«• O TRLTONG THU HUONG" 1 Ll thuyet kien tqo (LTKT) vdi viec Hch cue k i t qud vd tranh ludn vol nhou trong ed Idp Chinh hod qud trinh hinh thdnh hi thuc Heng Viet (TV) dieu dd tqo cho HS hung thu mdt[.]
«• O TRLTONG THU H U O N G " Ll thuyet kien tqo (LTKT) vdi viec Hch cue hod qud trinh hinh thdnh hi thuc Heng Viet (TV) cho hoc sinh (HS) hoc phd thdng (THPT)^ / LTKT (Constructivism) Id mdt quan didm mdi ve DH, dyo tren nhQng nghien cuu tdm If k i t qud vd tranh ludn vol nhou ed Idp Chinh dieu dd tqo cho HS thu mdt nhQng y l u td quon trqng nhdt dnh hudng d i n tfnh tfch eye, chu ddng, sdng tqo hqe tdp DH theo quon diem cuo LTKT chu trqng vd'n tri cho bdn thdn thdng quo cdc hoqt ddng (HD) dong hda (Id qud trinh Ket hqp tryc t i l p nnQng thdng Hn mdi vdo so dd nhdn thue dong tdn tqi 6e gidi q u y l t Hnh hudng mdi) vd dieu ung (Id qud trinh thay ddi, thdm chf Id phdi bde bd cdc k i l n thuc vd Kinh nghiem soi Idm cu nd khdng phu hqp vdi Hnh hudng mdi) LTKT duqc coi Id If thuylt cua nhdn thuc (theory of knowing) hon Id If thuylt cuo tri thue (theory of knov/ledge) Von Glosersfeld, ngudi Hen phong viee vdn dyng LTKT vdo qud trinh DH, d d dua ro nhung ludn diem Idm nen tdng eho LTKT; dd tu tudng chu dqo Id viec xem k i l n thue ludn Id k i t qud eua HD k i l n tqo v d , h> d d , nd khdng the thdm nhdp vdo mdt ngudi hqe thy dqng, nd phdi duqc xdy dyng mdt cdch tfch eye bdi cd nhdn mdi ngudi hoc 1.2 Khd nang cua LTKT viec hinh thdnh cdc tri thuc TV cho HS THPT Tri thue TV Id nhQng k i l n thue cd tfnh khoa hqe ve TV vdi tu cdch Id mdt ngdn ngQ; boo gdm cdc khdi niem, quy tdc, cdc ndi dung If thuylt ve h> vyng, ngQ phdp, phong cdch hoc, Hinh thdnh tri tfiue TV cho HS Id qud trinh b i l n kinh nghiem bdn ngQ thdnh nhQng nhdn thue ed tfnh khoa hqe ve TV Dd Id qud trinh hinh thdnh ede khdi niem, quy tdc TV eho HS Qud trinh dd eon bao hdm cd nhQng hieu b i l t chung ve TV, gdn vdi qud trinh hinh thdnh kT ndng su dyng TV DH theo quon diem LTKT cd khd ndng tfch eye hdo qud trinh nhdn thuc cuo HS Bdi v i , qud trinh DH, HS se cd co hdi de tranh ludn theo tung nhdm, ve nhQng quon d l l m khde cuo minh, thye hdnh phdn tfch co sd cuo h>ng quon niem, 6e di den thd'ng nhd't quon niem theo h>ng nhdm Sau d d , dqi dien cdc nhdm trinh bdy dyng TV dd tuong dd'l thdnh thqo Trong qud trinh phdn tfch ngQ lieu, gido vien (GV) ddnh gid (DG) duqc kiln thue vd kinh nghiem TV dd cd cuo HS Tu dd, GV thilt k l , td chuc cdc HD hqe tdp de HS phdt huy vol hd chu dqng tfch eye, hr xdy dyng nhung tri thuc vd kT ndng mdi cho bdn thdn Khoa hqe gido dye dd chung minh: muc ghi nhd thdng Hn, tri thuc cdng tdng ngudi hye Hip HD, thao tdc vdi thdng Hn, tri thuc dd Trong qud trinh DH TV theo quan d i l m cuo LTKT, GV Id ngudi to chuc HD, djnh hudng khdm phd vd chudn hdo tri thue, kTndng cho HS; HS Id ngudi chu dqng, tfch eye thdo ludn, khdm phd tri thuc vd ren luyen kT ndng HS ehinh Id ngudi ty xdy dyng nen tri thuc vd kT ndng cho bdn thdn Vi vdy, nhQng tri thuc TV HS h/ xdy dyng se duqc cdc em ghi nhd Idu hon, khd ndng vdn dyng coo hon Mdt khdc, qud hinh thdo ludn, hinh bdy quon diem cung se giup HS ren luyen them kT ndng TV cuo bdn thdn NhQng tri thuc vd kT ndng TV duqc HS tu xdy dyng, vdn dyng cdng trd nen vQng chdc, Idu ben / Ndi dung chuong trinh sdch gido khoa (SGK) Ngu vdn vd khd ndng van dyng LTKT Npj dung chuong trinh SGK NgQ vdn mdi dd tdng thdi luqng ddnh eho ede HD thye hdnh, phat huy tfnh chu ddng tich eye cuo HS nhQng bdi hqe TV Ben cqnh nhQng bdi hodn todn mong tfnh chdt luyen tdp, thuc hdnh, giup HS cung cd, khdc sdu k i l n thuc vd kT ndng dd hqe, nhQng bdi thien ve hinh thdnh k i l n thuc, kT ndng mdi cung ddl hdi HS HD tich eye, trd ldi cdu hdi ddn ddt de ty hinh thdnh hi thuc, kT ndng cho bdn thdn Tap eiii Giao due s6 (ki i 7/201 n * Tnrdng THPT chuyen Urong The Vinh - TP Bien Hoa - Dong Nai Ndi dung DH TV SGK mdi duqc phdn bd, trinh bdy khdng theo Hnh chdt h§ thdnig cdu true nhu SGK TV cu md theo nguyin tdc tfcFi hqp vd di tu ndi dung quen thudc, gdn gul d i n nhQng kiln thuc mdi Nhd cdch trinh bdy nhu vdy, qud trinh DH TV theo quon dllm LTKT, GV ed t h i tdn dyng, phdt huy tdi tri thue, kr ndng dd cd cuo HS v l TV, tu nhQng bdi hqe cu, tu chfnh HD gioo Hep hdng ngdy, d l giup cdc em ty nghiin cuu vdn de, ty xdy dyng tri tnuc vd kr ndng mdi cho bdn thdn, phu hqp vdl myc tiSu bdi hoc Ndl dung mdi bdi hoc TV duqc trinh bdv theo hudng quy nqp Kiln thuc duqc hinh thdnn thdng quo HD ty Hm hilu cdu hdi vd bdi tdp thuc hdnh Vdi cdu true bdi hoc TV mdi, GV khdng ehi Id ngudi dlln gidng, gidl thfeh cho HS nhu trudc ddy, md phdi td chuc, hudng ddn HS ty HD, ty hqe tdp Nhu thi, HS cung khdng t h i chi ngdl nghe gidng, ghl chip, md phdi tich eye hon, pfidl h/ Hm tdi, h-d ldi nhQng cdu hdi ddn ddt theo ySu cdu cuo bdi hqe Sou Ichl h-d ldi cdc cdu hdi ddn ddt, HS tu rut ro ndl dung kiln thue cOo bdi hqe GV chi dieu ehinh, chudn xde iqi quy trinh vd kiln thuc cho HS theo yeu cdu cua bdi hqe vd thye tien ddi sd'ng Nhu vdy, thye t l ndi dung chuong trinh SGK mdi hdm chua khd ndng to Idn viee vdn dung quon dilm cuo LTKT de hinh thdnh tri thuc TV eho HS Quy trinh cdc bude hinh thdnh tri thuc li thuyet TV cho HS theo quan diem cuo LTKT Tu CO e h i HD DH theo LTKT, chung tdi dua ro quy trinh ede bude hinh thdnh tri thue I f thuylt TV cho HS nhu sau: 2.1 Chudn bj: Tim hilu kiln thue vdn cd vd nhu cdu hqe tdp cuo HS Id mdt ddc trung eua LTKT hong qud trinh hinh thdnh tri thuc if ffiuylt TV eho HS THPT Ddc biet, LTjCT chu y d i n nhQng kiln thuc vd kinh nghidm sol Idm cuo HS Dd ehinh Id CO sd de GV xdy dung Hnh hudng hqe tdp, tqo dilu kien de qud trinn ddng hdo vd hon nQo Id dilu ung dlln ro nhdn thue cuo HS 2.2 Tdchue HD hoc tdp: GV td chuc cdc HD tqo mdi trudng tfch eye de HS phdn dodn, kllm nghiem, thfeh nghi vd tu xdy dyng hi thuc mdi 2.3 Kiem tra, ddnh gid (KT, DG) vd hudng ddn HS ty KT, DG: HD KT, DG giup GV thu " " |ud 3.1 Y nghTa Trong qud trinh hqe tdp theo quon dllm LTKT, HS k l ^ tqo kiln thuc mqt mdi trudng ndng ddng GV tqo ro, HS ed nnung nhu cdu nhdn tnuc rISng, cd nhung eon dudng khdc nhou d l kiln tqo hi thue eho bdn thdn VI t h i , GV cdn theo ddl^ bdm sdt, hudng ddn, ddng vlSn HS sud't qud trinh hqe tdp Md^ cdc yeu td quon trqng giup GV co t h i dilu khiln qud trinh DH dqt hllu qud chfnh Id vi^c thu th^p cdc thdng tin nguqe Do vdy, vISc KT, DG nhdm giup cho GV thu duqc cdc thdng Hn nguqe d l kjp thdi d i l u chinh qud hinh DH dqt duqc hl^u qud cao nhdt Theo quon dllm LTICt, HS kiln tqo tri thuc dyo h-§n nhQng kiln thuc vd kinh nghiSm dd cd cua minh Do dd^ GV DH cdn xde djnh KT, OG, ngodi vi$c cho diem nhdm xde nhdn kit qud hqe tqp cuo HS cdn phdi xde djnh nhQng myc dfeh quon h-qng khde Id: 6i chudn bj cho k l hoqch DH Hip theo, nllu v l nhu cdu nhqn thue cuo HS qud trinh DH, Hm hieu muc dd ndm vQng kiln thue cua HS, giup HS ty DG minh vd dilu cnlnh qud trinh hoc top kjp thdi Thdng thudng, theo quan diem DH truyln thdng, HD KT, DG Id GV thye hien Tuy nhiln, DH theo qucm diem LTKT, GV cdn xde djnh, viec HS h/ KT, DG Id mdt phdn quon trqng Bdi vi, HS Id ngudi bilt duqc Ichd ndng ndm vung kiln thuc eua minh Cho nen, GV phdi cd h-dch nniem giup dd, hinh thdnh cho HS thdi auen DG minh, DG bqn d l cd k l hoqch d i l u chinn kjp thdi, bd sung hodn thien tri thuc cho bdn thdn Dilu ndy cung se gdp phdn tilt kiem thdi glan vd ndng coo chdt luqng, nieu qud DH 3.2 Bi6n ohap cy the HD DG rdt dqng: OG h-ong gid nqc, ngodi gid hoc; DG ehinh thuc vd khdng chinh thuc; DG bdng djnh h'nh vd djnh lirong; OG bdng kit qud vd bdng bilu Id thdi Hnh cdm; DG thdng quo kit qud hodn thdnd nhiem vy vd djnh hudng phdt h-ien cdc mdi quan 111 ^d hdi, Myc heu doi mdi phuong thuc KT, DG hl§n Id tdng eudng cdc phuong thue DG, chu hrqng hudng dan HS phdt trien khd ndng va ^6i quen h/ DG, DG Idn nhou, kit hqp DG cue GV vdi DG cuo HS Cdc hinh thuc KT, DG thdng thudng nhdt hien Id thdng quo cdc bdi KT: KT vdn