Tap chi khoa hgc trUtfng Dgi hpc Quy Nhctn Tq p V, sd 1 ndm 2011 HIEN TUONG PHAT AM L | C H C H U X N VA LOI CHINH TA PHlJC^G NG0 C£JA HQC SINH TIEU HQC BINH DJNH VOXUANHAO" *'''' 1 DAT VAN DE Cung vdi s[.]
Tap chi khoa hgc trUtfng Dgi hpc Quy Nhctn Tq.p V, sd ndm 2011 HIEN TUONG PHAT AM L | : C H C H U X N VA LOI CHINH TA PHlJC^G NG0 C£JA HQC SINH TIEU HQC BINH DJNH VOXUANHAO" *' DAT VAN DE Cung vdi sff phdt tridn ciia dan tde, tie'ng Vidt ngdy cdng dffdc hodn thidn nham ddp ffng td't hdn nhu clu giao tiep effa cdng ddng vd trd thdnh cdng cii dac Iffe ciia nha nffdc tren nhieu phffdng dien Khi da phdt tridn de'n trinh dp eao cua mdt ngdn ngff thd'ng nhd't vd dffdc sff diing 1dm phffdng tien giao tiep ciia qud'c gia ddc lap thi vd'n dl chuan hda ngdn ngff dffdc dat Chinh dm nhff chiing ta da bie't Id khdi niem dffng de ehi mdt mat eua vd'n de chud'n hda ngdn ngff tren phffdng dien ngff dm-dm ngdn ngff Tren thffc te', ngdn ngff tdn tai qud trinh hdnh chffc ludn gan lien vdi nhffng edch phdt am eii the eua tffng dia phffdng Tff do, sinh hien tffdng phdt dm lech chuan O cdc dia phffdng khde nhau, hien tffdng phdt dm lech chua'n khdng hodn todn gid'ng Cung vdi hien tffdng phdt dm lech chuan la loi chinh td phffdng ngff-ldi chinh ta phat dm dia phffdng tao nen-khd phd bie'n, nha't Id d hpc sinh tidu hpc Thdng qua bdi vie't ndy, chung tdi xin trinh bdy mdt sd' van dl vl hien tffdng phdt dm lech chuan vd ldi chinh ta phffdng ngff cua hpc sinh tidu hpc d mdt tinh thudc vffng phffdng ngff Nam: tinh Binh Dinh Vide xdy dffng mdt he thd'ng ngff dm chuan cho mdt dan tde ddc lap mdt nhd nffdc thd'ng nhd't nhff da ndi la mdt vide 1dm he't sffe can thie't mang tinh bat budc xet tren phffdng dien nhd nffdc Cd nhff vdy, sff giao tiep xa bdi mdi khdng bi can trd vd vide ban hdnh nhffng van ban mang tinh phdp ludt, dac biet nhffng van ban mang tinh chd't quan li nhd nffdc mdi thd hien dffdc tinh thd'ng nha't vd tinh hieu Iffe Tuy nhien, cung nhff eac ngdn ngff tren thd' gidi, chung ta khd tim thd'y mdt phffdng ngff ndo hdi dff ddc didm ngff dm eua cdc viing phffdng ngff khde Do vdy, khdi niem ehuin hda ngdn ngff thffc chat la sff quy ffdc vd mang tinh tffdng dd'i Vi sff quy ffdc vd tinh tffdng dd'i ay nen viec day hpc chinh ta cho hpc sinh tidu hpc trffde bet phdi gan lien vdi vide day phat am chu^n Dieu ndy that khdng dl vdi ea thay vd trd vi cdi chud'n ngdn ngff lai Id cdi khdng thffc sff tdn tai thffc te' phdt am eua tie'ng dia phffdng Ngffdi day vd ngffdi hpc phai ed'gang ren luyen each phdt am eua minh cho dat chud'n Trong mdi trffdng day va hpc d nha trffdng la vdy, edn thffc te' giao tiep d cdng ddng lai cd mdt rao can xa hdi: "ddt cd qui, li cd thdi" hay "chffi cha khdng bdng pha tii'ng" Cd mdt thffc td' la nhieu phii huynh ehffa may quan tdm de'n vide ren luyen phdt dm vd chff vie't eua em minh dan de'n ldi chinh ta phffdng ngff xay phd bie'n d mpi ndi, mpi Iffa tudi Ngay ea d mien Bac, mdt vffng dffdc coi Id phffdng ngff chuan, thdm ehi tai Hd Ndi ndi 38 VOXUANHAO tie'ng ndi dffdc coi la thd am gd'c thi tinh trang ldi chinh td phffdng ngff van diln Thffc tedd budc chiing ta phdi quan lam nhieu hdn de'n l6i chinh td phffdng ngff cua hpc sinh, nhd't la hpc sinh tidu hpc Hien nay, tdm li coi nhe l5i chinh td Id mdt tam li khd phd bie'n khdng phai ehi vdi tre em ma ed vdi ngffdi Idn, khdng chi vdi mpt bd phan ddn eff ed trinh dp hpc vd'n thd'p md ed vdi nhffng ngffdi ed trinh dp eao Thffc vdi bac tieu hpc, ldi dau tien cin phdi rdn luyen cho cdc em Id loi phdt dm vd chinh ta vi phdt dm vd chff vie't cd md'i quan he mat thie't vdi Mdt khde, khdng ed am ndo eiia ngdn ngff md vd nghia Mpi sff thay ddi ve am ciia ngdn ngff se dan ddn sff thay ddi ve nghia hoac trd nen vd nghia Phdt dm sai dan dd'n vie't sai chinh td 1dm can trd giao tidp xa hdi trdn phffdng didn ldi ndi vd tao lap vdn bdn Cd thd ndi, coi nhe loi chinh td cua hpc sinh tidu hpc Id mpt quan niem sai llm can phdi dffdc khde phiic sdm Quan niem sai lam 1dm cho loi chinh td eiia hpc sinh khdng dffdc quan tdm diing mffc nen ngdy cdng phd bie'n Trffde di vdo khdo sdt ldi chinh td phffdng ngff ciia hpc sinh tieu hpc d Binh Dinh chung ta ciing nhin nhdn lai thffc trang cua vide day vd hpc chinh ta cho hpc sinh tidu hpc hien T H U C TRANG VE LOI CHfNH TA CUA HOC SINH TIEU HOC HIEN NAY Mdn Tii'ng Viet d bde tieu hpc bao gdm nhilu phdn mdn dd cd phdn mdn Chinh td vdi nhiem vu cii thd Id: "Cung cap cho hoc sinh cdc quy tde vd ren luyen de cdc em cd ky ndng vd thdi quen vii't dung chinh td Ren luyen cho hgc sinh mot sdphdm chd't: tinh ki ludt, tinh edn than (vi phdi vii't thdng hdng, ngdn, dep de) dong thdi bdi dudng cho cdc em long yiu quy tii'ng Viet vd chff Viet, cdeh bieu thi tinh cam tdt dep dd cd viec vii't diing chinh td" [2; 64] Chd't Iffdng hpc tap cdc phdn mdn tie'ng Viet ed quan he chat che, nhdn qua vdi nhau, phan mdn cd anh hffdng vd hd trd cho phan mdn Ne'u hpc td't phan mdn chinh td, hpc sinh cd mdt cdng cii he't sffe dac Iffe vd bifu icb dd ghi chep bdi hpc chinh xdc, rd rdng vd nhanh chdng Vide 1dm khdng chi giup hpc sinh tidu hpc vie't dung ma edn giup cdc em linh hdi chinh xdc ndi dung cdc bai hpc Ne'u hpc ye'u chinh ta cac em se gap nhieu khd khdn, sai sdt vide ghi chep bdi hpc, lam bai tap, bai tap lam vdn, bdi kiem tra vd bdi thi cdc mdn hpc khde "Chinh td cung vdi tap vii't, tap dgc, tap ndi giiip cho ngUdi hgc chii'm linh dugc tii'ng Viet vdn hda de giao tii'p, tuduy vd hgc tap" [2; 63] Cho nen "dd'i vdi ngudi sff dung tii'ng Viet, vii't dung chinh td chffng td ngudi dd cd trinh vdn hda vi mat ngdn ngff Vii't dung chinh td giup cho hgc sinh cd diiu kien di sff dung tii'ng Viet dat hieu qud cao viec hgc tap cdc bd mdn vdn hda, viec vii't cdc vdn bdn, thutff, Bdi chinh td mang tinh thuc hdnh Thdng qua luyen tap liin tue, ki't hop vdi viec dn tap cdc quy tde chinh td, hgc sinh se cd khd ndng vii't dung cdc chff ghi tii'ng Viet, " [2; 64] The nhffng, chd't Iffdng day hpc chinh ta d tidu hpc hien edn d mffc tha'p Bieu HIEN TUONG PHAT AM LECH CHUAN VA L I CHJNH TA PHUONG NGO 39 hien tap trung nhd't effa tinh hinh chd't Iffdng dd la: tinh trang ldi chinh ta ciia hpc sinh vdn edn phd bidn Dd ddnh gid chinh xdc chd't Iffdng hpc tap phdn mdn Chinh td ciia hpc sinh tieu hpc, nhieu nhd ngdn ngff hpc, nhd't cdc nha sff pham rd't quan tdm de'n vd'n de chinh ta ciia hpc sinh vd da tien hdnh nghien cffu thffc trang chinh td cua hpc sinh tidu hpc Cd nam vffng thffc trang chinh td, chiing ta mdi cd ed sd hoach dinh ndi dung, Iffa chpn phffdng phap day hpc phtl hdp vdi dd'i tffdng Mpi \f thuyd't phai bdt ngudn tff thffc tiln Khdng xac dinh dffdc ed sd thffc tiln ciia vd'n dd chinh td, vide day hpc chinh td se rdi vdo tinh trang thid'u edn eff khoa hpc, vd chd't Iffdng hpc tap phdn mdn ndy se tie'p tiic edn nhieu ban chd' Thffc te' cho thd'y, ldi chinh ta van Id mdt hien tffdng mang tinh phd bie'n Nhilu ngffdi da len tie'ng bdo ddng vl tinh trang Chffng tdi xin neu kd't qua khdo sdt vd nhffng nhdn xet cii the eua mdt so tde gid vl ldi chinh td effa hpc sinh: Tde gia Nguyin Dffc Dffdng vie't: "Tai mdi tdi gid, sau gdn mUdi sdu ndm cdi edch gido due, hgc sinh chung ta vdn edn vii't sai chinh td vd sai nhiiu di'n nhu vdy?" [7; 65] Mdt cau hdi dffdc dffa ehffa ed ldi gidi ddp thda dang nen tinh trang vie't sai chinh ta vln edn trdn lan Tde gia Hodng Trpng Canh cho bie't: "Theo diiu tra sobd cua chung tdi tai mUdi trUdng tieu hgc d dia bdn hai tinh Nghi An vd Hd Tinh thi sai chinh td dang Id mdt chffng binh phd bii'n hgc sinh ( ) Qua 3.446 bdi vii't tii'ng Viet cua hgc sinh tff ldp di'n ldp thi cd tdi 3.171 bdi pham ldi chinh td (chii'm 92%) Trung binh tff 213 dm tii't thi cd mot dm tii't vii't sai chinh td (chii'm 4,7%)" [5; 28] Con sd thd'ng ke 92% vd tan sd xud't hien ldi chinh ta tren chff vie't eua hpc ^inb nhff tde gia Hodng Trpng Canh neu Id mdt sd ddng bdo ddng Cho du so Udu ndy ehi tien hdnh khao sdt d hpc sinh tieu hpc Nghe llnb-mdt vung phffdng ngff khdng phai la vung phffdng ngff ehuln Ti le mac ldi chinh ta cua hpc sinh d vung phffdng ngff dffdc coi Id vffng phffdng ngff chuan - thu dd Hd Ndi-eung khdng ed gi sdng sua Theo tde gia Ha Quang Ndng: "Trong bdi kiem tra cua 728 hgc sinh ldp thudc trUdng tieu hgc (trudng Li Vdn Tdm cua qudn Hai Bd TrUng, TrUdng Trdn Qud'c Todn cua quan Hodn Kiem, trUdng Yin Hda vd Trung Hda ciia huyin Tff Liim, Hd Ndi) ki't qud nhu sau: 728 bdi kiem tra cd 3.238 ldi chinh td, trung binh mdi bdi cd trin ldi, dd bdi mdc nhiiu ldi chinh td nhdt Id 69 ldi" [10; 113] Mdt vai ddn chffng vdi nhffng so thdng kd dinh Iffdng neu trdn gdp phan khang dinh ldi chinh ta Id mdt hien tffdng phd bie'n d mpi ldp, mpi ca'p vd mpi vffng Ldi chinh ta khdng phai ehi ed d hpc sinh tidu hpc md edn tdn tai khd phd bie'n d bde dai hpc Dd Id mdt he qua ta't ye'u cua qua tnnh day hpc tid'ng Viet chung ta ehffa that chu trpng dd'n vai trd cua phan mdn Chinh td d bac tidu hpc Quan tdm de'n ldi chinh ta eua hpc sinh tieu hpc, chung ta khdng ehi chu trpng de'n ndi dung, phffdng phdp day hpc chinh td md quan trpng hdn Id phai day cho hpc smb tidu hpc y thffc ve tam quan trpng eua phan mdn Chinh td Ne'u chung ta ed gang 1dm td't ea ba mat tren: ndi dung, phuong 4Q VOXUANHAO phdp va y thffc hgc tap phdn mdn ndy cho hpc sinh tff bac tidu hpc thi chae chan cdng Idn bde hpc cao ki ndng chinh td cua cdc em ngdy cdng trd iien thdnh thiie va ^ thffc vl vide rdn luydn ngdn ngff, chff vidt ngdy cdng dffdc cung cd L I CHfNH TA PHlJCfNG N G O CUA HOC SINH Tifiu HOC BtNH DINH 3.1 Day v^ hpc chinh ta phUcTng ngCT Ldi chinh td ed nhilu loai nhff m^e ldi khdng n^m vffng chinh tff, cau tha, phdt dm Trong dd ldi chinh td cdeh phdt dm eua cdc viing phffdng ngff tao la mpt loai ldi khd ehffa bdi vi phdt dm Id edi ed trffde, chinh td Id cdi cd sau Trong mdi quan he giffa phdt am vdi chff vie't thi phdt am quye't dinh chff vid't Phdt dm sai dan de'n viet sai Id le tff nhien dd'i vdi hpc sinh tieu hpc Mdt khde chff Qudc ngff la loai chff viet ghi dm dffdc xdy dffng theo nguydn tie phdt dm thd ndo ghi the a'y Phdt dm sai, phdt dm lech chud'n se din de'n sai chinh ta Dd Id 15^ vi chiing tdi chpn chinh ta phffdng ngff 1dm dd'i tffdng nghien cffu eua bdi vid't ndy Hpc sinh thudc cdc vung phffdng ngff khde mac ldi chinh ta khdng hoan todn gid'ng Nham khae phiic loi chinh td phffdng ngff cho hpc sinh tieu hpc, chiing ta can phdi xdc dinh ndi dung day hpc chinh ta phffdng ngff vd phdi bie't cdeh phan loai cdc ldi chinh td phff hdp vdi tffng vung phffdng ngff Ndi dung day hpc Id mdt thdnh td ed ban eua qud trinh day hpc, nd trd ldi cau hdi "hgc cdi gi?" Vide xdc dinh ndi dung day hpc ed mdt y nghia vd effng quan trpng vi vide day hpc ndi chung vd day hpc chinh td ndi rieng phdi hffdng den mdt miic tieu nhd't dinh Mile tieu cdng cii the, rd rang vd thie't thffc bao nhieu thi hieu qua eua nd cdng cao ba'y nhidu Miie tidu day hpc can phdi dffdc bieu hien ndi dung day hpc, cii the d ddy Id day hpc chinh ta Vdi mdn tie'ng Viet, "ndi dung day hgc tii'ng Viet bao gdm cdc hgc phdn: tri thffc vi ngdn ngff, vi hi thd'ng tii'ng Viet, nhffng quy tde sff dung tieng Viet, cdc dang ldi ndi vd hi thd'ng ki ndng sff dung tii'ng Viet vdo hoat ddng giao tii'p Nhffng tri thffc vd ki ndng ndy phdi dugc lua chgn cho phd hop vdi mue tiiu tffng cap hgc, vdi khd ndng tii'p nhdn ciia hgc sinh vd vdi cdc diiu kien cu the khde cua nhd trUdng" [3; 33] Nhff vdy, Chinh td tii'ng Viet la phdn mdn thudc ndi dung Hi thdng cdc kindng hoat ddng giao tii'p bdng tii'ng Viet De ed mdt ndi dung day hpc chinh ta dam bdo mpi yeu cau v l khoa hpc va gido dijc, ngffdi xdy dffng ndi dung day hpc phdi tinh den cae nhdn to: - Tri thffc khoa hpc eua mdn chinh td - Dae diem tam li Iffa tudi effa hpc sinh, nhd't Id hpc sinh tieu hpc - Mile tidu ddo tao vd nhiem vii ddo tao cua ca'p tieu hpc - Tinh hinh thffc tiln day vd hpc mdn chinh td nha trffdng - Thffc te' cua dia phffdng vd quy thdi gian ddnh cho mdn Chinh ta Trong dd, quy HIEN TUONG PHAT AM LECH CHUAN VA LOI CHINH TA PHUONG NGU 41 thdi gian la mdt nhdn to ehi phd'i vide Iffa chpn,ffutidn hay bd bdt ndi dung tri thffc khoa hpc cho phu hdp Nd cung ehi phd'i hd thd'ng ndi dung phan bd cho tffng ldp hpc Can eff vdo quy luat mac ldi effa ngffdi vidt chff Qud'c ngff, chffng ta ed thd chia todn bd vd'n chff tid'ng Viet ed vd'n d l chinh ta thdnh bd phan: Bd phdn thff nhd't: gdm nhffng chff it mac ldi chff vid^t thd'ng nhd't vdi cdeh phdt dm dpe vie't vdy Bd phdn thff hai: gdm nhffng chff d l vid't sai thudc pham vi chinh tff, nghia Id ludt chinh td tid'ng Viet quy dinh Bd phdn thff ba: gdm nhffng chff dl vie't sai anh hffdng phdt dm phffdng ngff cua ngffdi vie't Cd the ndi, nhffng chff thudc bd phdn thff nhd't khdng dat nhiem vii xay dffng ndi dung day hpc chinh td Dd'i vdi bd phdn ehi can luyen tap cho hpc sinh kl ndng "gidi ma" vd "ki md" tff dm sang chff vie't Nhiem vii trung tdm vd ndng n l nhd't eua mdn Chinh ta Id giai quye't ldi d hai bd phdn edn lai Ne'u d bd phdn chinh ta thff hai-ldi chinh td khdng nam vffng chinh tff - Id bd phan cin cd ndi dung day hpc thd'ng nhd't todn qud'c thi phan edn lai Id phan cd tinh dac thu cho mdi vung phffdng ngff, cho tffng dia phffdng md chung ta gpi Id chinh ta phffdng ngff 3.2 Ldi cliiiih ta phffdng ngff cua hpc sinh tidu hpc Binh Dinh Ke't qua dieu tra vd khao sat vdi nhffng eon sd' thd'ng kd dinh Iffdng cii the ve ldi chinh ta phffdng ngff cua hpc sinh tidu hpc Binh Dinh chung tdi se cdng bd' mdt bdi vie't khde O ddy chung tdi xin dffa mdt edi nhin khdi qudt ve ldi chinh td phffdng ngff eua hpc sinh tidu hpc Binh Dinh dffa trdn ke't qud khao sat ban dau 3.2.1 Ldi ve dieu Tie'ng Viet chuan ed sdu dieu {ngang, huyin, ngd, hdi, sde, ndng) dffdc ghi bang nam dd'u Ldi dieu eua hpc sinh tieu hpc Binh Dinh xay tap trung d hdi vd ngd vi da sd' hpc sinh vung phffdng ngff ndy phdt dm khdng phdn biet nga vd hdi ma ngd dffdc nhap chung vdo hdi Mac du cd hai dd'u dung de ghi hai ndy nhffng qua khao sat vd tim hidu vd ghi eua hpc sinh chung tdi tha'y, sd'Iffdng ldi md cdc em mac phdi khd phd bie'n Tuy nhien, mdt so it trffdng hdp, sff phdn biet Id khd td't Nhffng em bie't phdn biet vd it mac ldi hdi/ ngd lai chiu anh hffdng rat Idn eua gido diic gia dinh Dd Id nhffng gia dinh d miln Bac ehuyen vdo Binh Dinh nhffng vln giff dffdc gipng Bac Bd' me ludn ed y thffc ren luydn cho eon minh phdt am phan biet sff khae giffa hdi vd nga ve dm vffe cung nhff dffdng net Tff day chung ta cd suy nghi rang, ngodi each hpc thudc long, phffdng phap ren luyen phdt dm chua'n ddng vai trd rd't quan trpng vide khae phiic ldi chinh ta phffdng ngff cua hoe sinh tidu hoe 42 VOXUANHAO Tren phffdng dien chff vie't vd chinh td cQng cin phdi lffu ^ thdm, theo quy dinh vl chinh ta, da'u dieu tie'ng Vipt dffdc ddnh trdn dinh eiia nguyen dm 1dm dm chinh bdi am chinh Id hat nhan ciia am tiet Tai day cdc bO phdn eua bd may phat dm tap trung de the hien nd rd nhd't Vi the phdt dm, dm chinh vang Idn Vi dii: TUY vd TUI Khi phdt dm am tiet "tuf' am hffdng chii dao md ta nghe dffdc Id nguyen dm "y" nhffng dm tidt "tiii" dm hffdng chinh lai Id "u" Nguydn tic ndy nhilu liic khdng dffdc quan tdm diing mffc nen vd ghi eua cdc em vln edn ddnh da'u khdng chinh xdc vj tri nhff da ndi d tren 3.2.2 Ldi ve dm ddu Theo khdo sdt sd bd eiia chiing tdi, ldi chinh td d dm dau cua hpc sinh tidu hpc d Binh Dinh xdy ehii ye'u vdi hai pbii dm /v,z / vi edch phdt dm ciia hpc sinh tieu hpc vung ndy khdng the hien sff phdn biet rd hai phii dm dau /v,z/ Theo khao sdt eua eac tde gid khde [9; 12], ldi chinh td ndy cung xud't hien phd bie'n d hpc sinh tieu hpc thudc viing phffdng ngff Nam Hai dm xdt /v,z/ cdeh phdt dm ciia hpc sinh d Binh Dinh dffdc thay the' bang mdt am khdng ed tie'ng Viet chuan /j/ Tren chff viet, khdng cd chff [j] nam d vi tri md dau dm tiet nen chff dffdc cac em thay bang eon chff [d] Tff dd, nhilu trffdng hdp chff [v] dffdc viet bang chff [d] cho gan vdi cdeh phdt am chff [j] hdn Loai ldi ndy rat khd ehffa bang each ghi nhd vi tan sdxuat hien eua cdc am tidt ed hai eon chff "v" vd "d" la rat cao Theo chung tdi, loai ldi phdi dffdc khae pbiic bang each luyen phdt dm dffa vdo tieu chi ca'u am de phan biet Dffa vdo cdeh lam ndy hpc sinh cd thd nhdn didn khd de dang nhd phffdng phdp quan sdt trffc tie'p Trffdng hdp ddc biet, xud't hien nhffng am tie't cd ehffa dm dem /-u-/ (viet bang eon chff u vd o), pbii am xdt, dn, vd thanh, gd'c Iffdi: /%/ (kh) dffdc phat am thdnh phii dm xdt, dn, vd thanh, hai mdi: /f/ (ph) Ddy Id ldi rieng va phan nao mang tinh ddc trffng Ciia hpc sinh tidu hpc Binh Dinh so vdi hpc sinh cdc tinh khde thudc vffng phffdng ngff Nam Trung bd Dd Id li vi cae em hpc sinh tieu hpc Binh Dinh thffdng mac ldi chinh ta dm dau nhffng trffdng hdp sau: "Khde" dffdc ghi thdnh "phe" Vi dii: Em cd khde khdng? Da, thffa ed em phe "Cd khoai" dffdc vid't Id "cu phai" Vi dii: Sang em dn gi? Thffa ed, em dnphai "Thffc khuya" dpe vd vie't thdnh "thffc phia" Vi dii: Sao em lai ngu gat tren ldp? Hdm qua em ed thffc khuya khdng? Da khdng Em khdng thffc phia HIEN TUONG PHAT A M LECH CHUAN VA LOI C H I N H TA P H U O N G NGLf 43 3.2.3 L6i ve phdn vdn Am tie't tie'ng Viet dffdc ed'u tao bdi ba thdnh phan: dieu, am dau vd phan van Theo khao sat bffdc dau ciia chiing tdi, ldi cua hpc sinh tieu hpc Binh Dinh d phan van chu yd'u xay d dm chinh vd dm cud'i Ve am chinh, ldi chinh ta cua cdc em thffdng xdy d cdc nguyen dm cae van: dt/Ut (chff nhdt/ehff nhfft, thff nhd't/thff nhfft), im/iim (con chim/con chiem, trdi tim/ trdi tiem), ai/ay/dy (rd't cay/rd't cai, chdo thay/ehdo thai), iu/iiu/iu (chieu ehilu/ehiu chiu, budn thiu/budn thieu, keu to/kiu to), ao/au/du (budn rau^udn rdu, sao/ra sau), dm/dm (dm tham/dm tham, cham cham/cham ehdm), iip/ip (diep/dip), om/dm (tdi om / td'i dm, om sdm /dm sdm), ong/dng (eon sdng/eon sd'ng, ta'm Idng/td'm long), udi/ui (qua ehud'i/qua ehui), uoi/ui (con ngffdi/con ngffi) Chffa ldi chinh ta ve dm chinh khdng thd tdeh hat nhdn effa dm tie't khdi van Trong eac phan ed'u tao cua dm tie't, am chinh vd dm cud'i quan he vdi rd't chat che Khi phdt dm, dm chinh bao gid cung vang len rd nhd't nhffng dp vang eua am chinh edn phii thudc vdo each ke't thuc dm tie't hay vdo tffng loai binh am tie't, ma loai hinh dm tie't Id dm cud'i quye't dinh Gido vien can chu f dieu ndy day chinh ta phffdng ngff cho hpc sinh tidu hpc Cung mdt am chinh nhff nhffng xua't hien nhffng loai hinh am tie't khde nhau, dp vang eua am chinh ed phan khde Trong trffdng hdp gido vien dpe nhanh, hpc sinh ed the nghe khdng that rd ndn se chep khde Ve am cud'i, hpc sinh tieu hpc Binh Dinh ed the vie't nham lln eon chff ghi dm cud'i cdc van sau: at/ae (khdt nffde/khae nffdt), dt/de (dffdng tat/dffdng tac), an/ang (be'n cang/bd'n can), dn/dng (an ud'ng/dng udng), dn/dng (edn dd'i/cdng dd'i), dt/dc (dd't nffdc/ ddc nffdc), en/eng (khen thffdng/kheng thffdng), et/ec (net dep/nee dep), in/ing (ben sdng/beng sdng), it/ic (met mdi/mee mdi), in/ing (tin tffe/ting tffe/ting tiit), it/ic (it nhilu/ ic nhieu), iin/iing (trffng chidn/trffng chieng), iit/iic (hieu bie't/hieu bie'e), on/ong (edm dn/cdm dng), ot/oc (bd't ehdt/ba'e ehde), un/ung (day thun/ddy thung), ut/uc (con ut/eon uc), udn/udng (eud'n trdi/eud'ng trdi), udt/udc (con chudt/eon ehude), ut/uc (eat dfft/cat dffc), uong/UOn (tan trffdng/tan trffdn), UOt/UOc (ffdt do/ffde do) Ldi chinh ta d am cud'i eua hpc sinh tidu hpc Binh Dinh thffdng xua't hien d cdc van tren tap trung chu yd'u d hai cap am cud'i: /-t,-k/ (-t/-e) vd /-n, -TI/ (-n/-ng) Qua nhffng ke't qua khao sat tff bdi vid't thffc te eua hpc sinh, chung ta thd'y hien tffdng phdt dm lech chua'n cua hpc sinh tieu hpc Binh Dinh xua't hien d hau hd't cdc thdnh phIn ed'u tao eua dm tiet Dilu dd ddn dd'n he qua la, ldi chinh ta phffdng ngff d vung rd't phd bie'n Vi vdy, cdc gid chinh ta gido vien can chu y nhieu hdn cho vide luydn vd chffa ldi chinh ta phffdng ngff cho hpc sinh 44 VOXUANHAO M O T VAI SUY NGHI vfe DAY VA HOC CHfNH TA PHLfCfNG N G Viec bien soan Sdeh giao khoa ddt ydu clu chud'n hda vd thd'ng nha't chung cho ed nffdc Sdeh gido khoa Tieng Viet d bde tieu hpc cung vdy Nguyen tac day hpc tieng Vidt ddi hdi phdi quan tam de'n nhieu nhdn tdchff khdng chi tinh de'n nhdn td'thdng nhat md coi nhe cdc nhan td khde nhff ddc diem phdt am ciia tffng viing phffdng ngff, eiia tffng dia phffdng, ddc diem ciia hpc sinh tidu hpc, Trong nhffng ddc diem dd can phai liAi y dd'n ddc diem ciia tffng dia phffdng eii the, it nhat Id cdc viing phffdng ngff khde Tie'ng Vidt ed ba viing phffdng ngff Idn: phffdng ngff B^c (tff Thanh Hda trd Bac), phffdng ngff Trung (tff Thanh Hda de'n Hue), phffdng ngff Nam (tff Dd Nang trd vao) Theo chffdng trinh ciia sdeh Tie'ng Viet cu, b^t budc gido vien phdi len ldp day tffng bdi hpc chinh ta Dilu ndy that vd li chiing ta b^t hpc sinh tieu hpc d vung phffdng ngff Bac phdi ren luyen vd ldi chinh ta phdn biet: hdi/ngd, dd Iffdng thdi gian ddnh cho hpc sinh tieu hpc d phffdng ngff Trung, Nam dd chffa ldi dieu cung nhff vdy! Ngffdc lai, hpc sinh viing phffdng ngff Trung hau nhff khdng phdt dm sai cdc phii am qudt Iffdi bao gid nen vide phdn biet tr/eh, s/x, r/d, gi vdi cae em khdng thffc sff can thie't nhffng lai rd't thie't ye'u vdi hpc sinh vilng phffdng ngff Bac vd ea phffdng ngff Nam Tac gia Hd Ngpc Dai, tff nam 1985 da bdn den vd'n d l nay: "Trung UOng ddm bdo phdn phd bii'n, tffc Id nhffng tri thffc co bdn, nhitng nguyin ly chung, trffu tugng, phdn "ddc thu cu the hod nhffng nguyin li trin thi giao cho dia phucfng Hoac Trung UOng dam bdo nhffng cdi khdng the khdng cd dd'i vdi hgc sinh, dia phuong c6 the gia gidm chd ndy, chd tiiy theo dac thu cua dia phuong minh Chac chdn edch Idm ndy Idm cho gido due ndi chung trd thdnh gido due cua ddi sdng hien thUc dd'i vdi mdi em hgc sinh nUdc" [8; 339] Ld mdt nhffng dai bieu cho tie'ng ndi cua cdc dia phffdng tffng gap khd khdn chinh ta phffdng ngff, tde gia Hoang Trpng Canh cho rang: "Cdn xem chinh td phuong ngff (chinh td dia phuong) tii'ng Viet la mot nhffng hudng gidi quyi't co bdn vdn di ren luyen chinh td cho hgc sinh Bd Gido due vd Ddo tao cdn cho phep vd chi dao cdc dia phuong Ivta chgn mdt ti li thich ddng vi vd'n di chinh td dugc trinh bdy sach gido khoa, ddng thdi thUc hien biin soan chuong trinh, sdeh vd day theo cdc ndi dung chinh td dia phuong mdt edch phu hop thiet thuc vdi thuc tiin dia phuong minh" [5; 29] Vi mue dich vd hieu qua eiia vide day hpc chinh td gan lien vdi vide ddi mdi phffdng phdp day hpc: la'y ngffdi hpc lam trung tam nen sdeh Tie'ng Viet tidu hpc theo chffdng trinh mdi dd quan tdm de'n nhffng kie'n nghi tren vd phan thdnh hai loai bdi tap: bdi tap chinh ta bat budc vd bdi tap chinh td Iffa chpn Dieu dd cung cd nghia la, chung ta can phai bie't hpc sinh d cdc vffng phffdng ngff mac nhffng ldi chinh ta cu the nao? Bdi hpc chinh ta nao can phai dffdc tap trung cho gid hpc chinh ta Trffde la'y ngffdi hpc lam trung tdm, day hpc chinh td phffdng ngff can phdi la'y cae vffng phffdng ngff lam trung tam Cd the ndi, ndi dung bdi tap chinh ta chffdng trinh chinh ta tieu hpc dffdc hinh hai phan rd ret: chffdng trinh day vd hpc chinh ta ed the dp diing thd'ng nhd't HIEN TUONG PHAT AM LECH CHUAN VA LOI CHJNH TA PHUONG NGC 45 tren todn qud'c vi nd gan vdi edi chung ciia ed nffdc dd la nhffng chff khdng mac loi vd nhffng chff thudc pham vi ludt chinh ta (chinh ta bat budc) vd day hpc chinh ta phffdng ngff khdng the dp diing thd'ng nhd't tren pham vi todn qud'c dffdc (chinh td Iffa chpn) la mdt nhdn thffc dung vdi thffc tiln day vd hpc chinh ta Bdi vi nhff chiing tdi da trinh bdy, chinh td phffdng ngff gan vdi edch phdt dm vd ldi cii the ciia tffng phffdng ngff Vide day chinh ta theo vffng phffdng ngff ed vi tri he't sffe quan trpng, ddc biet dd'i vdi hpc sinh bac hpc tieu hpc vi nd ed anh hffdng rat Idn dd'n kl ndng sff diing ngdn ngff sau eua cdc em Mud'n ndng cao chd't Iffdng day hpc chinh ta ndi chung, khdng the khdng ndng cao chd't Iffdng tffng bd phdn chinh td vd'n ed ddc thii rieng eiia tffng dia phffdng nhff dd ndi d tren Vide xay dffng ndi dung day hpc chinh ta phffdng ngff cho tffng dia phffdng, dd ed Binh Dinh, Id mdt nhu cau edp thie't eiia vide day hpc chinh td Phffdng ngff vd chinh ta phffdng ngff la van de mang tinh dac thu dia phffdng Du da dffdc nhieu ngffdi quan tdm nhiftig nhff vdy cung ehffa that day du vi ldi chinh ta cua hpc sinh tidu hpc nhd't Id ldi chinh td phdt am dia phffdng tao nen vln edn rd't phd bie'n, da dang va khd phffc tap De giup cdc em d cae vung phffdng ngff khde khae phiic loai ldi chinh ta ndy can phai cd nhffng cdng trinh nghien cffu ehuyen sdu, sdt thffc va he thd'ng hdn Vdi y tffdng dd chung tdi se tie'p tiic di sau khao sdt ldi chinh ta phffdng ngff cua hpc sinh tidu hpc Binh Dinh mdt each toan dien, he thd'ng vd ehi tie't hdn mdt cdng trinh nghien ciJu khde TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] L A, L P Nga, N Tri, Phuong phdp day hoc tieng Viet, Bp Giao due va Dao taoVu Giao vien, Ha Noi, (1994) [2] L A, L P Nga, T T Y My, C D Tie'n, N Tri, Phuong phdp day hoc tie'ng Viet, Nxb Giao due, (1995) [3] L A, N Q Ninh, B M Toan, Phuong phdp day hoc tieng Viet, Nxb Giao due, (1996) [4] L A, D T Hue, Tiing Viit thuc hdnh, Nxb Giao due, (1997) [5] H T Canh, Chff qudc ngff vdi vdn de rtn luyen chinh td d trUdng phd thong Men nay, Ngff hpc tre 96, Hoi Ngon ngff hoc Viet Nam, (1996) [6] H T Chau, Tieng Viet tren cdc mien ddt nude, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Noi, (1989) [7] N D Dufdng, Ve chien lugc day chinh td, Sach giao khoa bac tieu hoc hien hanh va chUdng tnnh tieng Vidt bde tidu hoc sau nam 2000, Ki yeu hoi thdo khoa hoc toan qudc, Ha Noi, (1997) [8] H N Dai, Bdi hoc la gi, Nxb Giao due, (1985) [9] L T Hoa, Ldi chinh td vd cdeh khae phuc, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Tp Ho Chi Minh, (2005) 46 VOXUANHAO [10] H Q Ndng, Tff thuc trang mdc iSi cda hoc sinh tiiu hgc, suy nghi vi cdeh day hoc va SGK hi^n nay, Sdeh gido khoa tidng Vi^t bde tidu hpc hien hdnh vd chffdng trinh tidng Viet bde tieu hpc sau ndm 2000, Kf yeu h6i thdo khoa hpc todn qudc, Ha Noi, (1997) [11] L P Nga, D X Thdo, L H Tinh, Phuang phdp day hgc tie'ng Viet d tieu hgc, tap 1, Trffdng Dai hoc Sff pham Hd NOi 1, (1994) [12] P Ngpc, Chaa ldi chinh td cho hgc sinh, Nxb Gido due, (1982) [13] H V Thung, D X Thdo, Dgy hgc chinh td d tiiu hgc, Nxb Gido diic, (2000) SUMMARY NON-STANDARD PRONUNCIATION AND DICTATION ERRORS MADE BY DIALECTS OF BINH DINH PRIMARY PUPILS Vo Xuan Hao Languages existing in the communicative activities attach themselves to the specific pronunciation of the different dialects, thus leading to the phenomenon of the out-ofstandard pronunciation Together with the mispronunciation is the mistakes in the dictation writing generated and affected by the dialects This article presents some facts related to Vietnamese non-standard pronunciation and errors in the dictation writing of Binh Dinh primary school pupils caused by dialects ^Khoa Ngif Van, TruTcfng Dai hoc Quy Nhdn 170 An DiTdng VuTdng-Quy Nhdn-Binh Dinh Ngay nhan bai: 05/01/2011; Ngay nhSn dSng: 10/02/20n ... phffdng ngff ciia hpc sinh tieu hpc d Binh Dinh chung ta ciing nhin nhdn lai thffc trang cua vide day vd hpc chinh ta cho hpc sinh tidu hpc hien T H U C TRANG VE LOI CHfNH TA CUA HOC SINH TIEU HOC HIEN... phan nao mang tinh ddc trffng Ciia hpc sinh tidu hpc Binh Dinh so vdi hpc sinh cdc tinh khde thudc vffng phffdng ngff Nam Trung bd Dd Id li vi cae em hpc sinh tieu hpc Binh Dinh thffdng mac ldi... Thffc tedd budc chiing ta phdi quan lam nhieu hdn de''n l6i chinh td phffdng ngff cua hpc sinh, nhd''t la hpc sinh tidu hpc Hien nay, tdm li coi nhe l5i chinh td Id mdt tam li khd phd bie''n khdng