T A M Ll HOC SINH Li HOC LI^A TU6 l NGHIEN COKl ANH flUdNG CUA TRI GIAC KHONG GIAN Tfil TUONG TIfflNG KHDNG GIAN I) IRE M I U GIAO LIlN O ThS, NGUYEN IVIANH TUAN * Tri gidc khdng gian (TGKG) vd h/dng[.]
T A M Ll HOC - SINH Li HOC LI^A T U l NGHIEN COKl ANH flUdNG CUA TRI GIAC KHONG GIAN Tfil TUONG TIfflNG KHDNG GIAN I) IRE M I U GIAO LIlN O T ri gidc khdng gian (TGKG) vd h/dng tugng khdng gian (TTKG) Id cdc thdnh phdn quan trgng euo qud trinh nhdn thlJe khdng gian Vile ddnh gid ndng luc (NL) TGKG vd TTKG d tre h> Idu dd dugc nhieu nhd tdm li hgc quon tdm nhiln cuu Bdi vilt nghiln cuu ve dnh hudng euo TGKG tdi TTKG d tre mdu gido Idn (TMGL) quo cdc bdi nghiem cy thi Tu dd, giup GV cd cdi nhin sdng td hon ve cdc NL khdng gian, cd sy quan tdm thfeh ddng den vai trd ciia TGKG qud trinh cho TMGL Idm quen vdi bilu tugng todn hgc Ndng lye TGKG d tre mau gido Idn TGKG Id mdt thdnh phdn quon trgng cua NL khdng gian, boo gdm: NL TTKG vd NL djnh hudng khdng gian NL TGKG chilm vj trf quan trgng qud h-inh nhdn thuc the' gidi xung quanh h-e cung nhu hgc tdp mdn Todn vd nhieu mdn khoa hgc sou ndy cua tre NL TGKG Id khd ndng nhdn biet vd phdn biet hinh dnh khdng gian cua chu thi nhdn thuc Kit qud euo TGKG giup chu the nhdn thuc c6 the phdn biet vd nhdn bilt cdc ddi hrgng, cdc quon he khdng gian OTMGL, vile ren luyen NL TGKG chu ylu^ dugc tiln hdnh quo cdc trd choi hgc tdp gid hgc todn Mdi trd choi chua dyng mot nhilm vy nhdn thuc nhdm ggi thu, tinh tich eye, nguyen vgng choi euo tre NL TGKG cd lien quan d i n ede NL sou: NL phoi hpp giua tay va mat Id NL kit hgp giua thj gidc vdi sy vdn ddng cOo co the, tre gap khd khdn kT ndng vdn ddng don pidn ndy Vf dy, tre gdp khd khdn vile gdn nhung diem nut len tren bang, len gidy hodc sdp xep cdc khdi hlnh thdnh tdng t h i , hoy nhu su dyng thudc ke de ve dudng thdng, neu cd sy no lye euo bdn thdn thi tre cd the hodn thiln khd ndng ndy Dieu dd cung chung to tu vd hdnh dong d ngudi hgc Id khdc Vidu I (trd choi: Be tdp Idm hgo sT): Be hdy edm biit vd td theo ehdm md hlnh (hinh I) Tap ehi Giao due so 6 (ki • 7/2011) ThS, NGUYEN IVIANH TUAN * NL th giac hinh nen: \ t t \ Id khd ndng phdn bilt cdc A ; hinh cy t h i (chu yeu Id thj '» "-/ - V gidc), dya tren sy tdp trung y chu y vdo hlnh dgng md bd quo nhung ddi tugng xung quanh khdng lien quon den Hinh hlnh vd khdng bi rdi bdi nhung hlnh dnh khdc khdng lien quan Cdc bdi tdp ddi vdi tre loqi ndy Id vile tdeh vd ghep hlnh Vidy (trd choi td mdu): Td mdu xanh vdo hlnh chu nhdt, td mdu dd vdo hlnh Hinh tam gidc (hinh 2) Vi dy (trd choi sdn tim hlnh): Tim hlnh vudng buc tranh vd td mdu xanh cho hlnh vudng tim dugc (hinh 3) - NL nhan tinh bdt bien cua doi tuong tri giac hay su khong doi ve hinh dgng Hinh va kich thudc cua vat the mac du cd sy thay ddi cua cdc gdc nhin khdc Vf dy tre cd khd ndng vdn nhdn hinh ldp phuong tu cdc gdc nhin khdc Th giac vj tri vgt the khong gian: Id khd ndng nhdn bil't mdi quon h i giCro vj trf cua cdc hlnh khdng gian chieu hodc chieu vdi hoy vdi vj trf euo ngudi quan sdt NL phan biet thi giac Id khd ndng phdn bilt sy gidng vd khde cua cdc ydt thi Cdc hogt ddng sdp xIp, phdn logi cdc hlnh hlnh hgc se giup tre ren luyen khd ndng ndy Vidy (trd choi tim hlnh gidng nhau): Trong cdc hinh ben, be hdy tim hlnh gidng hlnh mdu (bin trdi) vd td mdu nhu hlnh mau (hinh 4) * Tnrdng fiai hoc sir pham Ha Npi trudng mdm non tgi Hd Ndi Id: Trudng mdm non Hoa Mi (qudn Cdu Gidy) vd Trudng mdm non Cd N h u l (huyin Tu Lilm) vdo thdng 12/2010, gdm 33 nam vd 27 nu Cdc trudng d i u dgy tri Hinh theo chuong trinh ddi mdi Olddnh gid ndng lye Vi du 5: Ve thim vdo hlnh B d l gid'ng vdi hlnh TTKG d TMGL, GV dd su dyng ede bdi kilm tra Trong bdi kilm tra, t r i dugc sy hudng ddn ciia A (hinh 5) ZNLTTKGdTMa GV vi|e dge y l u edu cua bdi Philu kilm A B Cd n h i l u quan tra gdm bdi d khio egnh: Kiem tra ndng Ipc nilm khde v l NL TGKG d tri: Bal (phdn bilt hlnh): Ylu cdu h-e TTKG, ed quon nilm phdn bilt dugc cdc hinh vudng, hlnh chu nhdt, coiNLnKGnhuldNL hlnh trdn, hinh tam gidc, khdi ldp phuong ddt d hlnh dung ro mdt hlnh cdc hudng, vj tri khdc nhau; Bd/ 2(nhdn bilt hinh): Hinh dgng ndo dd, hodc Ylu edu t r i nhdn bilt dugc ede hinh vudng, hlnh khd ndng thao tdc vd biin ddi hlnh dnh khdng chu nhdt, hlnh trdn, hinh torn gidc, khdi ldp gian vdi mdt sy sdp xIp khde Nhin chung, c6 thi phuong, ddt d cdc hudng, vj tri khde nhau; - Kiem coi NL TTKG la NL bien doi hlnh dnh hay bleu tra NL TTKG d tre: Bdi 3: Cd tdt cd bao nhilu tuong khong gian da co nhSm tao hinh dnh chdu hoa buc tranh (hinh 6) moi degidi quyet vdn de ddt Cung nhu tu duy, Bdi 4: Vol tuong tupng noi chung va TTKG noi riing sinh hinh ben trai cua chu the gdp tinh huong co van de, nhung tfnh hlnh 7, chop ba't dinh cua va'ndS tuong h^mg thuong lan ghep Iqi co the Theo Gardner (1), cd sy tien len deu ddn di/qc hinh ndo Ifnh VUC khong gian, ke hj NL cua tre van dpng hinh ben Idiong gian den kha nang tre chap chung phdi: biet di va hinh cac hinh dnh tfnh tai dau, den Idia nang cac em thieu nien lien ket cac moi quan he khong gian vol nhung phat bleu bang minh de O cac em thieu nien, c6 kha nang sdp xep vgt khong gian, nen co the ket noi cac dang tu logic toan vai NL TTKG mpt he thong khoa hpc Nhu the', khd ndng tgo hinh dnh dc vd biin ddi ede Hinh hinh dnh dd cd t h i dugc hinh thdnh sdm d hrl, Bai 5: Hdy ve ede hinh sou: khdi hT^, khdi ldp h-ude tre dugc hgc d trudng phd thdng phuong, hinh khdi Idng try tam gidc Cho tre O TMGL nhilm vy gidi quyet cdc vdn dung d cdc vj h-i khdc quon sdt cdc khdi d l lien quon din khdng gian, t r i cd nhieu co hdi hinh dd (GV khuyin khich tre ve nhieu hinh bilu phdt huy trf TTKG bdi tre cd ft khd ndng ve tu diln khdc nhau, ggi y cho tre mdt hinh khdi co logic gidi quylt ede vdn de t h i ed nhilu hinh oilu dien khdc nhau) Cdc each 6i ddnh gid NL TTKG d t r i cd thi k l Tieu ehi ddnh gid h*! Id d kit qud cua hogt din Id: MRT (Mental rotation test: nghilm NL dgng, tinh tich eye, ddc ldp vile gidi quylt xoay hlnh dc), PFT (Paper folding test: vdn de Oiem tdi da cho moi bdi Id diem nghilm quo vile gdp hlnh bdng gidy), SVT (spatial 2) Ket qud thpc nghiem Tdc gid dd su dyng visualization test: kilm tra NL hlnh dung khdng phdn mem SPSS 11 phdn tfch kit qud dieu fra, gian), cdc bdi kilm tra ndy nhdm ddnh gid NL dugc tdm tdt d bdng dudi day (xem bdng 1) TTKG cdc nhilm vy nhdn thuc cy the Kit qud cho thd'y, tre dgt diem coo Ddnh gid dnh hudng cue TGKG tdl TTKG cdc bdi v l nhdn bil't, phdn b i l t cdc hinh hinh dTMGL hgc T r i cd t h i nhdn bil't dugc cdc hlnh phdng 1) Tien hanh thuc nghlSm Chung tdi dd dilu cung nhu hinh bilu dien cua cdc hlnh khdi tro thye nghilm ddi vdi 60 t r i mau gido d khdng gian Tuy n h i l n , tre nhdn bil't cdc hlnh ^ M Tap ehi Glao due so 6 (ki2 7/2011) Bang Diem trung binh, dp lech chudn cua diem so'a Qua he sd tuong quon euo dilm so tre nam va nu cdc bai kiem tra giua ede bdi kilm tro (bdng 2), to thd'y Gidi tinh Gia tri Bail B^i2 Bai Bai Bdi dilm sd giua cdc bdi tdp cd quon he Trung binh c$ng 3,42 3,33 3,27 2,81 2,63 vdi nhau, h i so tuong quan Pearson giua Nam N 33 33 33 33 33 bdi vd bdi Id 0,707 (vdi muc y nghTa 06 l#ch ctiuin 0,41 0,35 0,67 0,78 0,79 a = 0,01), giua bdi vd bdi Id 0,735 Trung binh cong 3,11 3,15 2,89 2.67 2,7 (vdi muc y nghTa a = 0,01) Viec phdn NCr N 27 27 27 27 27 Bo lech chuin 0,46 0,64 0,35 0,65 bilt vd nhdn bil't cdc hlnh hieu qud Id 0,68 Trung binh cong 3,28 3,25 3,10 2,67 2,75 ylu to quon trgng Id dilu kiln cdn giup Tong s6 N 60 60 60 60 60 TMGL phdt triin NL TTKG Oo lech chuin 0,69 0,65 0,68 0,68 0,54 trin vdi yl'u to so ddng ban ddu md khdng quon tdm tdi ddc d i l m ve egnh, gdc, ve sd eqnh, so gdc Mot hinh vdi eqnh nhung khdng ddng tre cung coi Id tom gidc, hoy cd egnh vd dudng cong tre vdn hieu dd Id tom gidc Tre chua thye sy hilu rd khdi nilm «cgnh" hlnh hlnh hgc Qua nghiem, cdc bai /dp 3vd bdi tgp4\6 If thu hon vdi tre Dilm so trung binh euo cdc bdi tdp Id h/ong dd'i coo, dieu dd cung chung to NL TTKG euo tre cung dd cd mdt sy phdt Men nhdt djnh so vdi cdc giai doqn lua tuoi truoc Ve nghilm khd ndng ve hinh euo tre, d ddy tre gap khd khdn vile the hiln hlnh dnh ti-ong dc ve dd'i tugng hlnh hgc Nhieu tre quon sdt d cdc vj tri khdc nhung ve hlnh khdi Igi gid'ng Tre gdp khd khdn viec xdc djnh vj trf euo vdt khdng gian cung nhu NL phdi hgp giCra toy vd mdt Trong phgm vi nghiln cuu dieu tro edn cho thd'y, sy khde biet ve gidi tfnh cdc ndi dung ddnh gid Id khdng ddng k l (xem bang 2) Cd thi ndi, quo nhOng bdi nghiem don gidn d trin, mdt Idn nuo khdng djnh vai trd euo TGKG tdi viec hlnh thdnh vd phdt triln NLTTKG euo tre Quan trgng nhdt vol tri TTKG la NL th gidc dung vai the gidi nhin duac bang mdt, la thuc hien nhung thay ddi va bien cai duo fren nhung th giac ban dau va co kha nang tai tao lai dupc bdng thj gidc, ke cd thiiu nhunq dd'i tuonq vat cha't lien quan (1) • (1) Howard Gardner Ca cau tri khdn - Li thuyet ve ntiieu dang tri Ichdn (Pham Toan dich) NXB Gido due, H 1997 Tai lieu tham khao NguySn Ba Kim Phuwng phap day hoc mon Toan NXB Dgi hoc supham, H 2003 Vu Thi Thai Bud^c ddu hinh thdnh vd phdt triin tri tudng Bang He sd tuong quan cua diem sogiCra cac bai kiem tra ((**): he so' tuang khdng gian cho tuong quan CO y nghTa vol a = 0,01 (2 phia );(*): he so'tuong quan CO y l^^^ •^'"^ ' ' ^ " ^