O DUC or NUDC NGOAl Mot so dac trimg cua he thong giao due phd thong Thuy Dien NGUYEN CHI THANH Trung tdm nghien cQu Didirem, Dai hpc Paris VII Khoa Su pham (Oai hpc Giao due), Dai hpc Qudc Gia Ha ndi[.]
O DUC or NUDC NGOAl Mot so dac trimg cua he thong giao due phd thong Thuy Dien NGUYEN CHI THANH Trung tdm nghien cQu Didirem, Dai hpc Paris VII Khoa Su pham (Oai hpc Giao due), Dai hpc Qudc Gia Ha ndi Tom tat Thuy Dien la qudc gia ndi tieng ve suphan chia cong bang cua cai phuc igfi xa hgi Dac trung co anh hudng Idn den triet li giao due Thuy Dien Bai bao chung toi se gidi thi$u mgt sddac trung cua Giao due phd thong Thuy Dien tap trung lam ro hai dac trung cd ban tao nen d$c thu cua giao due phd thong Thuy Dien: phan hoa day hoc ve ngi dung chUdng trinnh va phudng phap, phan quyen quan li ve m0t hanh chinh va xay dung chUdng trinh cai xa hdi (d My la 28,5%, Trung VUdng qud'c Thuy Dien, nudc Qudc 30,9%) Thue thu nhdp phUdng Tay dau tidn vien trd cho c h i l m tdi 70% tdng thu nhap ddi Viet nam, que hUdng ciia giai vdi ngudi ed thu nhdp eao Nhd thudng Nobel ndi tiing, la qudc dd nha nude quan li dUde hai gia CO n i n gido due vdi chat phan ba thu nhdp qude dan va lupng hdng dau trdn t h i gidi cd the thOc hidn so phdn phdi Ode d i l m ndi bat eua da't nude cdng bang xa hpi Thuy D i i n cd n i n kinh t l phdt rdng gan gap rUdi Viet Nam va t r i l n tdt d chdu Au, tang trudng ehi cd gan trieu dan ndy Id nam 2005 dat 2,7% Nhd ed cdng bang va binh dang Thuy nhilu thUdng hieu ndi tiing todn Dien cd nhilu cdng ty da qudc cau nhu d td Volvo, dd gd gia gia ndi tieng todn cau nhu d td dung Ikea, hang may mac H&M, Volvo, may mac H&M (Idn nha't dd dien dan dung Elextroluc, chdu Au), dd gd gia dung Ikea Thuy D i i n dUde D i i n ddn kinh vd cd GDB binh qudn tUdng ddi cao nhung sQ phdn phdi eua cdi t l t h i gidi x I p thQ sd cdc eua xd hpi dupe thQc hidn rat node cd sQc canh tranh nhd't the' edng bang T r u y i n thdng ddn gidi, chi sau My vd Phan Lan Xet tpc vd luat phap Thuy Dien theo chi tidu Trung tdm dOlidu khdng cho phep tdn tai bat cdng Canada ICD dieu tra cdng bd, ba vd tham nhung Nhin chung nam l i l n bang x I p hang chdnh idehve thu nhdp thUe t l cua trung tam Thuy Dien dQng eua ngudi dan Id nhd T i i n lUdng d vj trfthO nhat, vi ed n i n kinh t l da trO thue eua Thu tOdng chi dn djnh, thOe lOe manh, nhilu nhdn tdi cao cap vd ed sd tang bang 2-3 lan lodng cdng chQc binh thQdng Ngodi lodng ra, rat tdt Chi'nh phu rd't coi trpng ngodi lanh dao khdng cd bd't ky mdi quan he giQa phat trien edng phu cap nao 10% ngudi gidu nghiep vdi gido due, ty Id dau to nhd't nUdc chiem ed 20,1% cua cho nghidn cQu hdng nam eao Din nhap nha't t h i gidi, dd n h i l u cdng ty hang dau t h i gidi ve thdng tin, didn tQ d i u lap trung tam nghien cQu tai Thuy Dien Tong thu nhap qudc dan GDP cua Thuy D i i n nam 2005 khoang hdn 268 ty USD (dQng thQ 34 trdn the gidi), dd thu nhdp to cae san pham djch vu chilm hdn 70%, GDP binh qudn (ndm 2005) khoang 29800 USD (dOng thQ 20 tren t h i gidi) Ngan sdch nha node: thu hdn 210 ty USD, chi gan 206 ty USD Ty Id thd't nghiep 5,8%, ty Id lam phat 0,5% 12,8% ngdn sdch qude gia dupe ddnh che gidd due Da to ldu Thuy O i l n Id qude gia ndi tieng vide thi hdnh chfnh sdch phuc ldi bao dam mdi ngudi dan cd cudc sdng day du Ngudi lao dpng v l hUu d i u cd lUdng hUu du sdng; ngUdi gia y l u n i u thfch cd t h i vdo vidn dudng lao cua nhd nUde, dupe cham sdc y te midn phf, dieu kidn sdng tdt Ngudi that nghidp dUde djnh ky ITnh tien trd cap, dUdc nhd nUde midn phf gidi thidu vide lam pham vi todn qude, neu ndi lam DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 Grundskoia vide mdi cdch xa chd 6, nha nude ed t h i giup mdt phan kinh phf dpn nhd Todn dan dUde di hpc khdng mat t i i n tai cae cd sd ddd tao nhd nude va dUde tao dieu kidn ddo tao sudt ddi Ludt phdp Thuy D i i n qui djnh tQ nhd tre cho d i n bdc trung hpc, n i u Idp ed mdt hpc sinh nude ngodi, thi nhd trudng phai bd trf mdt gido vidn bid't tiing me de cua em dd, mdi thdng phai Idn ldp mpt sd gid bang tid'ng me de cho em ndy Sinh vien tdt nghidp chUa cd vide Idm vd chua mudn rdi trudng thi ed the hpe tiep midn phf mpt ngdnh hpe khdc sau tham khao y kiln cua cdc cd van hudng nghidp Phu nOdOde nghi sinh 18 thdng, 12 thdng dau hudng 100% lUdng, thang cudi 90% Neu vd Idm edng vide quan trpng khdng the' hoac khdng mudn nghi de Idu, thi chdng ed the nghithay vddeeham sdc eon cai Ngudi bi tam giam hodc bi tu dupe nudi dn khdng md't tiin, mdi thang dUde ITnh mpt khoan t i i n mat trd cap khdng nhd Nhd phuc ldi xa hpi tdt, ddi sdng cd ban cua mdi ngudi dan deu ed > sU bao dam can thilt Giao due phd thong b Thuy Dien Thuy Dien Gido due dUde phd cap vd dupc midn phf cae trudng cdng, tQ bdc phd thdng d i n dai hpc Chi'nh phu Thuy D i i n trao nhilu q u y l n to chu quan If giao due phd thdng cho cdc dia phUdng Cdc q u y l n han ndy dupe chi rd ludt phdp Thuy Dien (bp luat sQa d d i nam 9 , mang t e n « School Act >>) Qude hdi T h u y Die'n (Riksdagen) vd bd Gido due vd Nghien eOu^ (Utbildningsdepartementet) ed trdch nhidm DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 xdy dung muc tieu gido due phd thdng To chQc Gido due Qude gia (Skolverket) true thupc Bp Gido due vd Nghidn cQu cd trdch nhiem kiem tra gidm sdt sU thUe hien ede mue tidu Gido due phd thdng Cd quan ndy cap nhdt vd phdt trien cdc ehUdng trinh phd thdng CQ ndm mpt lan, cd quan ndy lai dUa tdng kit, phan tieh v l chat lUdng, trinh dp gido due trudng cdng Day se la cd s6 de Bd Gido due dUa nhOng chiin lUdc phdt triln gido due mdi Cd quan cdn cd vai trd gidm sat de dam bao nhOng quy dinh Ludt giao due dope thQc hidn nghiem tue, dac bidt dam bao q u y l n giao due cua mdi cd nhdn dUdc tdn trpng Bdn canh cd quan ndy, mpt td chQe khdc thudc Bd Gido due vdi tdn gpi Id To chOc Qudc gia cho sO ndng eao chd't lOdng trOdng phd thdng (Myndigheten for skolutveckling) ed traeh nhidm dam bao vd ndng eao chat lUdng trudng phd thdng Ndng eao d i l u kien giao due cho hpe sinh mdi trudng xa hdi dam bao sU da dang van hda ludn Id Uu tidn hang dau cua Chfnh phu Thuy Dien Giao due phd cap bat budc to dd'n 16 tudi cho hpc sinh tai cac trUdng gpi la trung hpc cd sd (THCS) TQ 17 den 19 tudi Id cap hpc trung hpc phd thdng (Gymnasium) Theo cdc sd lieu nam 1998, d Thuy Dien cd khoang 5% trudng phd thdng tu nhan Dja phUdng bao trd todn bd cdc trudng tu nhan vd hd trd tdi 75% kinh phf ddo tao cho cac trQdng cdng Cac dia phQdng se phai cung cap cho Cd quan thdng kd Qudc gia cac thdng tin lidn quan d i n kinh phf, chUdng trinh giao due dupe thQc hien d dia phodng So gidm sat cua Chinh phu ddi vdi giao due dja phUdng To chQc Giao due Qudc gia tien hdnh vd thQc hidn doa vdo hai cdng cu la « ChQdng trinh qudc gia » va « Thanh tra gido due vung » ChUdng trinh gido due qudc gia dupe xdy dung bdi bd Gido due va dUde cdc dia phUdng bd sung de cd the tfnh d i n cdc d i l u kien kinh te, van hda ddc thu cua dja phUdng Cdc td chQc hdnh chfnh gido due nhd nudc cap vung se tie'n hanh tra cdc trudng nam mdt lan Mpt sd mdc dang chu y 1842: Giao due bat bupc cap tiiu hpc - ' 1950: TrQdng hpe chung cho ea hpc sinh nam va nQ, thQ nghidm gido due bat bupc ndm 1962: He thdng trQdng hpc cd ten chinh thOc nho ngdy nay, chfnh thQc bat budc gido due phd thdng nam, soan thao ehUPng trinh qude gia dau tidn eua he thdng giao due 1968: Ludt Gido due ddc bidt cho phep tre em chdm phdt trien v l tri tue cung dupe hudng cac quyln ldi gido due nhU nhQng tre em binh thQdng khde Vai tro quan cua chi'nh quyen dia phUcfng giao due phd thong Nam 9 , chinh phu da chuyin giao nhilu trach nhidm quan li giao due cdc trudng trung hpc (gido due phd cap bat bupc) chodjaphudng Ndm 1994, muc tieu ChQdng trinh gidd due phd thdng da dupe thay ddi can ban trdn cdc ITnh vUc lien quan dd'n trdch nhidm giao due, phUdng phdp day hpc, vai trd cua giao vidn vd phUdng tidn day hpc Cdc ydu cau lien quan dd'n k i l n thQc hpc sinh can dat dope k i t thue gido due bat bupc cung dupe phat trien vd bd sung thdm nhilu TQ ndi dung ehUdng trinh qudc gia cho cac trudng phd thdng, cdc dia phUdng cd trdch nhidm bd sung cho phu hdp vdi hodn canh dac thu eua dja phUdng minh D i l u t h i hidn quan diem gido due phdn hda rat rd net d Thuy D i i n TQ nam 1995 chfnh phu cung da chuyin giao trdch nhiem quan If eac trUdng trung hpc phd thdng cho dja phUdng Vdi vai trd khd tQ chu v l mat chUdng trinh cpng vdi vai trd quan li giao vidn, ede dja phUdng d Thuy Dien thUe so ddng vai trd trung tdm cua he thdng gido due phd thdng Giao due phd cap bat bupc dupe dp dung cho cdc trudng trung hpc cP sd (din 16 tudi) cac trudng dac biet (specialskola) vd cdc trudng trung hpe cd s6 danh cho hpc sinh chdm phat trien tri tue (sorskola) He thd'ng cac trudng phd thong Cdc trudng phd thdng d Thuy Dien thudng bdt dau vdo cudi thdng keo ddi den dau thdng cua nam sau dd, gdi gpn vdng 40 tuan Nam hpc dUde chia lam hai hpc ki : hpc ki « mua thu » (Hostermin) va hoc ki «mua xudn» (Vartermin) Hpc ki mua thu bat dau tQ giOa thang va keo dai d i n h i t thdng 12, ke ca ki nghi T i t dOdng lich Hpc ki mua xuan bat dau tQ tuan thQ hai cua tinang d i n tuan thQ hai cua thdng Mdi tuan hpc tQ thQ d i n thO dam bao cho hpc sinh cd dope ky nghi cudi tuan nhu mpi thdnh vien xa hdi khde Nha tre (Daghem hay Dagis) Nhd tre ddnh cho IQa tudi tQ dd'n Cdc dja phQdng ed traeh nhiem tao d i l u kidn d l toan bp tre em IQa tudi ndy dupe dd'n trudng Phu huynh cd the trdng eon tai nhd hodc gQi tai cac cd sd to nhdn vdi so giup dd cua cdc nhd tre cdng Vf du theo cac so thdng ke nam 2005, 77,3% tre em IQa tudi tQ dd'n dope dang kf tai ede nhd tre vd 6,1% tai ede cd sd to nhdn TQ nam 2005, nhilu dja phUdng da ydu eau cdc cd sd tu nhdn khdng dupe thu qua 3% thu nhdp cua gia dinh cd gQi tai cd sd Neu thdi gian gQi tre dudi 15 gid mpt tuan thi se dupe midn phi Met vdi mdc dang ehu y 1966 : Bd Gido due ed trdch nhidm quan If hdnh chi'nh cdc nhd tre 1998 :^ Nhd tre cd chUdng trinh gido due ridng TrUdng trung hoc cd sd (Grundskoia) Theo luat gido due Thuy D i i n td't ca tre em IQa tudi tQ (hoac tudi t u y theo mpt so dia phUdng vd theo nguydn vpng gia dinh) den 16 khdng phan biet gidi tfnh, hodn canh xa hpi vd kinh t l phai dupe theo hpe gido due phd cap tai ede trudng trung hpe ed sd Gido due tai ede trUdng cdng dUde midn phf Thdi gian hpc tdi thieu tai trudng se dupe quy djnh DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 bdi Bd Gido due, bao gdm cac mdn : t i i n g Anh (ngoai ngO bat bupc), toan hpc, khoa hpc tu nhien, khoa hpc xa hpi, tdn gido, nghe thuat vd thu cdng, giao due the chat va sQc khde TQ nam thQ nam giao due phd cap nay, cac dja phUdng va cac trudng phd thdng cd thdng nha't vdi de bd sung them mpt sd ndi dung theo dac thu cua dja phUdng Ngoai ngO thQ hai ben canh t i i n g Anh cung dUdc doa vdo giang day Phu huynh vd nha trudng gap thudng xuyen de danh gia qua trinh hpc tap vd phat trien nhd trudng eua hpc sinh Danh gid chi dope sQ dung chfnh thQc cho hpc sinh tQ tudi trd len vdi ba cap dp C/dat ^G/godkand), 8/ khd (VG/val godkand) vd A/gidi (MVG/mycket vai godkand) Hien td chQe Gido due qudc gia cho rang cd t h i bat dau ddnh gid hpc sinh tO tudi trd idn De vdo dupe cac trudng trung hpc phd thdng (IQa tudi tO 17 dd'n 19 tudi), hpc sinh can phai cd ddnh gia dat tQ loai C trd len NhOng nam gan day, ti Id Id khoang 89,2% Phu huynh va hoc sinh cd the trao ddi vdi nhd trudng de d i l u chinh Td't ca hpc sinh theo hpc trudng THCS deu dUdc cap bang vd dieu ndy khdng phu thupc vdo diem sd cua hpc sinh TrUdng trung hoc thong (Gymnasieskola) Trudng trung hpe phd thdng (THPT), keo ddi nam cho hpc sinh tQ 17 dd'n 19 tudi, khdng thupe gido due phd cap bat bupc va dupe midn phf Hpc sinh cd the chpn lOa nhieu ehUdng trinh gido due khdc (nam 2006, tdng sd cdc chUdng trinh gido due Id 17), de sau dd cd t i l p tuc hpc len dai hpc, cao dang hoac di Idm Phan Idn eac ehUdng trinh cd tfnh chd't djnh hudng ngdnh nghe rat rd Dieu ndy the hien khdng chi d npi dung ddo tao ma ca ten gpi eua c a c chUdng t r i n h , vi du n h u chUdng t r i n h « Nghe thuat » bao gdm cac npi dung : nghd thuat vd thie't ke, mua, am nhac, sdn khau, chUdng trinh « Dien tQ » bao gdm cac npi dung : tu dpng hda, dien tQ, dien, cdng nghe may tinh Tuy theo cac nam ma sd chUdng trinh hudng tdi dao tao nghe cd the thay ddi, vi du nam 2006 cd 14 tdng sd 17 chUdng trinh ndi tren ddnh cho dao tao n g h i va sd dd hudng tdi bac dai hpc Nam 2009, sd la 12 va 6^ Khi theo cdc chUdng trinh dao tao n g h i , hpc sinh phai tie'n hanh thQc tap tai cd sd san xuat, thdi gian thQc tap chiem khoang 15% tdng thdi gian ddo tao Rat nhilu trudng THPT cd cac cd sd san xua't trudng Chinh vi vdy d Thuy D i i n ranh gidi giOa cac trudng dao tao n g h i va trudng phd thdng tUdng ddi md nhat Tat ca cac chUdng trinh trudng THPT deu cd mdn chung gidng nhu d trung hpc cd sd : t i i n g Thuy D i i n , t i i n g Anh, toan hpc, khoa hpc tu nhidn, khoa hpc xa hpi, khoa hpc tdn gido, nghd thudt vd thu cdng, gido due t h i chd't vd sQc khde Cdc mdn khdc hodn todn dia phQdng quye't dinh ve mat thdi gian vd npi dung D i l u d i n de'n tinh phdn hda, m i m deo cua chUdng trinh theo dac thu v l van hda vd kinh te cua cdc dia phUdng Mpt sd nhOng dieu an tupng nhd't giao due Thuy D i i n Id so linh boat d mOc tdi da eua chUdng trinh hpc theo kha ndng eua hpc sinh Vdi sd lUdng hpc sinh mpt Idp tQdng ddi ft, gid bdi tap thQdng chi ed dodi 10 hpc sinh mpt Idp, gido vidn danh thdi gian bdi vd chOa bdi c+io tQng hpc sinh theo kha ndng eua tOng em Vdi nhQng hpe sinh cam DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 6-2009 tha'y ChQdng trinh hpc cd yeu cau qud eao, nha trUdng cd the sap x I p d l d i l u chinh hoac giam bdt cdc khod hpc Dieu cung ddng nghTa vdi vide giam bdt thdi gian hpc, thay the cac bai tap thOc hdnh bat bupc Tuy nhidn, nhQng hpc sinh giam bdt mdn hpc se khdng dope nhan bang d i l m day