-2009 PitM DAM VAN H A NGHI^ THUAT Sau 10 nam hda binh, dn djnh, vua Ld Thai Tdng quydt tam thric diy vipc hpc hanh thi cu vi chi cd thdng qua thi tuydn mdi chpn dupe ngudi thyc tai, dd Ii mpt nhan td rit quan trpng giup nhi vua dyng xay da't nude Nam 1438, vua eho td chric thi huong a cic dao, nam 1439, thi hpi tai sanh dudng kinh dd, trung ky thi hpi dupe gpi Ii tidn si xuit than (dd tidn si dupe lam quan) Vua cung djnh lp nam md khoa thi Nam 1442', vua md khoa thi dinh tai kinh dd Thang Long cho nhung ngudi thi hpi da dd trudng De thi nha vua dich than ra, dd ky thi niy dupe gpi la tidn si va chia bac De nhdt gidp tien si cap de gdm ngudi xuit sic nhit dupe vinh danh tam khdi: trang nguyen, bang nhan, thim hoa De nhi gidp tiin si xudt thdn dupe gpi Ii hoang giap va cudi cring Ii de tam gidp ddng tien sTxudt thdn dupe gpi la tidn si Cach phan cip gin gidng nhu dudi thdi vua Trin Dup Tdng (1374) nhung cu the, ti mi ban, danh gia trinh dp tidn si xac ding ban (J budi diu thdi Le so, vua tdi eham lo vipc nude, chu trpng vipc hpc hanh thi cu, nhidu nhan tai dupe thd hipn va trpng dung, tao ndn tang vung vang eho dat nude phat tridn Khi vua Le Thanh Tdng len ngdi (1460-1497), vipc hpc hinh khoa eri cing dupe dd eao, nha nude phong kie'n Dai Vipt bude vao giai doan eye thjnh Nhim kidm soit chat che dao drie cia nho sinh va cung cd ldng trung cua quan lai vdi nha nude phong kidn, nam 1462, vua Le Thinh Tdng dat lp "bao ket huang thf vi "eung khai tam dai" Quy djnh yeu ciu cic si tu mudn tham dy cac ky thi phii cd sy dam bao va cam kdt cua quan lai dia phuang vd tu cich eua thi sinh, ddng thdi mdi thi sinh phai cd mpt ban khai ly ljch ddi Ndu xuit than nhimg gia dinh lam nghd cim ca hit xudng thi khdng dupe dy thi Quy chd tuydn chpn tri dja phuang niy da chat che ban trude va gdp phin dn djnh trat ty xa hpi bdi vi nd da loai bd dupe nhung ngudi ydu kem vd nhan cich vi bit bupc cac gia dinh mudn cho chiu duoc hoc hanh tin tdi thi 86 306 Th^ng 12-2009 phai ty giac chip hanh nhung quy djnh cua nha nude va cia huong thdn, ling xa Ngudi nio bj xdp vio loai bit hidu, bit muc, bit nghia, loan luan, dieu toa thi cd hpc vin, gidi van bai cung khdng dupe tham dy cie ky thi Tide ring, quy dinh mang tinh tich eye dd cria Le Thanh Tdng sau da bj cic quan lai dja phucmg lpi dung dd nhung nhidu ngudi dan, mat khic quy djnh dd eung thd hipn nhung ban chd vi nd da phan bipt ding cap qui kbit khe, coi thudng nhung ngudi lam nghd ca hit va ed nhidu trudng hpp dng, cha lam sai mi eon chiu phai ginh tpi nen ed nhidu nhan tii Id mit ca hpi cdng hidn cho dan, cho nude Vua Le Thinh Tdng tich eye cii cich chddd giio due khoa eu dd tao sy nghiem trie cic ky thi nen tuydn chpn dupe nhung ngudi thyc sy tai drie Vua da xudng chidu quy dinh bit bupe eic thi sinh phai trai qua ky thi Huong dd loai bdt nhung ngudi ydu kdm ve van chuong, chri nghia Ndu mang theo tii lipu vao trudng thi hoae mupn ngudi thi hp se bi tpi theo phip luat Tri nay, cac ky thi huong a cac Id, phu quan lai dja phuang td chric nhung phai theo quy djnh thd'ng nhit vd npi dung vua ban hanh nhu sau: Trudng nhit, thi doan kinh nghia; trudng nhi, thi chidu, chd, bidu dung the tri lue hay cd thd; trudng tam, thi thd theo thd Dudng luat, phu dung cd thd vi van tao tuydn (dang Ly tao eua Khuit Nguyen) dii 300 chri trd len; tri trudng, thi van sach, hdi vd kinh su vi thdi vu dii 1000 chu trd len Ndu pham briy (2) eua qude tridu se khdng dupe dd Ndu dd ci trudng ky thi huong gpi la huang cdng (cu nhan thdi Trin), ndu chi dd trudng gpi Ii sinh dd (tri tii thdi Trin) Vua djnh be eri nam tridu driih td chric thi hpi mdt lan vao cac nam Thin, Tuit, Suu, Mrii Thing 2-1462, vua eho thi hoi, cac cu nhan nude cd 4.400 ngudi tham dy nhung chi chpn dd dupe 44 ngudi (xip xi 1%) Trong cic ky thi hpi vi dinh tridu dinh td chric, bao gid vua Le cring cu cic quan lai cao cip (thupng thu), cd uy tin, dao drie tdt va dd dat hpc vi tidn si lam quan dd dipu (chu khao), giam thi (phd chu khao) vi ddc quydn Nha vua TAUHT^H: VAN e g - s i r KII^N dich than ngy dipn Kinh Thien, ty tay dd cho dan, cho nude, chd lam dieu xing bay, thi van sich cho cac si tri, thudng hdi vd dao tri tham nhung, lim khd mudn dan Tri day, vua nude ciia cdc de vuong hoac edeh diing nho si cring djnh lp eri nam thi lin theo trat ty thi Di thi thidt thyc gin vdi vipc dyng nude, trj huong, thi hpi, thi dinh va eho ddi each gpi tam dan; eac si tri da dupe ty tu tudng, hdt ldng khdi thinh tien si cap dp (3 ngudi dd cao nhit), bpc bach, trinh bay mdt cich thoai mii nhung chinh bang gpi Ii tidn si xuit than, phu bang Ii suy ngiil cria minh vd nhung vin dd ldn ma nhi tidn si ddng xuit than Nam 1489 vua cho tu vua quan tam Sy hidu bidt vi nhring chinh kidn sia, md rpng vi phit tridn Qud'c Tu giim, ddi ca nhan dd da trd thinh nhung gpi y hay vi ten thinh rriia Thii hpc, xay them nha hpc vi bi cung la sy hidn kd cho nhi vua cich thric lim thu cic dd lam phdng hpc va kho chria kinh sach, vin in Vua Le Thanh Tdng chri ydu tuydn eho dan giau, nude manh Cic giim sinh lric dd ehi chri tam bpc Kinh dung quan lai thdng qua khoa bang nhung dng thi, Kinh thu mi khdng quan tam ddn Ld ky, cung chri trpng tim kidm hidn tii nhd sy tidn eri Chu djch, Xuan thu nen vua bit diu eho dat va quy trinh tidn eri da dupe bd sung mpt each chric tigii kinh bdc hpc Ai cho mdi ngudi chat che, khich quan, trinh vipc gay be keo chuyen trj di sau vio mpt loai kinh sich dd day einh, tham nhring bp miy chinh quydn Nam 1484, vua sic chi ring: tri trd di, hoc trd mpt cich toin dipn quan cic nha mdn ngoii ed khuydt mi Sang nam 1466, vua djnh lp truydn Id xudng danh ngudi dd, bp Id treo bang ving, ghi ten cie vang Ipnh bao tidn cu thi ngudi tidn eu phii ghi rd ve tii nang, kidn thric, tan tidn si d cria Ddng drie dp vi dd xuit dang bd Hoa Tidn si dupe nha vua Trude ddy, i(hi ndi ddn ndn gido vao chric gi Sau tryc tidp dai ydn tipc dye, ithoa cuf thdi Ld so, cd ngudi ngudi dupe tidn eri mi vudn Thuang uydn, ban nghi ngd tinh chdt ddc idp, sdng t^o khdng cd tii drie, bi di, phat ao, mu, xiem, dai, eua nd vd eho rdng ndn gido dye dd tham nhung thi ngudi tien ngya td't dd vinh quy bai nhidu idm cQng chi id su ehdp, eu se bj truy xet, trj tpi td, sau dd dupe vua bd md phdng eua ndn gido due Tiuig nang nhiem vio eac chric vu Hoa Vide ddng nhdt hai ndn gido quan trpng tridu Trude Le Thinh due nhutodnid thidu co sd ichoa hpc hay ngoai lp, phi Nam Tdng len ngdi, vipc thi vd thidu tinh thuydt phuc 1472, vua cring djnh tuydn cd mpt sd tien bp phim ham, chric tude eho nhung chua di vio nd ndp, cic tan tidn si dd dp nhit giip: Ngudi dd diu hipn tupng mang theo tii lipu hoae nhd ngudi cho chric tude chinh luc phim tu, ngudi dd thi hp cdn phd bidn eho nen nhidu ngudi hpc thri hai eho tdng luc phim tu, ngudi dd thri ba mi chit lupng cdn rit kem, gay sy nhidu loan eho chinh thit phim tu (3) Chd dp ban cip hpc dudng bdng lpc va chric tude cao cho nhung ngudi dd Nam 1485, vua lenh td chric eho khao thi dat da khuydn khich vipc hpc tap d thdi Le vi trude ky thi huong phii nghiem dd ebon ngudi vi sy trpng dung bet ldng cria nhi vua mi cic van hay, chu td't Ndu thi phue bach mi cd bd nho si eung hdt long tan girip tridu dinh quydn tring hoae van chri qui kem thi se niem chin dit nude phong dd tra xet Ndu dd lot tri den ngudi Dac bipt, vao nam 1484, vua Le Thanh Tdng dd't nit mi dupe dd tieu eye thi quan thria da quydt djnh khic ten tidn si khoa thi tri 1442 hidn d cic lp phri bj each chric Tu ddi Hdng ddu nam 1481 len bia di nhim ea ngpi cdng Drie, quy chd hpc hinh, thi eri dupe thit chat, drie, sy nghipp nha Le, dd eao vipc bpc hinh thi chit lupng dupe nang cao, nhan tai dupe quan cu, ran day cac tidn si dd dat lim quan phai tam nudi dudng, ed didu kien dupe phit tridn phuc mpnh vua lam didu hay, viec thipn cd ich Vua eho nhring hoc trd thi dd cic dpt 86 306 Thang 12-2009 PifeM P A M VAN H O A NGHg THUAT kinh su Ngoai cie khoa thi ldn mang tim qud'c gia dd tuydn chpn eu nhan, tien si nhi Le cdn cd nhidu khoa thi dot xuit dd tim kidm nhan tai: Khoa hoanh tu la khoa thi tren cip thi huong, dudi cip thi hdi, khoa si vpng (tuydn eri) chpn ngudi dd bd tri huyen nhu ngudi dd huong cdng Dac bipt, nhi Le eon md khoa ddng cac dd tuydn chpn nhring tidn si gidi nhit bd vio cic sanh, vipn, cue tridu dinh Tri nam 1502, Le Hidn Tdng quy djnh bang vang dupe treo d nha Thai hpc Qude Tu Giam chu khdng treo d eua Ddng Hoa nria Tri day bang vang bia di dupe gin vdi khudn vien Qude Tu Giam, ed tie dung thdi thue, nhic nhd ting ldp tri thric phai rdn luypn khdng ngring vd tai va drie de khdng lim hd then cii danh ke si va khdng phu lai sy trpng dai cua nha vua Tu Le Uy Muc vi Le Tuong Dye len ngdi, phong tuc suy ddi, ky cuong rdi loan vi vua bao ngupc, gian dam, gidt ngudi tdn thit, chuyen quyen dpc doin, chen dp cic si phu, bpn gian ninh dupe tin dung, tridu Le din sa Nam 1497, vua Le Thinh Tdng bang vua srit Nam 1527, Mac Dang Dung da cudp ngoi Le Hidn Tdng dupe ndi ngdi Ngay nhan nha Le Thdi Le so trii 100 nam, qua 10 ddi chric, dng da chu y cai each giao due, xudng vua, ket thric chidu ciu hidn va cd sic chi phai chpn tie'n si Mac dri vay, thdi Le so duoc xem Ii mpt thdi xuit than liem khidt, sieng nang, cuong tryc, thjnh trj cia chddd phong kidn Vipt Nam dupe lim vipc gidi de bd nhipm vio cap sy danh diu bdi nhring chidn edng eye ky hidn khoa NhUng chuc vu quan nliU gidm sdt bach cua quan dan Dai Viet dinh tan giac Minh ngU sit hoac tdng binh khdng duoc trao eho xam lupe, xay dyng nen mdt nha nude phong ngUdi yeu kem, du xudt thdn quy toe Tri day, kidn trung uong tap quydn vung manh, dat the lp trudng thi dupe quy dinh rd rang va chat nhieu dinh eao sanh ngang vdi cie vuong trieu che ban Trudng thi thdi niy dupe chia khu phuang Bic tren eac mat chinh trj, kinh te xa rpng, ed rao bao quanh xen ke nhring thap ed hpi dd che dp hpc tap, khoa cu va trpng linh eanh sudt ngiy, ndu cd hp hang dy thi thi dung hidn tai dupe dac bipt chri trpng va trd quan chim trudng khdng dupe lam khao quan thinh miu mye cho thdi sau Bai thi eua thi sinh dupe khao quan chep lai sau Trude day, ndi de'n ndn giio due khoa dd cic quan chim thi chim theo bai chep lai dd eri thdi Le so, ed ngudi nghi ngd tinh chit dpc dd dd phdng vipe cic thi sinh dinh diu bii thi lap, sing tao cria nd va eho ring ndn giio due Thi sinh nao vi pham quy djnh trudng thi phai dd nhidu lim cung ehi la sy chep, md phdng xung vao quan ban phu nam va sudt ddi cua ndn giio due Trung Hoa Vipc ddng nhit khdng duac dy thi hai nen giao due nhu tren la thieu co so khoa Dudi thdi cic vua Le Thanh Tdng va Le hpc va thidu tinh thuydt phuc Ban than nen Hidn Tdng, nen giio due khoa eu dat de'n dinh giao due nude ta dya tren nhung quy luat phat eao, tao mdt ting ldp tri thric nho hoc rit gidi tridn rieng cria nd ma thdi dai Ly-Trin dupe khao thi, cd dao drie tdt thi dupe giam 1/2 phan thud vi tha lao djch, va cung djnh luat khao khda theo djnh ky nam, nam, nam cho quan lai cap thip d cac nha mdn neu dd ca dpt khao xet thi mdi dupe thang chuc Cic quan lai gia ye'u kem cdi se bj thai vd que Ndu cd tinh chay chric, chay quyen se bj trj tpi nang Nha vua dd chric nhit phim tan quan (chric quan danh dy) de truy tang cho cae vj cdng thin khai qud'c ed mat hdi the Lung Nhai bj hy sinh mi chua dupe nhan chric tude, bdng lpc gi cua trieu dinh Tri 1492, vua tang cudng cic quan Hin lam vipn (mdi ty ngudi) lim khao quan tai cic ty thria tuyen: Hai Duong, Son Nam, Tam Giang, Kinh Bic cac ky thi huang dd trinh nhung sy thdng ddng, tieu eye cua cic quan dja phuong Le Thanh Tdng la mpt minh quan, dng ludn dd cao tri thric, trpng dai ngudi tai drie, khoa bang Nam 1496, sau quy djnh cip chric cua quan lai, cic cip phai can eri vio bing cip, dao drie vi thu thach qua qui trinh lam viec Nhit thidt phai dd dat mdi dupe bd lam quan 86 306 IM Thang 12-2009 ^AUKL$H£ VAN P g - S U KH^N xem la thdi ky dya tren tu tudng cia tam giao ddng nguyen Thdi Le so danh diu sy kdt thric cua qua trinh tiep thu, thau hda cac khuynh hudng giao due tri ben ngoai sau da vupt khdi cii bdng cua nho, phat, lao dd dyng nen mpt ept md'c mdi linh vyc tri thric hdt sric phric tap va thudng xuyen bie'n dpng dd nen giao due, khoa cu Dai Viet cd mpt ndi dung rieng, mpt vj tri dpc lap ngang bing vdi cic qud'c gia Diu ring vua tdi nha Le sring nho, trpng dao, nhung thdi Le so dupe xem la giai doan ma ndn giio due khoa eri da chin mudi ve ndi dung va hinh thric Cung nhu sy nghipp giao due eua bit ky qud'c gia nao thdi dd, giao due, thi eri nude ta tap trung thyc hipn muc tieu day Idm ngudi va truyen ba dao Idm ngudi ma eai dao dd nhit dinh phai hudng tdi xay dyng nhung chuin mye dao drie vria mang tinh chit rieng cua ngudi gia dinh, vria mang tinh chat eon ngudi xa hpi phri hpp vdi nhung gia tri van hda truydn thd'ng Viet Nam va phu hop vdi nhung gia trj van hda thdi dai Chinh vi le dd ma mdt sd ndi dung tieh eye eua dao nho dil dupe cac dng vua thdi Le tidp thu triet de nhung theo mpt nhan sinh quan va mpt he quy chidu hoan toan khic, dd Ii: Lay ngudi Viet Nam vd td qud'c Viet Nam Id trung tdm, lay ddn toe \ 'iet Nam lain gdc Thdng qua vipc day eon ngudi hpc sach vd, hpc qua sy trao truydn giua cie thd he, hpc d ddi kdt hpp vdi viec hpc qua thiy, qua ban ma nen giao due khoa cu thdi Le so da hudng ngudi den chu nhdn, dua ngudi ve chu hiiu, din ngudi de'n chri trung, khuyen ngudi ve chu ngliia, dd la nhung gia trj hing xuyen va bat bie'n eua bat ky xa hdi nao Ching nhring the, nen giao due dd da day va ren luyen eon ngudi sdng mpt each hudng thipn, chinh tryc, thing thin, cdng minh, cao, sach du d bat cu hoan eanh nao Vupt qua chieu rpng cua khdng gian, chieu sau cua thdi gian, tinh than nhan van va nhan dao ndn giao due da trd sric manh vd song de cung ed ldng tin, didu chinh hanh vi cua ngudi, cung cip cho hp nhOmg chuin mye dd ren luypn y chi, nghj lye hinh thii dp trude cupe ddi, the hipn sy yeu - ghet va phich, cdt cich cua nhring ngudi ed tri thric, cd kha nang nhan thric dupe chan ly O mpt qud'c gia quan chu ehuyen chd phuong Ddng, cae vua nha Le la ngudi dung diu va true tidp chi dao cdng tie giao due khoa eu Trieu dinh coi vipe giao due md khoa thi ken ke si lii viec lam diu tien phep trj nude, la mpt bd phan dac biet quan trpng toin bp boat ddng eua nha nude phong kien gin vdi sy vong cria tridu dai, ddng thdi la linh vyc trpng ye'u dd giu virng co dd, md mang giio hda, sip xdp chinh sy, gin giu ky cuong, xay dyng, cung ed nen tang chinh tri ciia chd dp, dd phai dupe thyc hipn nghiem chinh, cdng khai nghiem ngat, thudng xuyen, nhim lya chpn dupe nhung ngudi tai drie xring dang Muc tieu eudi cring cua nen giao due khoa cu dd Ii khing dinh bao ve cung cd, ca ngoi va tri chu nghia tdn quan phong kien chung minh cho sy trudng tdn cua che dp phong kien la hop quy luiit lam cho he tu tudng phong kien va nhung gia trj tdt dep truydn thdng van hda dan tdc cung nhung tinh hoa cua van hda nhan loai chiem vi tri chu dao ddi song tinh thin; cung cd tang cudng sy thd'ng nhit vd tu tudng, tao sy doin kdt toan dan, giu virng va md rpng sy anh hudng cua che dp phong kidn Viet Nam, dao tao dupe mpt tang ldp quan lai tu trung uong ddn dja phuang cd du nang ' luc, dao due ban linh dd trj quoc Gido due thdi Le ludn ludn gdn lien vdi viec thi eU de chpn lUa nhdn tdi vd md nen nhdn vdn, khai hoa thien liq Tridu dinh hdt long chupng ke si va tin dung ke si, giao cho hp nhidu trpng trach ldn lao dd hp thda chi trung cdng hien cho dit nude Nhung bai giang de thi cac cupc thi dinh thudng gin vdi nhung ndi dung ban ve vipe trj qud'c, binh thien Ket cau giai cip xa hpi thdi Le so da cd sy thay ddi rd net, vi vdi mdt ndn giao due, khoa cu phat tridn manh me, sau hang tram nam da tao mdt ting ldp tri thric nho si ddng dao dupe trang bi mpt ndn hpc thuat mdi, phin ldn sd hp da dupe bd sung vio bp may -, 86 306 Thang 12-2009 PifeM P A M VAN H6A NGHI^ THUAT nha nude va trd mdt lye luong quan trpng gdp phin giai quyet nhung van dd mi thdi dai dat Dac bipt, tri nam 1484, vua Le Thinh Tdng da eho dyng bia tidn si d nhi Thii bpc, dd Ii mdt vipc lim ehua timg cd va cd y nghia nhan van hdt sric to ldn Xua't phit tri vipc coi hidn tii Ii nguyen cia qud'c gia, quydt djnh van mpnh thjnh suy cia dit nude cho nen eic bac dd vuang tridu Le ddu chri trpng ddn vipc gay dyng hidn tii, ken chpn ke si, coi bdi dudng nguyen la vipc diu tien cia sy nghipp trj qud'c Sau mdi ky thi tidn si, thi dyng bia ghi danh tidn si la mpt sy kipn quan trpng cia tridu dinh vi nd khdng ehi nhim khuydn khich nhan tii, dd cao hpc vin, luu truyen thien thu cho hau thd, tao truydn thdng khoa bang ham hpc cho mudn ddi chiu mi cdn cing ed huydt mach cho dit nude, chi dudng din ldi cho cie si phu, ran de nhung thdi xiu, ca ngpi nhung dieu hay, khuyen ngudi ren luypn tam tinh, tu nhan, tich due, khdng lam didu gi hd then ddn danh tidt cia ngudi quan tri-ke si Vdi mpt ndn kinh td ndng nghiep, tidu ndng lac hau ty cip ty trie la chri ydu, dd kinh td thuang mai vi thu edng nghiep rit kem phit tridn, d thdi Le so (TK XV), dudng nha't vi cung la danh gia nhit cho ngudi ndng dan cd thd thoit khdi canh chan lim tay brin la hpc tap vi thi ei Ndu may dd dat thi dupe trpng dung, dupe bd nhipm lim quan, dupe "xuit than" khdi Iriy tre ling hda nhap vao xa hpi rpng ldn ban Mpt udc mo rit chinh ding vi td't dep nhung rit nhidu ngudi khdng thyc hipn dupe Cd the ndi ring, nen giio due, khoa eri thdi Le so da dupe djnh hinh va phat trien rye rd tri nam 1442 de'n nam 1526 Trong thdi gian dd, td chric dupe 26 ky thi, tuydn dupe 998 tidn si (4), dd la nhring ngudi tai gidi vi mpt sd nhring tidn si Ii nhung nhan tii kipt xuit (Nguyen Tryc, Than Nhan Trung^ Quich Dinh Bao, Dd Nhuan), gdp phin lim rang rd lich su vi van hda Vipt Nam Chinh hp la nhung ngudi trao truydn, giri gin va phit trien nhung gia trj van hda tinh thin cua cha dng dd lai va bidn • 86 306 Thang 12-2009 chring trd bit tri Nhung tidn si ay la san pham cia mdt thdi thjnh trj vi phit tridn ddn dinh cao eua ndn van hda giio due dan tpc Tuy nhien, ban chd tit ydu cia thdi dai phong kie'n ma ndn giio due, khoa bang cria tridu Le so cung chi phit huy dupe mpt chring mye nhit djnh, bdi vi nd chi dupe phat tridn tap trung d dd thj, hudng vio dao tao quan, nha giau la ehi ydu Trong ndn giao due phong kidn dd, ludn ludn cd sy phan bipt ding cap, cim phu nri va chiu nhung ngudi lam nghd cim ea dupe tham gia; npi dung dao tao chri ydu nhim vao thi, thu, Bic sri, chri trpng nhidu ddn day dao ly mi ehua quan tam dring mric ddn truydn dat kien thric khoa hpc Cach truydn dat cd didn, thidu tinh sing tao, chri ydu dung cich ddi thoai, luc vin, hoai nghi, trpng tri ehuang, bpc thupc long, khudn sao, ua hu van Cd nhung giai doan bj lung doan, tieu eye giio due thi cu Sd tidn si dd dat thap (khoang 1%), s6 cdn lai khdng dupe trpng dung, chi ydu lam nghd day hpc d cic huang thdn, ling xa vi nhidu nhi nho ngheo mang long tam trang bit man vdi tridu dinh Chinh nhring nha nho ngheo dd se la mpt lye lupng dang ke cic cudc diu tranh vdi tridu dinh phong kidn sau niy Sau thdi Le so, chd dp phong kidn Vipt Nam bude vao thdi ky suy thoii, eac thd lye phong kidn (Mac, Le, Trjnh, Nguydn) tranh giinh quyen binh, dua dit nude vao cinh npi chidn tuong tin, ndn giao due khoa cu thdi hau Le didn tidn theo mpt chidu hudng da dang va phric tap ban • RNT Dai Viet suky todn thu tap II, Nxb Van hoa Thdng lin Ha Npi, 2004, lr.l02 Trong biii thi cac thi sinh phai tranh ten gpi cua vua va hoang tOc Neu so y m k phai I6i la "pham huy" va bi danh truot Nhai phim la quan cao nhat cim phim la quan thip nhat Luc phim Ihit pham la quan bic trung Ngubi thuong neu CO lai diic cung chi duoc phong den quan tam phim D6 Van Mmh, Quoc Tu gidm, tri tue Viet In lin 3, Nxb Van hoa Thong un Ha N6i, 2001, tr.46-47 ... cie khoa thi ldn mang tim qud''c gia dd tuydn chpn eu nhan, tien si nhi Le cdn cd nhidu khoa thi dot xuit dd tim kidm nhan tai: Khoa hoanh tu la khoa thi tren cip thi huong, dudi cip thi hdi, khoa. .. hpi dupe gpi Ii tidn si xuit than (dd tidn si dupe lam quan) Vua cung djnh lp nam md khoa thi Nam 1442'', vua md khoa thi dinh tai kinh dd Thang Long cho nhung ngudi thi hpi da dd trudng De thi nha... hai nen giao due nhu tren la thieu co so khoa Dudi thdi cic vua Le Thanh Tdng va Le hpc va thidu tinh thuydt phuc Ban than nen Hidn Tdng, nen giio due khoa eu dat de''n dinh giao due nude ta dya