GlAO DUC Nl/tfC NGOAl ® PHAT TRIEN HOC TAP THEO Hi/ONG TIEP CAN NANG LlTC • • • • TRONG D A O TAO NGHE Ql MOT SO NUOC TREN THE Gidl 1 Khai niem v l nang ldc hanh nghl tren t h i gidi Trin th i gidi nh[.]
GlAO DUC Nl/tfC NGOAl ® PHAT TRIEN HOC TAP THEO Hi/ONG TIEP CAN NANG LlTC TRONG DAO TAO NGHE Ql MOT SO NUOC TREN THE Gidl • • • • ThS NGUYiNNGQC TRANG Trirdng Cao ding KI lhu|l Li T|f Trpng, TP Hd Chi Mlnh Khai niem v l nang ldc hanh nghl tren t h i gidi Trin t h i gidi nhilu nudc d l ed ging tim d e thuit ngd nhlm nlu b i t khii nilm cd bin v l ning luc hlnh nghl Oc ngudi ta gpi l i ning ldc mlu chdt (Key Competencies); d Anh II kT ning cdt Idi (Core Skills); d My II: bi quylt ndi llm vife (Work Place Know-How), kT ning nIn ting (Foundation Skills), hole II ning ldc ndi llm vile (Work Place Competeeies); d New Zealand II kT ning thilt ylu (Essential Skills).Tit e l d c thu|t ngd niy 6i cip din nhiJmg kT ning, ning ldc hlnh nghl chO ylu, hole kT ning chung Chinh nhdng ning ldc nly lam nIn ting d u true cho d e ning ldc hinh nghl cu t h i dupe coi II cin thilt cho q u i trinh hpc tap sudt ddi BANG SO SANH NHQNG KHAI N|£M V£ NHCTNG NANG Ll/C CO BAN COA CAC Nl/(3C OC, ANH, M? VA NEW ZEALAND Anh Kinang cotloi Jk Nang lUc chu yeu T$p h^p, phSn tich va td chile thong tin Sg giao tiep, su thdng tin m Bi quyet noi lam viec New Zealand Kinang can thiet Thdng tin, kl nang co bdn Ki ndng thdng tin Su truyen dat y tudng vci thong tin Su truyen tin, kT ndng cdnhdn Thdng tin, kl nang cc bdn ki ndng giao tilp, truyin d^t lipk^hoich v^ td chiirc hoat ddng Kinang cdi thi^vl^hpc t^pvdcdc hoat ddng Bi^n phdp tiln hdnh, kT ndng C0 bdn KT ndng tg qudn If, ki ndng diln d^t ngdn ngOf limvl^cvdl ngudi khdc vi l^mvi^ nhdm Kindng Idm v i ^ vdi ngudi khdc Ki ndng giao tilp giCra cdc cd nhdn vdi Ki ndng xd h$i; ki ndng hpc t$p vd Idm vi|c SCrdgng nhumg]^ tudng vaki thuat v l toan hpc Gidi todn KT ndng ca bdn Ki ndng sd hpc Gidi quyet vandl Gidi quylt vdnde Ki nang tU Ki ndng sd hpc, kindng thuc hi^n quylt djnh SCrdgng cong ngh^ Cdng ngh§ thdng tin H§thdng cdng nghf Kindngtmyln dat, kindng thdng tin Ngoiingdrhi^nd^i Ning lue hlnh nghl (NLHN) xult phit td vile xd li mdt loat d c thudc tinh liln quan nhd: kiln thdc ning llm vile kT ning v l thii dd quan dilm Do v|y ed t h i xem ning ldc II sd kit hpp cOa d c thudc tinh trin nhlm thdc hiln hilu qui hoat ddng nghl nghilp NLHN 6upe xiy dung thdng qua sp phin tfch cdng vile, mdc dp cdng vile ddpc td chdc nghl nghilp cOa ngddi lao ddng Vile xiy dung NLHN cung phli xem xlt din nhdng thay ddi theo ylu d u nghl nghiep, bin chit cua^cdng vile v l die thu cua nIn giio dye v l dio tgo nghl d tdng noi Theo kit luan cua hdi nghj gida hdi ddng giio dye Australia v l d e bd trddng Gilo dye - Olo tao Vile llm vio thing 9/1992, ngddi lao ddng d n cd ning ldc then chdt (key competencies) nhd sau: Thu thdp, phdn tich vd td chufc thdng tin: Ning ldc tim ndi cd thdng tin, Ipc v l chpn thdng tin nhlm Ida cli d n thilt va trinh bIy mdt each bd ich v i dinh gii bin thin thdng tin v l c l nhdng ngudn v l phdong phip lay ddpc thdng tin dd Truyen bd tU tUdng vd thdng tin: Ning ldc truyin b l mdt deh cd hilu qui cho ngddi khic blng deh sd dyng hang loat phddng tiln blng Idi, vilt, 66 thj v l khdng blng Idi khic Ki hogch hda vd to chdc cdc hogt ddng: Ning ldc k l hoach hda va td chdc elc hogt ddng cua bin thin, blng deh sd dyng tdt thdi gian va nhdng ngudn ldc, vile Ida chpn nhdng du tiln v l theo ddi sdthdc hiln chung Ldm viic vdi ngUdi khdc vd dong ddi: Ning ldc cd tie ddng mdt deh hilu qui vdi ngddi khic, (vdi tdng ngudi v l vda vdi el nhdm), bao gdm sd hieu bilt v l dip dng nhdng nhu d u cOa khich hing v l deh llm cd hilu qui vdi td deh II mdt thinh viln cOa nhdm de dat myc dich d l ddpc chia si SCf dung nhCfng y tudng vd ki thudt todn hoc: Ning ldc sd dyng nhdng )^ tddng toin hpc nhu v l sd v l khdng gian v l nhdng kT thuit v l danh gii v l ude Idpng, nhlm nhdng myc dich thdc t l Gidi quyit vdn di: Ning ldc I p dung chiln lupc gili quylt vin 6i blng nhdng dudng cd myc tilu, nhifng tinh hudng do, bli toin va Idi Ngudn: Collins 1993 P32 Learmonth 1993, p.49 KHOA HQC GlAO DVC* 61 ® GlAO Df|C NUOC NGOAl gili mong mudn diu rd ring v l cd nhdng tinh hudng ddi hdi tu cd phi phin v l deh tilp cin sing tgo nhlm dgt ddpc m^t kit qui Sddt/ng cdng ng/?f'Ning Ipc Ip dyng cdng nghl, sd dyng nhdng kT ning, thi chit v l elm xuc d n thilt 6i vin hlnh de thilt bj vdi sU hilu bilt nhdng nguyin tie khoa hpc v l cdng ngh| d n thilt 6i khai thic vl thich nghi cic h| thdng nhamg nguyin tic phat triln hpc t i p theo hudng tilp can nang ldc dao tao lighi 2.1 Xiy dung chUcfng trinh dio tgo phii cdn cU tren ning Ipc hinh nghi (theo dinh huing iiu ra) Myc dich dio tgo theo hddng tilp cin ning ldc II hlnh thinh nhdng kT ning, kiln thdc thii dd cho ngddi hpc 6i sau hpc xong, hp cd t h i thpc hiln ddpc cle hogt d^ng lao ddng v i tgo ddpc nhdng sin phim hay djch vy x l hdi Do dd, d n phii xlc dinh dc NLTH ml ngddi hpc d n dgt theo djnh hudng nghl nghilp t h i hiln qua vile ngddi hpc thdc hiln ddpc cic cdng vile nghl nghilp dgt trinh dp theo tilu chuin nghl dat 23 Cic chuin ning luc nghi li cic dcfn vihpc tip thiit ki chUcfng trinh Ho tao Ol xic djnh ddpc d c NLTH nghl nghilp, phli tiln hlnh phin tich nghl v l d e cdng vile thdc t l lao ddng nghl nghilp KT thuit phin tich nghl theo DACUM (Development of A Curriculum) llm cho mdi quan he gida dio tgo vdi sin xuit v l vile llm kit hpp chit ehl, do ndi dung dio tgo phu hpp thdc tien ylu ciu hogt ddng nghl nghi|p Theo dd, d c ning ldc hlnh nghl ddpc xic djnh td vile phin tich nghl nhdng ngddi dang hlnh nghl thinh thgo thdc t l v i nhdng ngddi quin \i trde tilp cOa hp Kit qui phin tich nghl ddpc trinh bay bilu dd DACUiVI ddpc xem la khung de ning ldc ma ngddi hpc ein phii thdc hi|n Theo Td chdc Lao dpng Qudc t l ILO (International Labour Organization), mpt nghl nio dd diu ddpc t h i hien qua d c ehuin kT ning nghl, du nghl ddpc xem xlt d bit kl mdt qudc gia nio Sp khie bilt cOa cic ehuin nly khdng Idn va chung ddpc die trdng bdi h | thdng myc tilu dao tgo v i d c kT ning thdc hi|n Chinh cic chuin nly II Cd sd d l xiy ddng d e modun hpc t i p d c d u true h i thdng dio tgo theo modun cOa ILO Blng phin log! nghl nghilp tilu chuin qudc t l (International Standard Clasification of Occupation ISCO) nhlm md t i ning ldc hanh nghl theo phin logi nhdm nghl ein cd vao nhilm vy thuc hiln cdng vile dupe cip nhit vao thing 12/2007 vdi ten II blng ISCO-08 la cdng cy 62 •stf70-THilNG7/2011 cho nhilu qudc gia r l solt cic tilu ehuin nghe nUde 2.3 Qui trinh phit triin ning lUc cda ngUii hpc iupc ddnh gii thudng xuyin Ngddi hpc cin xic djnh d c ylu ciu v l ning ldc nghl ml hp chpn trUde nhip hpc trinh biy dddi dang de cdng vi|c thdc hinh m l nhdng ngddi hlnh nghl thpc t l phli llm hole dddi dgng d c hlnh vi v l kiln thdc kT ning, thii dp, tinh cim liln quan din nghl Kiln thdc li thuylt phli ddpc ngddi hpc dgt d mdc d^ d n thilt dO 6i hd trp cho vi|e hlnh thinh v i phit triln NLTH Mdi ngddi hpc phii cd ddpc d c thdng tin phin hdi cy t h i v l sp phit triln NLTH cOa mlnh trdde v i sau qui trinh hpc tip 2.4 NgUii hpc phii ci iu diiu kiin hpc tip c^n thiit, die bift li Hiu kiin thUc hinh nghi Ngddi hpc phli thpc hinh cic cdng vile theo deh thdc gidng nhd eOa ngddi lao ddng thpc hi^n thpc t l lao ddng nghl nghilp Do dd, d n cd mdi trddng thdc hlnh nghl cho sinh viln, ting gid thdc hinh v i di thim nhip thdc t l cdng ty, nhl miy Hlnh thdc dinh gii ddpc gdm dinh gii cl nhin hp hoin thinh cdng vile v i dinh gii nhdm ein cd kit qui cdng vile m i nhdm holn thinh Cic tilu ehuin dung vile dinh gia la nhdng tilu chuin dit d mdc tdi thieu dim bio sau hpc xong, ngddi hpc ed t h i bdde vio lam vile ddpc chd khdng phii l i dem so sinh vdi nhdng ngddi hpc khie Trin ed sd d c tilu ehuin dd, cd t h i cdng nhin d e kT ning d i dgt hay ed d e kiln thdc d i tilp thu ddpc sau hpc xong mdt phin n^i dung nio hole qui trinh lim vi|c thdc t l cOa ngddi hpc 2.5 Kiin thUc, ki ning vi thii i i iuoc hia hpp qui trinh hpc vi Unh gii, nhim hinh thinh ning lUc ngUcfi hpc NL khdng t h i quan sit trde tilp nIn ein thilt phii ed m^t sd ehl din de ngddi hoc the hiln ddpc nd Bin chit cOa nhdng ehi dan l i nhdng chdhg ed, nhdng ylu td chO ylu liln quan din vile kilm tra, dinh gii v i xic nhin NLTH Cic tilu chi dung cho dinh gii ddpc cdng bd cdng khai cho ngudi hpc bilt trdde kiem tra, thi cd.Trong thdc t l dao tgo, ngddi ta thddng ehl dda trin md hlnh kit hpp cOa NLTH, vl viy cung thddng phli sd dyng kit hpp d c dgng chdng ed trde tilp, giln tilp va phy trp mdt pham vi rdng thu nhip dupe qui trinh dio tgo thdng qua d c hoat dpng nhu quan sit cdng vile tgi chd lam vile holed nhdng holn dnh tddng td; dge d c sin pham hole theo ddi d e dich vu ddpc thdc hien; quan sit, lupng gia d c thai dd dUdc t h i hiln; Kilm tra kiln thdc va hieu bilt; thu thip de chdng cd phy trp gdm thdng tin td d e sd sich GlAODUCNUOfCNGOAl cua giio vy, d c bio d o , hd so va td nhdng ngddi khic ve ngddi hpc 2.6 Ting cuing tinh tich cue va chi ding cda ngUcfi hoc, lay ngUcfi hgc lim trung tim: Ylu d u v l td chdc t i l t hpc khdng d n dat thinh t i l u chi cho vile holn thinh chdong trinh, ngddi hpc cd t h i hpc theo ning v l nhjp dd rieng cOa mlnh v l khdng phy thudc vio ngddi khic Do vly, ngudi hpc cd t h i b i t dau v l kit thuc viec hpc d d c thdi diem khie Hd sd hpc tap cua ngddi hpc ddpc ghi chip, Idu trd v l phin Inh kit qui, tichi cOa hp d mdt thdi dilm an djnh nio dd, ngddi hpc ddpc phip tgm ngdng v l sau dd ndi lai vile hpc m l khdng ein hpc Igi nhdng NLTH ml hp d l ddpc cdng nh^n qua cle tin chi 2.7 Vai tri cOa giing viin li nguH tU vin quan trgng Do ed sd khic b i t diu td vile thilt k l ndi dung hpc tip, ngudi thiy cin td nhilu hon vio ylu td diu dip dng ylu clu nghl nghilp m l x l hdi cin Ngddi thiy ed thim sd linh hogt phuong phip gilng dgy, sing tgo deh tilp cin mdi d l dap Omg nhu d u hpc nghl da dgng cOa t i t c l c l nhin hay nhdm hpc viln H I thdng dio tao theo hddng tilp can NLTH khuyin khich mpi ngddi mdt td chdc ed trich nhilm v l dao tao va phit triln Nhdng ngddi quin li doanh nghilp cd trich nhilm nhilu hon vile xlc djnh nhu clu dio tgo, huan luyen v l phit triln ed hilu q u i ITnh vdc nghl nghilp Oilu lam cho ngddi thay cd co hdi lam vile nhilu hon vdi doanh nghilp, ngddi quin li vile xlc djnh cle nhu d u , thiet kl, thdc hiln dio tao v l vile dinh gii hilu q u i dio tao Ngddi thiy II ngddi tuvin quan trpng eiio ngUdi hpc nhl trddng theo xu hudng hpc tap sudt ddi 2.8 Hinh thinh thii dp hpc tip suit dii ciia ngudi hpc hUing din ning lUc hinh nghi tuong lai Mdt chddng trinh d i o tao theo hudng t i l p can NLTH phli t h i hien ddpc d c die diem v l mat ndi dung, phddng phip, quin If, td chdc cung nhd vile holn thinh chuong trinh la dua trin ning Ipc dat dupc d l xlc djnh thilt k l chuong trinh NgUdi hpc cd t h i holn chddng trinh hpc d d c mdc dp kit q u i khac theo t i l n dp hpc tap c l nhin nIn qua dd d n hlnh thinh thai dp tich cdc hpc tgp sudt ddi cOa ngddi hoc vdi myc tieu hddng den ning ldc hlnh nghl d i p dng thj trudng lao ddng hiln tai v l phit trien NLHN tddng lai So sanh hpc tap theo truyen thong va hpc t i p theo hudng tiep can nang ldc 3.7 Vimuctiiu vi nil dung hpc tip Hpc t i p truyin thdng: ^ ChUdng trinh dio tao thddng ddpc xiy dUng theo d e mdn hpc chuong, myc ft cd y nghTa nghl Ngddi hpc t i p trung vao bao quit tai lieu gilng day khu lln Idp - Npi dung hpc t i p dpa trin sleh giio khoa, tai lilu tham khio, 6i cddng khda hpc hay d c tai li?u tham khio khic td nghl dio tao - Ngddi hpc it biet chfnh xlc hp se hpc d i gl mdi phin cOa chdong trinh - Hpc tap theo hddng tilp can NL - Ndi dung hpc tap dda trin d e kit qui rilng bilt, 6upe trinh biy chinh xlc gpi II NLTH hole cdng vile - Nhdng NL dd 6upe xlc dinh sin va md t l chinh x l c d l 6upe xae djnh II then chdt de lam vile thinh cdng - NgUdi hpc bilt trude myc t i l u chdong trinh hpc 3.2 ViphUcfng phip hpc tip Hpc tap theo truyin thdng: - Dda trin ngddi thiy II chO ylu, ngddi thiy truyin dgt thdng tin qua diln gilng, thio luan hole d c hoat ddng liy ngudi thiy llm trung tim - Ngddi hpc ft cd kiem tra qua trinh hpc v l gd bd gid hpc - Thudng cd it thdng tin phin hdi diu dan theo chu kl qua trinh day hpc Hpc tap theo hddng tilp can NLTH - Cung d p cho ngddi hpc d e hoat ddng hpc tap, lay ngddi hpc lam trung tim.Tli lieu hpc tap ddpc thilt k l can than vdi chit Idpng cao Phddng tiln v l t l i lieu giup cho ngddi hpc nim vdng 6upe mdi cdng vile - Tai lieu 6upe td chdc cho mdi ngUdi hpc hpc mdt deh cd hilu q u i tdc la hpc tap theo nhjp dp el nhin - Cd thdng tin phin hdi deu dan sudt qui trinh hpc tap tgo cd hdi cho ngddi hpc bilt td dilu chlnh, sda chda vile hpc cua mlnh 3.3 Vikihogeh hpc tip Hoe tap theo truyin thdng: - Thudng ddi hdi c l Idp hole nhdm hpc vien mdi mdt ddn vj hpc tap cung mdt Idpng thdi gian Cl nhdm sau dd mdi chuyen sang ddn vj hpc t i p tilp theo sau mdt khoing thdi gian cd djnh Trong luc ndi dung ed the qui sdm hole qui mudn ddi vdi ngddi hpc d Idp, nhdm Hpc t i p theo hddng tiep cin NLTH - Cung d p cho mdi hpc vien ed dO thdi gian cho phep 6i holn toin ning ldc mdt cdng vile trUde chuyen sang cdng vile tilp sau 3.4 ViphUcfng phip Unh gii: Hpc tap theo truyin thdng: - Kiem tra, danh g i i dda chO ylu vio bli KHOA HQC GlAO DVC* ® GlAO DUC NirflC NGOAl tap, bli thi OInh g i i kit q u i llm bli cOa hpc viln thddng dupe so sinh vdi t i l u chuin cOa Idp, nhdm - Hpc viln ddpc phip chuyin hddng sang don vj hpc t | p mdi, cd chi d n nim ddpc bli hpc mdt d e l l so bd hole hpc chua h i t chuong trinh Hpc t | p tiieo hudng t i l p cin NLTH - Odi hdi tdng hpc viln thpc hi$n mdi cdng vile dgt tdi trinh dd cao hdn d dilu kiln gidng cdng viic thit thi mdi nhin ddpc tfn chi hole chdng ehl v l cdng vile - Kit q u i hpc t i p ddpc so sinh vdi tilu chuin d l xlc djnh trdde Phit triln hpc t i p theo hddng t i l p cin ning luc dio tgo nghl 6upc triln khai dUa trin nguyin tic nhu trin d l nlu, dd, vile thilt k l chuong trinh d i o tgo theo hudng t i l p ein ning ldc dupc xiy dung theo chuin d i u cd t h i tham khio theo bing md t l ning Ipc hlnh nghl ISCO-08 td chdc Lao ddng Qudc t l ILO cung d p TAILI$UTHAMKHAO Hoing Ngpc Vinh, Phdt triin chuang trinh dao tgo, HI Ndi, 2003 Nguyin Ode Trf, Tiiu chudn ki nang nghi, ddnh gid vd cdp bdng chCfng chi SSTC-TEVT 2007 Renate Wesselink, harm J A Biermans, Martin Mulder, EIke R van den Elsen, Cornpetencybased VET as seen y Duch researchers, European jurnal of vocational training No 40-2007/1 SUMMARY This article addresses the competencyhased teami in vocational training The author presents concepts competencies, principles needed in devekjfxng compet based learning and comparisons of traditional and competency-based learning MOT stf BIEN PHAP QUAN LI THITC HANH NGHI (Flip theo trang 50) cho sinh viln II v i n 6i cdt Idi; 6i thdc hi^n dilu Vl viy, vile ddi mdi va t i n g cddng d e biin dd d n phli xiy dung cd sd v i t chat, trang, thilt bj phap quin li d c hoat ddng thdc hanh nghl cOa nhi Cd sd vat chat d i p dng nhu d u d i o tgo thpc hlnh trddng nhlm ning cao chat Idpng d i o tgo la van 6i nghl la dilu kiln khdng the thieu q u i trinh h i t sde d p thilt, v i cin ddpc quan t i m g i i i quylt dio tgo nghl, d n dupc sp d i u tu dung mdc mdi cd mdt cich trilt 6i c i v l li luin va thdc tien t h i ning cao chat Iddng d i o tgo nghl ndi chung, chit Idpng thdc hanh nghl ndi rilng TAI Lieu THAM KHAO Trddng Cao ding nghl Phu Chiu d l dupe trang bj thilt bj thpc hinh, phdng thpc hlnh nghl Chiin lupe phdt triin gido due 2001-2010, 6i phye vy thpc hanh, nhiln sd lupng cung nhu (Ban hlnh klm theo QO sd 201/2001/QO-TTg ngiy chit lupng thilt bj van chua d i p dng dly dO nhu 28/12/2110 cOa Thu tddng Chinh phO), HI Ndi, 2001 d u hpc tap cOa sinh viln Bd LOTB&XH, Quy dinh hi thing tiiu ehl, tiiu Cdng tic quin li vife xiy dpng ed sd v i t chat, chudn kiim dinh chdt lupng trudng cao ddng nghi (Ban trang, thilt bj cOa nhi trddng khdng ehl nhlm dim hanh klm theo QO 02/2008/QO- BLOTB&XH), Ha Ndi; bio d e dilu kiln d n thilt d l tiln hlnh d e hogt Vu vin Tlo, Chlnh sdeh vd dinh hudng phdt dpng dio tgo cOa nhi trddng m i cdn huy ddng tdi triin gido due vd ddo tgo d Viit Nam, Trudng Cin bd da d e ngudn ldc vio vile trang bj bd sung, ning d p quin If GD&OT, Ha Ndi, 1999 cd sd vit chit, trang thilt bj phye vy dio tgo nghl Nguyin Ode Tri, Gidi phdp ndng cdo ehdtlupng gido dge nghi nghiip, NXB giio dye HI Ndi 2008 Kit l u i n Olo tgo nghl ddng m^t vai trd quan trpng SUMMARY vile tgo ngudn nhin ldc kT thuit cho sd nghilp cdng nghilp hoi, hiln dgi hoi dat nddc O l Besides the achievement the vocational college gdp phin thdc hiln dilu dd, Trddng Cao ding nghl Phu Chau has shown some limitations in managing Phu Chiu ludn ludn coi trpng nhilm vy dao tao dpi trade practice In this article the author proposes ngu cdng nhin kT thuat ed kiln thdc chuyin mdn, some measures for managing the trade praaice at cd kT ning nghl nghilp, sin sing tham gia vao qui the college for making use of strength and reducing trinh lao ddng va dap dng sd ddi hdi cang cao limitations cOa nIn kinh t l - x i hdi 64* stf 70-THANG 7/2011 ... phat triln hpc t i p theo hudng tilp can nang ldc dao tao lighi 2.1 Xiy dung chUcfng trinh dio tgo phii cdn cU tren ning Ipc hinh nghi (theo dinh huing iiu ra) Myc dich dio tgo theo hddng tilp cin... So sanh hpc tap theo truyen thong va hpc t i p theo hudng tiep can nang ldc 3.7 Vimuctiiu vi nil dung hpc tip Hpc t i p truyin thdng: ^ ChUdng trinh dio tao thddng ddpc xiy dUng theo d e mdn hpc... chuyen sang ddn vj hpc t i p tilp theo sau mdt khoing thdi gian cd djnh Trong luc ndi dung ed the qui sdm hole qui mudn ddi vdi ngddi hpc d Idp, nhdm Hpc t i p theo hddng tiep cin NLTH - Cung d