Đổi mới mô hình đào tạo đại học và xây dựng các trường đại học đẳng cấp quốc tế ở trung quốc

LICH SI/ VAN HOA DOI MffI MO HINH DAO TAO DAI HOC • • • VA XAY DlTNO CAC TRlTCfNG DAI HOC o * * * DANO CAP QUOC TE 6 TRUNG Qudc PGS TS PHAM THAI QUOC Vien Kinh te''''vd Chinh tri the gidi T rfldc tac dpn[.]

LICH SI/- VAN HOA DOI MffI MO HINH DAO TAO DAI HOC • • • VA XAY DlTNO CAC TRlTCfNG DAI HOC o * * * DANO CAP QUOC TE TRUNG Qudc PGS TS PHAM THAI QUOC Vien Kinh te'vd Chinh tri the gidi T rfldc tac dpng manh me ciia nhieu nhan to' mang tinh khu vUc va toan cau, gdn day phat trien kinh te ben vflng da va dang trd muc tieu dUdc nhieu qud'c gia theo dudi, dd cd Viet Nara ThUc hien muc tieu phat trien ben vflng, Nha nfldc ta chu trfldng coi trpng hdn, quan tam dau tfl nhieu hdn cho giao due dao tao Nhieu trfldng dai hpc ldn (nhfl dai hpc Kinh te, dai hpc Quo'c gia Ha Npi va mpt so' trfldng khac) da dUa muc tieu 10-12 nam tdi se trd rapt nhflng trUdng dai hpc hang dau Viet Nara va cd dUa ten vao danh sach cac trUdng dai hpc co uy tin khu vUc va the gidi Tira hieu kinh nghiem ciia Trung Qud'c tfl ddi mdi chinh sach giao due va mo hinh dao tao dai hpc den xay dUng cac trUdng dai hpc dang ca'p quo'c te la muc tieu c i a bai viet NGHltN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 I DOI M Q I CHINH SACH GIAO DUG VA MO HINH DAO TAO DAI HOC TRUNG QUOC Su phat trien nhanh cila kinh te Trung Qud'c tfl nam 1978, dac biet la giai doan tfl ddu nhflng nam 1990 - Trung Qud'c chu trfldng phat trien kinh te thj trfldng - den da va dang dat nhieu yeu cau cai each, ddi mdi chinh sach giao due d nfldc cd dan so' ldn nha't the gidi Gan day, ma, van de chat lfldng tang trfldng dUdc Trung Qud'c de cao thi giao due cang dUdc coi trpng Cac chinh sach giao due trUdc deu phuc vu van hanh mo hinh dao tao dai hpc cu Md hinh ndy cd mdy dgc trUng nhU: 1/ Trong mpt thdi gian dai cd ca'u mon hpc khong thay ddi 2/ Cac mdn hpc nang ve dao tao ly thuyet, thieu thUc tiln 3/ Han che kha nang sang tao ciia ca thay va trd 4/ Can bp giang vien 45 PHAM THAI QUOC nhieu trUdng dai hpc hau chU chi cd giang day ma khong tham gia nghien cflu, ngUdi hpc lai cang it co cd hpi thara gia nghien cflu sau, dac biet la nghien cflu cac va'n de mdi dang dat ddi sd'ng kinh te xa hpi 5/ Kinh phi cho dao tao hau nhU chi chd vao nha nUdc 6/ Thieu mdi quan he hdp tac lien ket gifla cac trUdng dai hpc vdi cung nhU radl lien ket gifla cac trUdng dai hpc vdi cac doanh nghiep TrUdc nhflng ddi hdi ca'p thiet ciia thUc tien, mo hinh ngay-cang hoc 16 nhieu ba't cap Cho den nay, he thdng giao due d Trung Quo'c gdm cd phan va cap Hai phan la giao due phd cap va giao due nghe nghiep Bd'n cap la: 1/ Giao due mam non 2/ Giao due tieu hpc 3/ Giao due trung hpc 4/ Giao due dai hpc va sau dai hpc Tre em tfl den tudi theo hpc giao due mam non Tre tfl den 12 tudi theo hpc giao due tieu hpc Giao due trung hpc danh cho Ifla tudi 12-18 chia ca'p: ca'p sd trung nam, va cao trung nam tiep theo Giao due dai hpc CO loai: dai hpc ngdn ban, dai hpc chinh quy va sau dai hpc Hpc vien sau dai hpc deu gpi la nghien cflu sinh, cd nghien cflu sinh thac sy va nghien cflu sinh tien sy Hpc het trung hpc, neu khong vao dUdc dai hpc thi hpc vien cd the theo hpc chfldng trinh trung hpc chuyen nghiep va ky thuat, thUc chat la hpc nghe trfldc di lam mpt nghe nao do'" Nhu vay, giao due dai hpc la bp phan quan trpng he tho'ng giao due vi san phdm cua bp phan la phan tinh hoa nha't, dUdc tranh bi nhieu kidn 46 mdi thflc mdi nha't, r a t c6 y nghia doi vdi phat trien da't nfldc Su phat trien kinh te nhanh ci Trung Quo'c 30 nam cai each md ciia da dat nhflng yeu cau mdi cho nganh giao due dai hpc: sii dung tot hdn, cd hieu qua hdn cd sd vat chat, khai thac cac ngudn lUc dau tU cho dao tao, ddng thdi san pham dao tao phai la cac can bp cd trinh dp van hoa, khoa hpc ky thuat cao, biet sang tao va dam nghi dam lam Ta't ca ca.c bien phap cai each ma cac trUdng da va dang thuc hien deu trUc tiep va gian tiep phuc vu muc dich dao tao dUdc nhieu nhan tai dap flng cac nhu cau ca'p thiet cila xa hpi Doi mdi chinh sach giao due va mo hinh dao tao dai hpc d Trung Quo'c 30 nam qua dUdc tha'y b nhflng khia canh chinh sau day: Chain chinh, sdp xep lai hoat dpng o cac trucmg dai hoc Tfl dau nhflng nam 1990, Trung Qudc chinh thflc theo dudi muc tieu phat trien kinh te thj trUdng, dieu dat yeu cau phai thay ddi, cai each cac trUdng dai hpc b nfldc Vao thdi gian dd, hau nhu ta't ca cac trUdng dai hpc va cao dang ci Trung Quo'c deu dUdc cha'n chinh, lap lai ke hoach, sap xep cac boat dpng phu hdp vdi nhu cau cua kinh te thi trUdng va phat trien khoa hpc ky thuat, vdi nhflng npi dung chinh nhfl sau: 1/ Bd cac khda hpc, mdn hpc khdng can thiet It sinh vien theo hpc Nhieu trUdng da ddi mdi chUdng trinh giang day, thay ddi cd ca'u cac mon hpc, bd cac mon hoc NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 Doi mdi mo hinh dao tao dai hoc trflng lap, It hpc sinh theo hpc, dUa them vao cac mon mdi dap Cfng cac yeu cau cap thiet ciia xa hpi 2/ Bien soan sach giao khoa mdi, dUa them vao chUdng trinh dao tao cac mon hpc nhU: tai chinh, quan ly, luat va tin hpc nhdm dap flng cac yeu cau ca'p thiet cua cdng cupc hien dai hda da't nUdc Trong cai each va xay dUng cac mon hpc mdi, cac trUdng luon hudng vao rauc tieu phuc vu viec xay dUng va phat trien kinh te da't nUdc Trong nhflng nam cudl thap nien 1990, cd cau kinh te ndng thdn Trung Qud'c thay ddi rat raanh rae, cac trUdng dai hpc ndng nghiep deu cung cd', lam giau them cac npi dung giang day de dap flng cac yeu cau cao hdn ve khoa hpc ky thuat ndng nghiep hien dai Tren cd sd ciia yeu cau nhU tren, nam 1993, Uy ban giao due nha nUdc Trung Qud'c da cong bo' "Danh sach cac khoa chuyen mdn cho cac trUdng dai hpc va cao dang he chinh quy" So' chuyen khoa luc ddu la 813, sau dd giam cdn 504 Ke tfl cuoi nam 1994, Uy ban giao due nha nUdc Trung Quo'c tiep tuc thUc hien "Ke hoach cai each npi dung giang day cho the ky XXI" gdm 60 - 70 de an Uy ban cung lap ke hoach bien soan 300400 bp sach giao khoa mdi va xay dUng dpi ngu chuyen gia nhieu Hnh vUc cung giai quyet cac khd khan qua trinh cai each 3/ Ket hdp viec giang day vdi nghien cflu, gdn ket gifla khoa hpc vdi ky thuat, cham lo bdi dfldng va dao tao can bp cho cac nganh khoa hpc mdi, cac nganh raui nhon NGHIEN CIJU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 4/ Thue chuyen gia gidi ngfldi nUdc ngoai vi muc dich dao tao ciia trUdng Ngay cang nhieu cac trUdng dai hpc d Trung Qud'c thue chuyen gia, giang vien nUdc ngoai vao lam viec phuc vu muc tieu nang cao chat lUdng dao tao ciia trUdng Viec cac giao vien nUdc ngoai giang day d cac trUdng dai hpc, cao dang d Trung Qud'c ra't phd bien ke tfl dau nhflng nam 2000 Cho den nay, so' cac trfldng tuyen nhieu giang vien nfldc ngoai va tra thu lao cao cho hp phdi ke den la: dai hpc Hdng Kong, dai hpc Macao, dai hpc giao thdng Thfldng Hai, dai hpc Thdm Quyen, dai hpc Bac Kinh, dai hpc Triet Giang, dai hpc Ha Mdn Cd trUdng tra lUdng cho giao vien nUdc ngoai len den vai ngan USD/ thang'"'' • Day manh hpp tac giua cac trflflng dai hpc vol cac doanh nghiep va hpp tac giua cac trutmg dai hpc v6i - mpt hudrng di phii hpp vdi thuc tidn Trung Qudc Da't nUdc Trung Qud'c rong ldn, moi dia phUdng, moi tinh cd dieu kien rieng, vay ap dung theo mpt khudn mau chung la rat khd Mpt khi'a canh dang quan tam giao due dai hpc la cai each dien theo hudng thay ddi chdc ndng cua Chinh phu td "dam bdo mgi thii cho trUdng hgc" sang "kiem soat vd diiu phdt VI md" Theo hudng nay, cac trUdng dai hpc va cao dang d Trung Qud'c khdng cdn dUa hoan toan vao viec phan bd tai chinh cung nhU mpi quyet dinh ciia Chi'nh phii nfla ma hp phai tU tim kiem cac phUdng thflc boat dpng va phat 47 PHAM THAI QUOC trien mdi dua theo cac dieu kien ciia rieng minh Do vay, viec lien ket, hdp tac cung ho trd lan gifla cac trUdng dai hpc cung nhfl gifla cac trUdng dai hpc vdi cac td chflc khac la mpt phUdng thflc mdi, CO hieu qua cai each he tho'ng cac trUdng dai hpc Tren thUc te d Trung Qud'c da dien cac hinh thflc hdp tac sau day: 2.1 Hdp tac gifla cac trUdng dai hpc vdi cac cap chinh quyen trung Udng va dia phUdng de tang ngudn tai chinh xay dflng trUdng ldp va bd sung dpi ngu can bp chinh quyen De md rong cac kenh phuc vu, chinh quyen cac ca'p ci ca trung Udng va dia phUdng Trung Quo'c cung tham gia xay dung va dong gop cho boat dpng cua cac trUdng dai hpc Nam 1997, Trung Qudc cd 327 cd sd dao tao sau dai hpc dat dudi sU chi dao cila cac bp thupc Chinh phii TrUdc do, hoat dpng cila cac cd sd chi thong qua mpt kenh, thieu dieu kicn de phat trien Cuol nhflng nam 1990, cd vai chuc so' cac cd sd tren da ddi mdi ket hdp quan ly, ket hdp dong gdp cac ngudn lUc cua ca chinh quyen trung Udng va dja phUdng Nhd dd hoat dpng dao tao gdn lien vdi nhu cdu ciia dja phUdng hdn, ngudn tai chinh cung phong phu hdn Hieu qua dao tao tang len, nhieu cd sd khac cung lam theo Dien hinh thdi ky la trUdng hdp trUdng Dai hpc Hang khong va Vu tru Bdc Kinh TrUdng da lap phdng thi nghiem cho rapt so' trUdng dai hpc, cao dang, cac vien nghien cflu va xi 48 nghiep cua Bdc Kinh TrUdng md mpt so' khoa hpc dao tao can bp ma Bdc Kinh dang thieu Bdc Kinh cung trd giup mpt so' boat dpng cai tao va xay dUng mdi trfldng nay, giup trUdng tuyen dung can bp cd nang Iflc de giai quyet cac va'n de khoa hpc cho mpt so' xl nghiep dja phUdng 2.2 Hdp tac gifla cac trUdng dai hpc vdi cac doanh nghiep va cac to chflc xa hpi de cung sii dung cac ldi the chung, gan hpc vdi hanh, gan ly luan vdi thUc tien Trong nhflng nam 1990, Dai hpc Bach khoa Tfl Xuyen da tflng thiet lap quan he hdp tac vdi 160 xi nghiep ldn va vfla Tfl nhflng nam cuol thap ky 1980, trUdng da ky cam ket hdp tac vdi hdn 60 cd quan cl nhieu dja phUdng Nhd dd da thu dUdc ket qua cao dao tao can bp, tfl va'n va giai quyet cac va'n de ky t h u a t va phat trien san pham mdi Ban lanh dao cua trUdng chju trach nhiem lap cac ke hoach tdng the ve cai each, xay dUng va phat trien cua trUdng, dong thdi dUa cac muc tieu, nhiera vu va de xua't cac bien phap thUc hien Tham gia ban lanh dao trUdng cd ca lanh dao cua mpt vai xi nghiep va td chflc xa hpi Dai hpc Thanh Hoa da cd sU cpng tac vdi nhieu cong ty da quo'c gia (MNC) boat dpng nghien cflu va phat trien (R&D) Hdp tac gifla dai hpc Thaiih Hoa va cac MNC dUdc day manh giai doan tfl sau nam 1993, sau Trung Quo'c cdng bd' "Luat khoa hoc va NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 Doi mdi mo hinh dao tao dai hoc cong nghe cila Cdng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa" Luat khuyen khich day manh cac boat dpng hdp tac R&D gifla cac vien nghien cflu, cac trfldng dai hpc Trung Qudc- vdi doi tac nfldc ngoai Hfldng flng luat mdi-nay, dai hpc Thanh Hoa da dUa ke hoach 27 nam vdi giai doan hdp tac (1993-2020) Hai giai doan dau muc tieu dUa la den nam 2011 dUdc cong nhan la trUdng dai hpc dang cap qud'c te Tfl nam 1996 dai hpc Thanh Hoa da cd 155 dii an cpng tac ve R&D vdi cac cong ty da qud'c gia, so' vd'n cam ket dat 803 ngan USD, dd so' vdn thuc te da nhan dudc la 387.000 USD Den nam 2003, cac so' lieu tUdng flng ve so' dfl an, so' vd'n cam ket va vd'n thflc te nhan dfldc la 180; 1814.000 USD va 985.000 USD Linh vflc hdp tac gifla dai hpc Thanh Hoa vdi cac MNC nfldc ngoai cung dUdc md rong hdn, tfl chd chi tap trung cl rapt so' khoa nhU cd khi, xay dUng da md rong cac khoa khac nbU: Cd dien til, khoa hpc may tinh, hat nhan va nang lUdng mdi, cd nhiet va cd che tao Tong sd vd'n ma dai hpc Thanh Hoa cam ket cung vdi cac MNC R&D nam 2000-2003 da len den 29.3 trieu USD ca'u khep kin dan den tinh trang mdt so' trUdng thfla thdy, cd vo'n nhflng dien tich nhd khdng biet ddu tU vao dau cdn mpt so' trUdng khdng dii thay lai thieu kinh phi giang day va nghien cflu Dieu dan den cha't lUdng, hieu qua dao tao tha'p 2.3 Hdp tac gifla cac trUdng dai hoc vdi de phoi hdp cung sil dung cac ngudn life nhU can bp giang day, ldp hpc, thfl vien cung nhU nang cao chat lUdng day va hpc Nhflng nam 1990 la thdi ky quan trpng xay dflng va phat trien kinh te Trung Quo'c Cho nen Trung Qud'c can cd nhieu cac nha khoa hpc tre tudi, cd nang lUc, cd tri thflc mdi de nam cac cfldng vj chu chdt Cac trUdng dai hpc va cao ddng deu dac biet coi trpng dieu He thdng cu dd cac trUdng dai hpc biet lap ve boat dpng, cd NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 Khac phuc tinh trang tren, nhieu trUdng dai hpc, cao ddng d Trung Quo'c da lien ket, hdp tac vdi de cflng sil dung cac the manh cua va tang hieu qua dao tao Cd thdi gian, trUdng dai hpc d Quang Chau da hdp tac, cung dieu phdi chung cac can bp giang day, sd dung chung cac thU vien, phdng thi nghiem va phdi hdp cflng giai quyet cac nhiem vu dao tao Vdi rapt so' mon sinh vien theo hpc cd the chpn danh muc nhieu hdn cac khoa hpc d trUdng TUdng tu, b Bdc kinh, trUdng la: trUdng May mac, trUdng Tai chinh, trUdng Ngoai thUdng, trUdng Cong nghiep boa hpc, trUdng Y hpc dan tpc cung cd cd che hdp tac chat che Xu hudng da khuyen khich cac lUc lUdng xa hpi cung tham gia xay dung va quan ly trUdng hpc, cflng tim cac kenh huy dpng tai chinh de tang hieu qua dao tao Dao tao cac nha khoa hpc dau nganh 49 PHAM THAI QUOC hp da can nhdc, bd nhiem nhieu can bp tre vao nhflng chflc vu xflng dang Ddng thdi, de khuyen khich cac giao vien tre thUc sU trd lUc lUdng tru cpt cac nganh khoa hpc, ta't ca cac trUdng deu cai tien cac hinh thflc kiem tra, danh gia va tao nhieu cd hpi cho ldp tre dUdc thii thach, ren luyen hp thdng qua cac khoa hpc giang day md rdng, nang cao cac trUdng ndi tieng hoac tai cac vien nghien cflu b nfldc ngoai Nhieu trUdng dai hpc dUdc sU ddng y va hd trd cua Chinh phii da lap nhieu quy lam phan thUdng cho cac hpc gia tre tudi Do la "Quy thudng cho cac tai nang ciia the ky XXI", "Quy tai nang xuyen the ky", "Trd ca'p cho cac nghien cflu sinh" hay "Phan thudng cho cac nha khoa hpc tre" Ben canh dd, cac trUdng dai hpc deu c6 chinh sach Uu tien phan phdi nha d de dpng vien cac tai ndng tre Ta't ca nhflng cai each, ddi mdi chinh sach giao due va mo hinh dao tao dai hpc tren day la cd sd quan trpng de Trung Qud'c thUc hien muc tieu xay dUng cac trUdng dai hpc ciia hp nhflng trUdng dai hpc ddng ca'p quo'c te II XAY DUNG CAC T R U Q N G DAI HOC DANG CAP QUOC TE Nh&ng nd lire ban dau Dap flng yeu cdu nguon nhan lUc cho san xua't va phat trien, 30 nam qua, sd trUdng dai hpc, cao dang cua Trung Quoc tang rat nhanh Nam 1978, 50 ca nfldc Trung Quoc chi co 1,2 trieu sinh vien dai hoc Den cuol nam 1995, Trung Quo'c CO hdn 1000 trUdng dai hpc va cao dang Den cuol nam 2004, ca nUdc Trung Qud'c CO 2236 trUdng dai hoc va cao dang (so vdi so' gan 400 trUdng cila Viet Nam) vdi hdn 20 trieu sinh vien theo hpc So' sinh vien tot nghiep tfl cac trUdng dai hoc dat hdn trieu nam 2008 Qua trinh xay dUng cac trUdng dai hpc dang ca'p quo'c te ci Trung Qud'c dfldc khdi dpng tfl dau nhflng nam 1990 va dUdc day nhanh tfl dau nhflng nam 2000 Nam 1991, Trung Qudc lap "dU an 211", vdi muc tieu dUa 100 trUdng dai hpc vao danh sach cac trUdng tien tien nha't cila the gidi It nha't Trung Quo'c co mpt so' trUdng dat dang ca'p quo'c te vao trudc nam 2020 Viec thUc hien dU an bdt dau tfl thang 2-1993 Cd 10 trUdng dai hpc dUdc cung ca'p tai chinh bd sung tfl Du an trpng diem Quo'c gia (tflc Dfl an 211) la: Dai hpc Bac Kinh, Dai hpc Thanh Hoa, Dai hpc Phuc Dan, Dai hpc Giao thdng ThUdng Hai, Dai hpc Giao thdng, Dai hpc Bach khoa Trung Quo'c, Dai hpc Y khoa Bdc Kinh, Dai hpc Nhan dan, Dai hpc Su pham Bdc Kinh, Dai hpc Ndng nghiep Trung Quo'c Dai hpc Bdc Kinh va Dai hpc Thanh Hoa dfldc xem la hai trUdng hang dau so' cac trUdng trpng diem Hai trUdng nhan dUdc khoan ngan sach ldn trj gia hdn 200 trieu USD, thUc hien nam, de thUc hien cac muc tieu trd trUdng dai hpc dang ca'p quo'c te ''" NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 Doi mdi mo hinh dao tao dai hoc Bdng 1: NGUON VON OAU TU VAO CAC CO s d DAO TAO OAI HOC CONG LAP, 2001, % Chinh quy6n Chinh quyen Tir vdn cua Dong gop tu nguyen Ngudn trudng tu trung Udng tinh trifdng cua cac ca nhan khai thac 11 41 22 Cac nguon khac 17 Ngudn: Yuan Fujie, Expansion and Evolution through marketization Chinese Higher Education since 1998 National Institute for Multimedia education and Graduate university for Advanced studies Ngoai nguon tai chinh nha nUdc cung ca'p, Trung Quo'c khuyen khich chinh quyen dia phUdng tao dieu kien ho trd tai chinh de cac trUdng dai hpc thUc hien dUdc muc tieu quo'c gia Nam 1995, Chinh quyen ThUdng Hai da dong gdp cho cac trUdng Dai hpc Giao thdng ThUdng Hai va Dai hpc Phuc Dan mdi trUdr.g tUdng dUdng 15 trieu USD de cai thien dieu kien giang day va nghien cflu Ben canh dd, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c da thUc hien cac no lUc tai ca'u true cac trUdng dai hpc va coi dd nhU rapt bien phap nang cao hieu qua cila cac trUdng phuc va cho viec xay dUng nhflng trfldng dai hpc dang ca'p qud'c te Tfl nam 1992, da cd hdn 200 trUdng dai hpc chuyen nganh dUdc sap nhap lai cac trUdng dai hpc tdng hdp va da nganh Mdt nd lUc dang chu y ciia Trung Qud'c la viec tien hanh xep hang qud'c gia va qudc te cho cac trUdng dai hpc nhdm xac djnh khoang each gifla cac trUdng dai hpc Trung Qud'c va cac trUdng dai hpc ddng ca'p qudc te Tim nhflng nhan to' tao nen dang cd'p quo'c te cho rapt trUdng dai hpc Vien Nghien cflu Giao due Dai hpc cua Dai hpc Giao thong ThUdng Hai da tien hanh thu thap dfl lieu qua 500 trUdng dai hpc tren toan the NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 gidi theo nhflng tieu chi xac dinh, cd the xac minh dUdc, va tien hanh xep hang Thong thudng, rapt so' tieu chi dUdc tinh den la: so' bai nghien cflu cila can bp trfldng dang tren tap chi danh tieng the gidi; so' lfldng cac khoa, so' sinh vien theo hpc, so' khoa qud'c te; so' sinh vien qud'c te theo hpc tai trUdng Thu hiit nhieu sinh vien nudc ngoai theo hpc cac trudng dai hpc Trung Qudc Cd rapt so' thuan ldi de Trung Qud'c thu hut nhieu sinh vien nUdc ngoai theo hpc b cac trUdng dai hpc cua nUdc nay, dd la: Thd nhdt, Trung Qud'c cd rapt so lUdng ldn can bp, giang vien cac trUdng dai hpc da tflng dfldc ddo tao b nUdc ngoai Theo cong bd', 25 nam (1978-2003), Trung Qudc cd khoang 680.000 sinh vien di hpc d nUdc ngoai, va khoang 1/3 so' sinh vien di du hpc trd ve nUdc moi nam Nhieu ngUdi so'nay da trd can bp giang day, hdn the cdn la can bp chu chd't cac trUdng dai hpc Trung Qudc So' cd anh hudng trUc tiep va rat tich cUc den giao due dai hpc b Trung Qudc Da cd mpt tho'ng ke dUa la khoang rapt nila sd hieu trUdng va hieu phd cac trUdng dai 51 PHAM THAI QUOC hpc d Trung Quo'c da tflng di nghien cflu hoac hpc tap d nUdc ngoai Nhflng ngUdi khong nhflng lam tang anh hUdng ciia giao due phfldng Tay ci Trung Quo'c ma cdn tao nhieu mdi quan he lam thuan I'di hdn cac hoat dpng giao lUu hdp tac giang day va thu hut sinh vien nUdc ngoai den cac trUdng dai hpc cua Trung Quo'c hpc tap Thd hai, nhu cau buon ban, kinh doanh lam an gifla Trung Qudc vdi nUdc ngoai cang ldn, cho nen so' ngUdi den Trung Quo'c hpc kien thflc va hpc tieng Trung Quo'c cang nhieu Dieu dUdc tha'y ci hai khia canh sau day Mot la,, so' cong ty nUdc ngoai den Trung Quo'c dau t u mpt Idn khien cho nhu cau sinh vien nfldc ngoai den Trung Qudc hpc nhieu hdn Ngfldi nUdc ngoai den hpc dai hpc ci Trung Qudc sau lam viec cho chinh cac cong ty nUdc hp dang kinh doanh ci Trung Quo'c Hai Id, chu trUdng md ctfa, tang cUdng cac boat dpng buon ban ci cac khu bien gidi gifla Trung Quo'c vdi cac nfldc lang gieng md rong khien nhieu doanh nhan nUdc ngoai - va em ciia hp - raud'n den Trung Quo'c hpc tieng Han vi hp hieu rang mud'n lam an lau dai vdi Trung Qud'c thi khong the khong biet tieng Trung Quo'c Bieu 1: SO TRl/ONG DAI HOC, CAO OANG VA QUY MO OAO TAO 1980-2003 (10 ngan SV) ^ iirociTi^iit • / Ngudn: Yuan Fujie, Expansion and Evolution through marketization Chinese Higher Education since 1998 National Institute for Multimedia education and Graduate university for Advanced studies 52 NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 Ddi mdi mo hinh dao tao dai hoc Theo tinh toan, so' sinh vien ngoai qudc theo hpc ci Trung Qud'c tang tfl hdn 43 ngan nam 1998 len hdn 52 ngan nam 2000 va dat khoang 120 ngan nam 2007 Nhflng nfldc c6 nhieu sinh vien hpc d Trung Qud'c la: Han Quo'c, Nhat ban, My, Viet Nam, Indonesia Nam 2003, tdng so' 77.715 sinh vien nUdc ngoai theo hpc ci Trung Qud'c thi cd den 35.353 sinh vien Han Qud'c (chiem 45,5%); cd 12.765 sinh vien Nhat ban (16,4%); cd 3.693 sinh vien My; 3487 sinh vien Viet Nam va 2.563 sinh vien den tfl Indonesia '^* Trung Qud'c da cd nhieu chUdng trinh tang cUdng trao ddi sinh vien qud'c te, dien hinh la hdp tac trao ddi sinh vien gifla Trung Qud'c va My TrUdc ndm 1978, hau nhU chUa cd sinh vien Trung Qud'c sang hpc b My NhUng tfl nam hpc 1988-1989, lan dau tien so' sinh vien Trung Qud'c vUdt so' sinh vien Dai Loan sang hpc b My Nam 1998-1999, dieu lai dien vdi trUdng hdp Nhat Ban Theo so' lieu tho'ng ke chinh thflc, nam 1994-1995, mdi chi cd 39.403 sinh vien Trung Qud'c sang hpc b My Den nara 2003-2004, sd da tdng len den 64.757 Trong dd, cung thdi gian nay, so' sinh vien My den Trung Quo'c hpc tap tang tfl 1257 len 3911 sinh vien ^^'^ Hien cd khoang 450 trUdng dai hpc b Trung Qudc tiep nhan sinh vien nUdc ngoai theo hpc Phan ldn tap trung d rapt so' trUdng b Bdc Kinh va Thudng Hai"*' Dd la cac trUdng: Dai hpc Van hoa va Ngon ngfl Bdc Kinh, Dai hpc Phuc Dan, Dai hpc Bdc Kinh, Dai hpc Thanh Hoa, Dai hpc Giao thong ThUdng Hai, Dai hpc NGHIEN cim TRUNG QUQC so 3(103) - 2010 Bdc Kinh Tinh den nara 2003, Dai hpc v a n hoa va Ngdn ngfl Bdc Kinh tiep nhan 7109 sinh vien va hpc gia nfldc ngoai Con so' cua trfldng Dai hpc Phuc Dan la 3085; cua trUdng Dai hpc Bdc Kinh la 2682, cua Dai hpc Thanh Hoa la 2502 Cai each khuon mSu dao tao sinh vien va quan ly giang day De trd rapt trUdng dai hpc cd dang cap quo'c te, phai cd uy tin va uy tin khong chi ve giang day ly thuyet, ma phai cd thuc te de nang cao cha't lUdng sinh vien to't nghiep Nhieu trUdng dai hpc nha'n manh den gan ly thuyet vdi thUc tien Mot so' trUdng dai hpc ldn dang tflng bfldc thUc hien loai hinh giang day tu van (advisory teaching), d dd chuyen gia tU van thuyet trinh nhflng chi dan khoa.hpc cho smh vien, cdn sinh vien tiep thu va hpc each truyen cam hflng Giang vien chuan bj bai giang dudi hinh thflc thao luan va gdi md va'n de cho ngfldi hpc suy nghi, tfl dd khdi day sang kien va long nhiet tinh cua sinh vien Dang chu y la cd rapt so' bien phap dfla nhdm cai thien chat lfldng sinh vien tot nghiep Dd la viec trd ca'p cho nhflng nghien cflu sinh xua't sac xua't ban luan an tien sy co cha't lfldng va cai thien cac tieu chudn ve he thdng thdng tin va danh gia cha't lUdng de dam bao dp tin cay danh gia tdt nghiep de cap bdng cho cac cap nhU tien sy, thac sy va dai hpc Trung Quo'c dUa cac chuyen nganh mdi, md cac khda hpc mdi, vdi each thflc giang day mdi la cac phan ca'u cua each thflc quan ly giang 53 PHAM THAI QUOC day hien Them vao do, Bp Giao due Trung Qud'c cung da dUa mpt so' yeu to' khac de nang cao cha't lUdng giang day nhU: ddi mdi cap nhat sach giao khoa cung nhU tU lieu giang day cac khda hpc, da dang hoa each giang day, sil dung cac each giang day hien dai tren cd sd tiep xuc vdi sinh vien, gdi md cho hp dUa nhflng y tudng mdi ket hdp vdi tu va'n giang day dd giang vien, sinh vien va cac nha quan ly ky cUu cung chiu trach nhiem va tham gia nang cao cha't lUdng sinh vien to't nghiep Sau day la mpt vi du ve cac khoa hpc mdi b Trung Quo'c Dau nam 2005, tai TrUdng Cao ddng Phat trien va Nhan van (COHD), Dai hpc Ndng nghiep Trung Qudc (CAU) d Bdc Kinh da td chflc mpt khoa hpc sau dai hpc dau tien ve "Quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien cpng ddng" Sau nhieu thang chuan bi, mpt nhom cac giang vien, cac nha nghien cflu va sinh vien trUdng Cao dang Phat trien va Nhan van bat ddu khoa hpc Ben canh dd, mpt nhom gdm 24 thac sy va nghien cflu sinh tham gia vao khoa hpc Cd 10 giang vien va nghien cflu vien CO chuyen mon ve khoa hpc tU nhien va xa hpi tfl nhieu cd quan nghien cflu va dao tao cung tham gia vao khoa hpc mdi me, tien phong Ngon ngfl sil dung la ca tieng me de va tieng Anh Khoa hpc sii dung nhieu cong cu nghien cflu va giang day, cd phan tich trUdng hdp (case study), co so sanh, co mpt nhom viet de xua't, nhdm chuyen phan bien, nhom viet bao cao nghien cflu thuc nghiem cd hinh anh minh hoa, dd nhieu sinh vien trflc tiep tiep xuc thuc te, cd phong va'n ca nhan va 54 phdng va'n ca nhdm, cd ve sd ndi co tai nguyen, cho cac t h a n h vien nhdm quan sat, thao luan nhom, chup anh va lam bang video, sau danh gia ket qua Dfla tren ket qua cila khoa hpc b trUdng Cao dang Phat trien va Nhan van, nam 2006, mpt khoa hpc tUdng tU cung dUdc md trUdng Dai hpc Cat Lam, TrUdng Xuan Sau nhieu trUdng dai hpc ci Trung Quo'c cung nhan rong va phd bien mo hinh toan qud'c Tham chi mo hinh sau cdn dfldc bien doi, cai bien cho thich flng vdi tinh hinh, dieu kien va nhflng yeu cau, ddi hdi tai nhieu ndi khac ci Trung Quo'c Danh gia xep hang cac trucmg, day nhanh qua trinh xay dung cac trucmg dai hpc dang cap quoc te Tfl niia cudl nhflng nam 1990, viec xep hang cac trUdng dai hpc da trd phd bien ci Trung Quo'c Ke't qua xep hang dUdc coi la mpt ngudn thong tin quan trpng cd sflc ha'p ddn doi vdi sinh vien nUdc va phu huynh cung nhU doi vdi sinh vien quo'c te dang tim den hpc tap ci rapt trUdng dai hpc cua Trung Quo'c Cac trUdng deu muo'n dflng b bang cao de tao uy tin, thu hut dUdc nhieu , hdn sinh vien theo hpc, vay, cac can bp moi trUdng, td gido vien den lanh dgo deu co gdng het sdc de ndng hgng cua triidng minh ndm sau cao hOn ndm triidc Day cung la rapt cupc ganh dua lam nang cao cha't lUdng dao tao ciia moi trUdng Nam 1998 tai ll ky niem 100 nam lap Dai hpc Bdc Kinh, Chii tjcb nUdc Trung Quo'c tuyen bd' Trung Qud'c can cd nhflng trUdng dang cd'p quo'c te NGHIEN CiKU TRUNG QUQC s o 3(103) - 2010 Doi mdi mo hinh dao tao dai hoc sau dd Du an 985 ddi nhara thUc hien chu trUdng Du an 985 cung cap cho Dai hpc Bac Kinh va Dai hpc Thanh Hoa, hai trUdng trpng diem hang dau ciia Trung Quo'c mpt ngan sach trpn gdi ba nam la 1,8 ty nhan dan te (234 trieu USD) cho mdi trUdng nhU rapt khoan tai trd dac biet nhdm xay dUng dai hoc ddng ca'p quo'c te Nam 2005, Trung Qudc lap Du an 111 Du an 111 la du an Bp Giao due va Bp Ngoai giao Trung Quo'c cung tai trd dU an keo dai nam, bat dau tfl nam 2006 vdi khoan kinh phi bd Iflc ddu la 600 trieu nhan dan te, danh clio 100 trUdng dai hpc cua Trung Qud'c thu hut 1000 giang vien nUdc ngoai vao giang day b Trung Quo'c d 100 lanh vUc nghien cflu vdng vai tuan den tdi da 'hang'" Trong nam (2000-2005), sd lUdng cac cdng trinh khoa hpc cong bd' ciia cac trUdng diii hpc Trung Qudc da tdng ga'p doi Rieii'j nam 2003 Dai hpc Thanh Hoa cd khoarf 2700, bai bao khoa hpc liet ke d.inh sach SCI (cac cdng trinh khoa hpc ndi tieng) Nhieu trUdng dai hpc nghi ('a cflu hang dau ciia Trung Qud'c da coi trpng chd't lUdng cua cac cong trinh khoa hpc cong bo' bang each khen thudng cac bai bao cd ty le trich dan cao boac dang tai tren cac tap chi chuyen men danh tieng dUdc dao tao d nUdc ngoai ma chii yeu la dao tao d Hoa Ky Nam 2004, theo xep hang cua THES QS World University Rankings Quacquarelli Symonds, xep hang dUa theo tieu cbi, vdi nhflng tfldng flng nhfl sau: Diem ve bai dang tren tap chi danh tieng: 40%) Diem ve so khoa, so' vinh vien theo hpc: 20% Diem ve sU ndi tieng cua cac khoa: 20% Diem ve each tuyen dung can bp, sinh vien : 10%i Diem ve so'khoa qud'c te: 5"/! Diem ve so'sinh vien qud'c to: 5%) Theo dd, Trung Qud'c cd trUdng Ipt vao danh sach 50 trUdng dai hpc uy tin nha't the gidi ve khoa hpc tU nhien, dd la: Dai hpc Bac Kinh xep thfl 15, vdi 67,5 diem/ 100 diem Dai hpc Thanh Hoa xep thfl 34 vdi 48 diem / 100 Dai hpc khoa hpc va ky thuat Trung Qud'c xep thfl 40 vdi 44,6 diem Tuy nhien, nam 2009, cung theo xep hang ciia Times Higher Educatiun-QS World University Rankings thi Da hpc Thanh Hoa lai dflng thfl 49 sd 200 trUdng Nam 2005, bang xep hang ciia Dai hpc Giao thdng ThUdng Hdi Mat 1< hac, den nam 2005, d nhieu (SJTU) Trung Qud'c chUa cd trUdn;_>- nao trUdng dai hpc ldn, so'giang vien cd bdng cd ten danh sach 100 trUdn'.; dai tien sy da len den tren dUdi 50%, rapt so hpc hang dau the gidi NhUng cd trfldng dua rauc tieu vao nam 2010 se trUdng dai hpc Trung Qud'c cd ten dua ty U: len 75% O Dai hpc Bdc danh sach 500 trUdng hang ddu thd gidi Kinh cd khoang 40%o can bp giang day vdi thfl bac tfl 151 den 200 Nam 2008, NGHIEN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 55 PHAM THAI QUOC cung vdi cac tieu chi xep hang tfldng tU cua Dai hpc Giao thdng ThUdng Hai, chfla cd mpt dai hpc nao ciia Trung Quo'c co ten 100 trUdng dai hpc hang dau the gidi NhUng d thfl hang tha'p hdn 100, co trUdng cd ten danh sach la: Dai hpc Bdc Kinh, Dai hpc Thanh Hoa, Dai hpc Nam Kinh, Dai hpc Giao thong ThUdng Hai va Dai hpc Chiet Giang Cac vien qud'c te, hay cac tap chi noi tieng the gidi thUdng can cfl vao rapt so' tieu chi de xep hang cac trUdng dai hpc ndi tieng the gidi nhU: so' sinh vien theo hpc, so' cac san pham, cong trinh khoa hpc dUdc quo'c te cong bo' rdng rai, so' sinh vien quo'c te theo hpc, so' khoa/ chuyen nganh hpc mang tinh quo'c tc mflc chi tieu cho boat dpng ciia thfl vien ta't ca cac nhan to tao uy tin quo'c te cila mpt trUdng dai hpc Theo xep hang ciia Tap chi "The Times Higher" sd 5.11.2004 thi danh sach 200 trUdng dai hpc dflng dau the gidi, Trung Qud'c (khdng ke cac trUdng cua Hdng Kong) cd trUdng la: Dgi hgc Bac Kinh, dflng thfl 17 Trong xet theo tieu chi diem ciia tap chi PEER thi dat 322/1000 diem (Dai hpc Harvard dflng sd 1, dat 643 diem) Xet theo tieu chi diem ve cac khoa qud'c te thi dat 9/100 Xet theo tieu chi diem sinh vien quo'c te dat 11/100 Diem tdng cpng dat 391,8/1000 Dgi hgc Thanh Hoa dflng thfl 62 Trong xet theo tieu chi diem ciia tap chi PEER thi dat 140/ 1000 diem Xet theo tieu chi diem ve cac khoa qudc te thi dat 9/100 Xet theo tieu chi diem 56 sinh vien quo'c te dat 7/100 Diem tdng cpng dat 188,9/1000 Dgi hoc Khoa hgc ky thuat Trung Qudc dflng thfl 154 Trong xet theo tieu chi diem ciia tap chi FEER dat 85/ 1000 diem Xet theo tieu chi diem ve cac khoa quo'c te thi dat 5/100 Xet theo tieu cbi diem sinh vien quo'c te dat 1/100 Diem tdng cpng dat 125,2/1000 Dgi hgc Nam Kinh d Tinh Giang To xep thfl 192 vdi 106,3 diem Trong dd xet theo tieu chi diem cila tap chi FEER dat 73/ 1000 diem Xet theo tieu chi diem ve cac khoa quo'c te thi dat 4/100 Xet theo tieu chi diem sinh vien quo'c te dat 2/100 Dgi hgc Phuc Ddn xep thfl 196 vdl 104,5 diem Trong dd xet theo tieu chi diem ciia tap chi FEER dat 61/ 1000 diem Xet theo tieu chi diem ve cac khoa quo'c te thi dat 8/100 Xet theo tieu chi diem sinh vien quo'c te'dat 13/100 Nhu vay vdi nhieu no lUc, chi sau 4-5 nam dau the ky XXI, Trung Quoc da dfla nhieu trUdng dai hpc ciia hp vao danh sach nhflng trUdng dai hpc cd dang ca'p quo'c te, ve di'ch sdm hdn nhieu so vdl muc tieu dat Trong khoang 10 nam nfla, chdc chac nhieu trUdng dai hpc Trung Quo'c se co dfldc thfl hang cao hdn so' nhflng trUdng dai hpc cd ddng cap quo'c te Ket luan Nudc ta da gia nhap WTO dfldc hdn nam, nen kinh tc cd nhieu chuyen bien ra't manh ddi hdi giao due, dac biet la giao due dai hpc phai cd nhflng thay ddi cd ban de dap flng yeu cau ve ngudn NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - Ddi mdi mo hinh dao tao dai hoc n h a n Iflc cho da't nfldc Trong q u a t r i n h chuyen s a n g p h a t t r i e n k i n h te thj trUdng va hpi n h a p qud'c te, ddi mdi md hinh dao tao dai hpc la r a t can thiet, la budc q u a n t r p n g de xay dUng cac trUdng dai hpc d a n g cap quo'c te De l a m dUdc dieu nay, dieu q u a n t r p n g h a n g d a u la quyet t a m h e t sflc ldn lao cua N h a nUdc, quyet t a m n a y dUdc t h e h i e n b cac chu trUdng d u n g dan, m a n h bao cung nhU b cac quyet djnh ddu tU cd t r p n g diem Ben canh dd, de lam dUdc n h i e m vu ldn lao nay, ban t h a n cac trUdng dai hpc cung phai tim kiem nhflng n g u d n tai chinh khac, khong h o a n toan t h u dpng p h u thupc vao ngudn d a u tU cua C h i n h p h u cho ngan quy b o a t dpng h a n g n a m cua minh Kinh nghiem T r u n g Qu-^'c cho tha'y d a u tU b a n d a u ciia C h i n h p h u r a t quan trpng, tfl chd d u n g tien de "mua", de "gpi" cac c h u y e n gia gidi gd'c Hoa va ngfldi nfldc ngoai ve giang day den chd khien cac trUdng p h a i tU dao tao chuyen gia gidi cho chinh m i n h Mud'n vay, cac trUdng can d a u tU m a n h vao xay dUng cac phdng thi n g h i e m va t r a n g thiet bj phuc vu nghien cflu Ben c a n h dd, dieu quan trpng la cdn tao dfldc moi trUdng canh t r a n h l a n h m a n h gifla cac trUdng dai hpc de tU hp p h a i v a n dpng, g a n h dua va vUdn len Hieu q u a t h u dUdc k h a ro t h u h u t d a u tU nUdc ngoai tfl nhieu n a m nay, c h u n g t a da xep h a n g nang Iflc c a n h t r a n h cap t i n h Trong xay dflng cac trfldng dai hpc d a n g cap quo'c te, N h a nfldc can xuc tien viec xep h a n g cac trfldng dai hpc, bao gdm ca xep h a n g qud'c gia va bfldc d a u xep h a n g k h u vflc dfla t r e n nhflng tieu cbi nha't dinnh Chung ta deu tin tfldng va hy vpng r a n g NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 nen giao due dai hpc nUdc n h a se cd nhflng ddi mdi t h a n trpng nhUng m a n h me va chac c h a n k h i chung ta budc sang t h a p ky thfl h a i cua t h e ky XXI CHU THICH: Nguyen Van Can: Nin gido due Trung Qud'c 55 ndm xdy dUng vd phdt trien, Bdo cao tgi Hdi thao CHND Trung Hoa, 55 xdy diing vdphdt trien Ha Npi 29/9/2004) Top 10 China Universities Paying http://news.at0086.com/ Highest Salary Teaching-in-Chma/Top-lO-ChinaUniversities-Paying-Highest-Salary-forForeign-Teachers.html) Pham Thi Ly : Con dUdng xdy diing cdc dgi hgc ddng cap qud'c te ciia Trung Qudc, Vien NCGD, dai hoc Su pham TP Ho Chi Mmh Ngudn; Bao cao cua Shao Wei, bo phan giao due Tong lanh sU quan Trung Quoc Lai San Francisco, thang 1-2009 List of universities in the People's Republic of China http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ universities_in_the_People%27s_RepubIic_of _China 7.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THE%E2% 80%93QS_World_University_Rankmgs China Scholarship Council (www.esc edu.cn) China's Universities Look Outward by Madelyn C Ross, http://www.iienetwork org/?p=Ross 10 China's Universities Look Outward by Madelyn C Ross As competition and enrollment rise, universities in China seek to build on their international Hnks http ://www iienetwork or g/?p=Ross 11 Madelyn C Ross, China's Universities Look Outward, http://www.iienetwork org/?p-Ross 12 http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/eng/ about_statistical.jsp?boadid=32&bid2=3205 &pageno=l 57 ... dai hpc cua Trung Quo''c hpc tap Thd hai, nhu cau buon ban, kinh doanh lam an gifla Trung Qudc vdi nUdc ngoai cang ldn, cho nen so'' ngUdi den Trung Quo''c hpc kien thflc va hpc tieng Trung Quo''c... phuc vu, chinh quyen cac ca''p ci ca trung Udng va dia phUdng Trung Quo''c cung tham gia xay dung va dong gop cho boat dpng cua cac trUdng dai hpc Nam 1997, Trung Qudc cd 327 cd sd dao tao sau... doan tfl sau nam 1993, sau Trung Quo''c cdng bd'' "Luat khoa hoc va NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010 Doi mdi mo hinh dao tao dai hoc cong nghe cila Cdng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa" Luat khuyen khich