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ien VG lfu —Khoa hpc Giao due n! i> (/(; iier PHAT TRIEN DOI NGU GIAO VIEN DAY NGHE TREN CO SCT TIEU CHUAN NGHE NGHIEP NHA GIAO , • • , • ; ; • • •• • '''' ''''O " i r t ! ; ! tc y ^l'''' ''''• '''' , c PGS TS N G U[.]
—Khoa hpc Giao due ien lfuVG iier (/(; n! i> PHAT TRIEN DOI NGU GIAO VIEN DAY NGHE TREN CO SCT TIEU CHUAN NGHE NGHIEP NHA GIAO : ,••, •;.;• • •• • ' , 'O c " i r t ! ; ! tc-.y ^l' '• ' PGS.TS N G U Y I N OlJfC TRi Vien Klioa lioc Giao due Viet Nam Viec khai thac, phat huy tot ngudn lye DNNG giao va dpi ngO nha giao (DNNG) cd vai trd dae biet quan trpng sy nghiep giao d l phat triln nha trudng, phuc vu phat triln due (GD), la nhan td quylt djnh chit lugng va sy nghiep GD, phuc vu sy phat triln d l t nude, hieu qua GD Cung vdi viec phat triln quy md la mdt v i n d l quan trpng viee quan li he GD, DNNG cang ddng dao han va da trd thdng GD ndi chung, quan li nha trudng hay ca mdt ting Idp lao ddng tri dc chilm mdt ti sd GD ndi rieng le dang k l lye lugng lao ddng xa hdi, tac Dudi gde dp quan li NNL, theo quan niem ddng va gdp phln hit sire quan trpng vao sy cua L Nadler va nhiiu tac gia khac, cd t h i hilu phat then kinh tl-xa hdi eiia dlt nude khai niem Phat triln DNNG nhu sau: Phat triin Tiln trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va DNNG bao gdm dao tao, boi dtrang, sir dung chinh phuc muc tieu "Viet Nam v l ca ban trd DNNG va tao mdi truong thuan Igi cho DNNG nude cdng nghiep" vao euoi thap nien thir phat trien [2] hai eua t h i ki XXI phai dya vao "ndi lye" ehu yiu, Ngay nay, cdng tac phat triln DNNG ndi chung dd la nguon nhan lye (NNL) GD la dudng d nhiiu qude gia dugc thyc hien theo quan diim ca ban, cd tinh chit quylt djnh ddi vdi phat kit hgp nhu eau eua nha giao va nhu eiu cua trien NNL Chi thj 40-CT/TW 15/6/2004 cua nha tnrdng Theo quan diem nay, ca nha trudng BCH TW Dang da neu rd: phat triin DNNG, eung va ca nhan cac nha giao diu ddng thdi la trpng vdi phat triln dpi ngO can bd quan li GD la v i n tam eiia cdng tac phat triln DNNG, nd coi trpng d l "mang tinh chiin lug/c, cd vai trd quyit djnh su hgp tac giua hai phia, ehu trpng nhu c l u cua din Sir nghiep phat triin GD".[1] Viee phat triln nha trudng vdi tu each la nai sir dung lao ddng DNNG tren ea sd tieu chuin nghi nghiep nha cOng nhu nhu c l u eua ban than cac nha giao vdi giao la mdt nhO'ng nhung v i n d l da va tu each la ngudi lao ddng dang duge dac biet quan tam hien Bai vilt v l mat li luan, quan dilm cd t h i dugc coi trinh bay mdt sd khia canh quan trpng lien la "dung hda" eua cac quan dilm thien v l tirng quan din viec phat then dpi ngO giao vien day phia, nhung thye t l , thye hien de cd nghi (GVDN) , ,•: ; ;,, mau thuIn sinh giua nhu c l u hai phia Vi vay, cdng tac phat triln DNNG phai cd k l hoach, phai mang tinh chiln luge, giam thilu duge mau Quan diem phat trien doi ngu GVDN Phat triln DNNG ndi chung, dpi ngO GVDN ndi thuan dd tren ea sd phan tich, danh gia mdt each rieng, trudc hit va tren hit phai la nhiem vu tdi cd he thdng, can bang hgp li va thda dang cae quan trpng eua cac nha quan li GD, eae elp quan nhu clu, ki vpng va tilm nang cua cae nha giao li GD tu trung uang din dja phuang va tirng ea va eua nha trudng ea hien tai va tuang lai Dudi sd GD Duang nhien, dd cOng la nhiem vu cua gde dp quan li NNL ndi chung, quan li DNNG ndi chinh tirng nha giao va DNNG rieng, nhlt la ea c h i thj trudng, Phat triin DNNG ein phai dugre nhin nhan va chit luong da va dang dupe dac biet quan tam, thirc hien chu yiu dtrdi gde quan li NNL diiu chi cd t h i dat dugc thdng qua mpt GD, ea a cap he thdng GD va cap ea sd nhung v i n d l then chdt, dd la tieu chuan GD Dd thuc chit la phat trien bd phan nhan lue nghi nghiep nha giao Tuy nhien, hien ehua quan trpng nhlt cua he thdng GD cOng nhu cua cd tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN d Viet Nam nen tirng ca sd GD viec xay dung nd la vd eung elp thilt N KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 13 Khoa hoe Giao due Xay dyng tieu chuan nghi nghiep GVDN theo mo hinh nang lye nghe nghiep eua GVDN • Md hinh nang lire nghe nghiep Ndi din nang lye la ndi d i n kha nang thuc hien cdng mdt hoat ddng nao dd Nang luc mang tinh ca nhan hoa, nang lye cd the duge hinh va phat triln thdng qua dao tao, bdi dudng va tu trai nghiem qua thyc tien Nang lue duge bieu hien d nhiiu elp dp khac nhau; thdng thudng, ngudi ta phan hai trinh dp cua nang lye: nang lye tai tao va nang lye sang tao 6' trinh dp tai tao, chii t h i chi tiln hanh hoat ddng cd kit qua lam theo mau ed sin Vdi trinh dp sang tao, chu t h i tiln hanh hoat ddng theo each thuc mdi vdi hieu qua eao han DT nhien, tai tao cd it nhiiu sang tao va sang tao khdng phai khdng cd nhung y i u td tai tao Md hinh nang lire chung cho mpi nganh nghi bao gdm eac phln: nang lue ehuyen mdn, nang lue phuang phap, nang lye xa hdi va nang lye ca thi Cac phan nang lye kit hgp vdi tao nen nang lue hanh ddng (nang lye thuc hien - competency) Md hinh nang li/c rieng cho tirng nganh nghi khac dupe xay dyng tren ca sd dac thii hoat ddng nghi nghiep Trong nang lye nghe nghiep eua nha giao, nang lye rieng dd ehinh la nang lye su pham Md hinh nang li/e nghi nghiep GVDN, theo tilp can hoat ddng, phai dupe xac lap tren ca sd md hinh hoat ddng cua GVDN, md hinh dupe xay dyng bing viec phan tieh nghe day hpc eae nhiem vu, cdng viee vdi phuang phap hay kT thuat phd biin hien nay, dd la PP/kT thuat DACUM, kit hpp vdi PP ehuyen gia Vi du, kit qua phan tich nghi GV kT thuat - GV day nghi (GVDN) cua nhdm nghien cu'u d l tai d p Bd B99-52-36 "Xay dirng md hinh dao tao giao vien kT thuat a trinh dai hge cho eae trwang THCN - Day nghi" tac gia bai vilt lam ehu nhiem da dua eac nhiem vu hoat ddng eiia loai hinh GV kT thuat - GVDN day ea li thuyit va thye hanh nghi cac trudng THCN - DN (xem Sa dd 1), moi nhiem vu dd duge phan tieh mdt so edng viee • Tieu chuan nghi nghiep GVDN Khai niem Tieu chuan (hay chuin) thudng di ddi vdi khai niem chit lugng Mae dO, ngudi ta thudng ndi ngIn gpn la "chuin" hay "tieu chuin", nhung diiu dd dugc hilu la "chuin hay tieu chuan chit lugng", muc dich cua nd la "de dat chit lugng" hay "dl dam bao chit lugng" Hien cd nhung djnh nghTa khac it nhiiu v l tieu chuin Cd the djnh nghTa Tieu ehuan mdt each rlt khai quat nhu sau: Tieu ehuan la nhirng quy djnh vi yeu cau, chf tieu dwgc dat tuan thu nhCrng nguyen tac nhit djnh, dwgc dung lam thuoc danh gia hoat ddng, cdng viee, san pham, djch vu, v.v mdt ITnh vwc nhat djnh nham dap irng yeu cau va nhu cau sir dung eua ngwai Tir dd, cd the neu djnh nghTa tieu chuin nghe nghiep GVDN nhu sau: Tieu ehuan nghi nghiep GVDN la nhCrng quy djnh vi yeu eau, chf tieu dirge dat tuan thu nhung nguyen tac nhat djnh, duoc dung lam thudc danh gia hoat ddng eua nguoi GVDN nham thwc hien tdt chire nang, nhiem vu duoc giao Tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN thudng phai eae td chuc, ea quan sir dung dpi ngu GVDN tiln hanh xay dung thdng qua eac dai dien ciia Sa dd 1: Cac nhiem vu hoat ddng eua GV kT thuat - GVDN cae truong THCN-DN 'JA- f GV KI THUAT - GVDN Day ly thuyet Chuan bi bai day 14 Qiuan bi phg tien day lioc Day ca LT & TH Len lap To cliuc tliuc hanh To chitc thuc tap Danh gia ket qua hoc tap Lam chu nhiem lop n Day thyc hanh Nang cao ttinhdo chuyen mon nghiep vu Nghien cuu khoa hoc Tham gia hoat dpng chinh tri xahoi KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 —Khoa hoc Giao due hp va cac chuyen gia; ddng thdi, viec lly y kiln, thao luan rdng rai va ddng thuan cua nhirng ngudi lien quan la ddi hdi cd tinh nguyen tac, bit budc trudc dugc ban hanh Trong thyc t l ddi sdng cdn cd mdt thuat ngO' khac cd lien quan vdi tieu ehuan (standard), la chuin mwc (tiing Anh la norm) Chuin muc ndi din tinh chit dung din, khdng sai lech so vdi quy tic, quy djnh hay yeu d u nhlt djnh Trong dd, tieu chuin chinh la quy tac, quy djnh, yeu elu Theo nghTa dd thi mdt san phim, djch vu, duge gpi la chuin muc nlu nd dat tieu chuin Tuy nhien, theo tap quan, ngudi ta thudng hilu chuin muc theo nghTa la dung, vira phai, tmng binh, khdng cd gi dac biet, da dat dupe; edn tieu chuin duge hieu la quy djnh, chi tieu dang phai vuan tdi, tuang doi cao han binh thudng Vi vay, ndi ham cua khai niem tieu chuan dudng nhu dugc md rdng han, vira ed nghTa chuin myc, vira cd nghTa cao han va mdi han chuin muc ^ • Xay dirng tieu chuan nghe nghiep GVDN •'• NhO'ng tu lieu ehu yiu, hit sire quan trpng d l xay dyng bd tieu chuin nang lue nghi nghiep GVDN dugc tap hgp tir nhO'ng thdng tin d eae "Phiiuphan tieh cdng viee"ve kiln thire, kT nang, thai dp d n cd va tieu chuan thue hien ddi vdi tirng cdng viec Viec xay dung cac loai tieu chuin GD, dd cd tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN la v i n de edn mdi me d Viet Nam nhung ed mdt sd thuan Igi nhu: cac ca sd day nghi la nai sii' dung dpi ngO GVDN nIm he thdng Day nghi nen d l dat dugc su ddng thuan giCra cae ben viee xay dyng tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN; ed t h i tham khao bd "Chuin nghi nghiep GV trung hpe" da dupe ban hanh, nhlt la bd "Chuan nghiep vu su pham GV TCCN" dang duge thi diem gdm tieu chuan, dd la: 1/ Nang lye (NL) hilu biit dae dilm HS va mdi trudng day hpe, GD GDNN; 2/ NL xay dyng k l hoach day hpc va giao due GDNN; 3/ NL thuc hien k l hoach day hpe; 4/ NL thyc hien k l hoach giao due; 5/ NL danh gia kit qua hpe tap va ren luyen ciia hpe sinh; 6/ NL hgp tac day hpc va giao due; 7/ NL phat triln nang lue nghi nghiep Trong pham vi qudetl cd nhO'ng loai tieu chuin nha giao khac nhau: chang han, can eu' vao ddi tugng thi ed tieu chuin dao tao GV va tieu chuin nha giao ndi chung, theo npi dung tieu chuin thi ed chuin ITnh vyc nang lye va tieu chuin trinh dp nang lue [3] - Tieu chuin ITnh vwc nang Iwc md ta ndi dung eae ITnh vyc nang luc thdng qua cae tieu chuin, tieu chi ma ehua quy djnh eac mire dp nang lye moi tieu chi; loai thuan tien viec xay dyng, nhung chua tao sy thdng nhlt v l mire dp yeu d u sir dung chuin - Tieu chuin trinh quy djnh cae mire dp nang lye khac tuang irng cae bac trinh dp eua nha giao; loai tao sy thdng nhlt v l mire dp yeu d u nhung khd khan viee xay dyng eac mire de ed the sir dung thdng nhlt Vi vay, cae mire yeu elu d n ed qua trinh thir nghiem thyc tiln va khdng ap dung cirng nhIc qua trinh hoan thien • Qua trinh phat trien NLNN eua GVDN Qua trinh phat triln nang lue nghi nghiep cua nha giao ndi chung, GVDN ndi rieng ed t h i dupe chia eae giai doan dya theo cac mue dp cua tieu chuan trinh dp (xem Sa 2) So 2: Cae giai doan phat trien nang Iwc nghi nghiep eua GVDN [4] on-jft Si vni GV cao cap (dau dan) ^ GV chinh (co kinh nghiem) Hop dong lam viec (co hoac khong xac dinh thai han) DANH GIA, XEP LOAI GV THEO CHUAN I± DANH GIA, XEP LOAI GV THEO CHUAN T^ DANH GIA, CAP GlAV PHEP GIANG DAY Giao vien Hop dong thu viec (tam thai) GV tap su T6t nghiep Truang/ Khoa SP Chirorng trinh b6i dirong tap sir KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 GV hiroTig dan tap sy Tot nghiep Truong/ BOioa ngoai SP + Chung chi SP 15 Khoa hoe Giao due Xay dyng mo hinh dao tao GVDN tren ca SO' tieu chuan nghe nghiep GVDN • Ve md hinh dao tao GVDN Xu hudng qude t l eai each dao tao GV la ehuyin tu' dao tao djnh hudng d i u vao (djnh hudng ndi dung) sang OT dinh hudng nang lye diu (djnh hudng nang lye), dd tieu chuin nghi nghiep nha giao dugc sir dung nhu mdt edng eu nha nude d l quan li chit lugng dao tao GV Md hinh DT GVDN dugc xem la tong t h i nhung quan diem djnh hudng, muc tieu DT, nhung yeu d u v l pham chit va nang lye eua ngudi GVDN (chuin d i u dya vao tieu chuan nghi nghiep GVDN), khung c l u triic ndi dung, khung thdi gian DT, phuang thu'c to chirc, phuang phap DT va danh gia , dd chuang trinh day hpc (chuang trinh khung, chuang trinh ehi tilt) dugc phat triln dya tren ca sd tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN ed y nghTa quan trpng dac biet Md hinh DT GVDN phai dupe xay dung phu hgp vdi nhung quy djnh ddi vdi GVDN cae van ban phap li hien hanh, dya tren nhO'ng quan dilm khoa hpc hien dai v l dao tao GVDN va phii hgp thue tien Viet Nam, dap irng nhung ddi hdi mdi ddi vdi dpi ngu GVDN cOng nhu djnh hudng vao viec thuc hien tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN dao tao GVDN Theo phuang thirc dao tao, ed mdt sd md hinh dao tao GVDN chii y i u sau: [5] - Md hinh dao tao song song: Cf day, sinh vien dugc dao tao ddng thdi v l khoa hpe chuyen nganh va khoa hpc GD mdt khda dao tao GVDN da dupe djnh hudng tir bit d i u khda hpe Md hinh cd t h i thue hien eae trudng DHSPKT eung nhu trudng DH da nganh U'u dilm ca ban cua md hinh la sinh vien dugc djnh hudng sdm vao nghi day hpc va cd thdi gian dai de tilp thu tri thire va ren luyen nang lue SPKT Tuy nhien, md hinh khdng phan irng nhanh vdi sy thay doi nhu c l u CLia xa hdi v l dpi ngO GVDN - Md hinh DT ndi tiip: Khai niem md hinh OT ndi tilp tren binh dien quoc t l dupe hilu la sinh vien phai tdt nghiep DH mdt nganh dao tao v l khoa hpe ehuyen nganh (thdng thudng la nam) rdi mdi theo hpe tilp mdt khda dao tao nghiep vu su pham kT thuat Uu dilm ea ban ciia md hinh la phan irng nhanh vdi sy thay doi nhu 16 Nghien puis eau eiia xa hdi ve dpi ngO GVDN Nhuge diern la sinh vien dugc djnh hudng mudn v l nghi day hpc va nghiep vu su pham kT thuat - Md hinh dao tao lien thdng: "OT lien thdng la qua trinh dao tao eho phep cdng nhan va ehuyin doi kit qua hpc tap va ren luyen eiia ngudi hpc tu' mdt trinh dp tdi mpt hay mdt so trinh dp khac hoac cac nganh khac eiia ciing mdt trinh dp thudc he thdng GD&DT" [6] Dao tao lien thdng dgc la su k l thu'a, ndi tilp tu" trinh dp thIp len cac trinh dp cao han cung mdt ITnh vuc nganh nghi; dao tao lien thdng ngang la sy chuyin ddi tu mdt nganh nghi DT sang mdt nganh nghi dao tao khac Nguyen t i c quan trpng nhlt d md hinh DT lien thdng la sy cdng nhan va ehuyin doi k i t qua hpc tap trudc dd (Recognition of Prior Learning - RPL) OT CLP nhan su pham kT thuat tu' nhO'ng cdng nhan kT thuat (CNKT) hay kT thuat vien (KTV) cac trinh dp trung c l p hoac CD vira la lien thdng dpe (tir trinh dp thIp: trung clp, CD len trinh eao: DH), vira la lien thdng ngang (ehuyin doi nganh nghi dao tao tir ehuyen mdn kT thuat sang su pham kT thuat) Md hinh DT lien thdng da va dang duge tilp tuc thi dilm d mdt so trudng DH su pham kT thuat, dd trudng OH su pham kT thuat Vinh la nai thi dilm diu tien d nude ta Tuy nhien, vdi md hinh dao tao song song, he thdng eae trudng su pham kT thuat nude ta mdi chf dao tao GV cho khoang 10% tdng s6 g i n 400 nghi theo danh muc nghi dao tao va quy md dao tao edn han c h i Ca nude hien cd khoang g i n 21.000 GV eac ca sd day nghi, g i n 16.000 GV cac ca sd GD&DT khac co day nghi (din nam 2015 d n bo sung khoang 23.000 GV eho cae trudng day nghi va hang ngan GV day sa c l p nghi d eae TTDN) [7] Vi vay, d l cd t h i dap u'ng nhu c l u GV cho eac ca sd day nghi thdi gian tdi, md hinh dao tao GV ndi tilp va lien thdng se la xu hudng ehinh OT GVDN • Vi phat trien chirang trinh day hgc (eurrieulum) eho dao tao GVDN theo tieu ehuan nghe nghiep GVDN Viee ehuyen tu' dao tgo theo nien c h i sang DT theo tin chi, hpc phan, mddun la xu hudng (Xem tiip trang 21) KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 b g j ^ ijfu- -Khoa hoc Giao due hpc chuyen nganh ly, nhung d n dya vao tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN va ehu y lya chpn ndi dung day hpe hien dai, cap nhat, thilt thyc (Tiip theo trang 16) thay cho nhung ndi dung khdng cdn phu hgp qude t l phd biin v l td chuc dao tao dai hpc, nCra ddi vdi nganh nghi dao tao cOng la ndi dung quy c h i DT dai hpe va CD Bd GD&DT ban hanh nam 2007 Cai each hay T A I L I E U THAM K H A O doi mdi chuang trinh day hoc (CTDH) OT Ban chip hanh TW: Chi thj 40-CT/TW su pham kT thuat khdng chf dan gian la viee 15/6/2004 v l viec Xay dwng va nang cao ehit chuyen ddi tir he thdng cac mdn hpe sang he Iwgng ddi ngu nha giao va can bd quan li giao thdng cac tin chi, hpc phln nhu mdt sy ddi ten due Ha Ndi - 2004 va quy doi cac dan vj hpc trinh sang tin chi ma Nadler, L.: Phat triin NNL eua mdt tap thi dd la mdt qua trinh, ddi hdi su thilt k l lai CTDH mdt edng eu quan li New York -1980 theo hudng tang cudng tinh phire hgp cua kiln Nguyin Van Cudng: Dao tao GV a CHLB thu'c mdt tin chi, mddun va tang tinh rd Dire va nhCrng khuyin nghj cho viec cai each rang cua d u true CTDH V i n d l d n gan dao tao GV a Viet Nam Tai lieu Hdi thao Dy an liin vdi cai each hay ddi mdi muc tieu, ndi dung "Phat triln GV THPT va TCCN" Ha Ndi - 2009 va phuang phap OT nhIm thye hien DT theo Nguyin Dire Tri: Van di cap chirng chf tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN Viee phat triln hanh nghi giang day trang xay dwng, quan li CTDH d n hudng vao viec DT eac nang lye ddi ngu giao vien Tap chi Quan li Giao due sd nghi nghiep phu hgp vdi he thdng nang lye da 6/2009 quy djnh tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN, Nguyin Dire Tri: Giao due nghi nghiep dd d n luu y ring cae nang lye quy dinh Mdt sd vin di li luan va thwc tiin NXB Khoa tieu chuin nghi nghiep GVDN eOng ddng hpc va KT thuat Ha Ndi - 2010 thdi la cae nang lye khoa hpe GD (KHGD) Tuy Bd GD&DT Quylt djnh so 49/2002/QOnhien, day chua phai la tieu chuin xay dyng BGD&DT "Quy djnh tam thdi vi DT lien thdng rieng eho dao tao GVDN d trudng OH Vi vay, day nghi, THCN, CD va DH" viee xay dyng CTDH v l eac KHGD d n Bd LD, TB&XH: Dy thao Di an phat triin xay dung cac muc tieu nang lue d n OT v l ddi ngu GVDN giai doan 2009-2015 Ha Ndi KHGD, phii hgp vdi tieu chuin nghi nghiep 2009 GVDN va he thdng tri thu-c cua cac KHGD Trong viee xay dyng CTDH chuyen nganh kT SUMMARY thuat dao tao su pham kT thuat d n xac Teachers and teaching staff have special role djnh cac nang lye va ndi dung chuyen nganh kT in the education, are determinant factor for the thuat d n dao tao (d mire dp eao la chuin dao quality and efficiency of education This article tao, chuin d i u eua dao tao chuyen nganh kT presents aspects of staff development for vocathuat) Viec xac djnh cac nang lye va theo dd la tional education based on teacher standards like: nhung ndi dung chuyen nganh kT thuat duang professional competence model, training based nhien la phai dya tren he thdng tri thire khoa upon competence standards of teachers Phat trien Q6\ ngu TAI L I E U THAM K H A O D l an PISA - Bd Giao due va Dao tao, 2010 Cac tai lieu tap huln PISA tai Hong Kdng - thang 3/2010 3' Cae tai lieu tap huln PISA tai Budapets Hungary thang 10/2010 Hd sa phap li ciia Van phdng PISA Viet Nam KHGD so 64, thang - 2011 SUMMARY Vietnam has officially registered for the Programme for Intemational Student Assessment (PISA) This article overviews PISA, challenges and opportunities for the PISA in Vietnam The auttjor also 'proposes how to conduct PISA in Vietnam in the most efficient way 21