LI LUAN GIAO PUC PAY HOC Q U A N N I E M VE H O A T D U N G D A Y V A H O A T D O N G H O C M O T T H A N H TO C U A T R I THUfC VE H U A T D O N G D A Y H U C • • • • • Tri rhu c ve hoqt dong (HD) dg[.]
LI LUAN GIAO PUC - PAY HOC Q U A N N I E M VE HOAT D U N G D A Y V A H O A T D O N G H O C M O T T H A N H TO C U A T R I THUfC VE H U A T D O N G D A Y - H U C • • • • • O T ri rhu-c ve hoqt dong (HD) dgy - hoc Id mot TS TRAN TH| TU ANH* truyen dqt tri thuc; b) GV Id ngudi hudng ddn vd day Id HD tdc ddng den sy thdu hieu So sanh vdi quan niem cua gidng vien/GV duang nhiem thi quan niem ve HDD cua cdc gido sinh cdn ngheo nan vd kem tien bd Kember (2) dd xem xet 14 nghien cuu ve quan niem cua GV ve HDD vd td'ng hqp duqc nhdm quan niem: a) Truyen dqt thdng tin; b) Truyen dqt tri thuc cd he thdng; c) Tuang tdc GV - hoc sinh; d) Tqo dieu kien de thdu hieu; e) Bien dd'i khdi niem/phdt trien tri tue Nam nhdm quan niem tqo thdnh djnh hudng: 1) Djnh hudng ndi dung vd GV Id trung tdm; 2) Djnh hudng thyc hdnh/hqc nghe vdi sy tuang tdc giua thdy vd trd; 3) Djnh hudng HDH vd ngudi hoc Id trung tdm Cd the thdy, quan niem cua gido sinh ve HDD chi bao gom nhdm quan niem, dd Id truyen dqt tri thuc vd tdc ddng den sy thdu hieu Tu hudng nghien cuu khdc, Woolfolk-Hoy vd Tschannen-Moran (1999) dd td'ng hqp nhung quan niem ve HDD cua cdc gido sinh nhu sau: 1) Day Id trinh bay rd vd theo each thuc hdp dan; 2} Day Id HD tryc tiep, mang tinh chi dqo; 3) Day Id qua trinh thu hut ngudi hoc: tap trung chu y, gqi tinh td md, trao dd'i y tudng, ket ndi vdi thu cua ngudi hoc, sdng tqo; 4) Day Id qua trinh nudi dudng: giup ngudi hoc cam thdy de chju ve bdn than hq hq phdt trien kT ndng xd hdi vd muc tieu cam xuc quan hon myc tieu nhdn thuc; 5) Day Id kT ndng lien nhdn each, bao gom sy cdng bdng, dn cdn, linh hoqt vd thuang yeu Nhung quan niem chu den nhung hanh ddng, quy trinh day cy the vd thieu tinh khdi quat so vdi quan niem cua GV ve HDD nhu trinh bay d tren Quan niem ve HDD, dqc biet Id cua GV, tdc ddng den myc tieu day hoc md hq xdc dinh cho loqi tri thuc dqc biet, co vai trd quan ddi vdi ngudi hoc, nhdt Id hq phdi thuc hien vai trd trung tdm qua trinh day - hoc Tri thuc Id mdt cdu true tdm li phuc hqp gom nhung hieu biet ve nhieu mat, nhieu yeu td lien quan den HD day - hoc, chu khdng dan thudn Id «tri thuc ve each hoc" nhu vdn thudng duqc hieu Viec nhdn dien loqi tri thuc duqc thyc hien theo nhieu hudng khdc nhau, dd cd the ke den nghien cuu ve quan niem ve hoqt ddng day (HDD) vd hoqt ddng hoc (HDH) (conceptions of teaching and learning), each tiep can HDD vd HDH (approaches to teaching and learning), nhdn thuc ve viec day vd hoc (perception of teaching and learning) cung nhu nhung cdng trinh tryc tiep nghien cuu tri thuc ve HD day - hoc (knowledge of teaching and learning), viec hoc mang tinh ty dieu khien, dieu chinh (self-regulated learning) vd ve sieu nhdn thuc (metacognition) Bdi viet chu yeu tim hieu sdu quan niem ve HDD vd HDH, Idm rd sy da dang cua quan niem ve HDD vd HDH; tdc ddng cua chung den each tiep can HDH vd tu dd den qua trinh thyc hien vd chdt luqng HD day - hoc Quan niem ve HDD Quan niem ve HDD vd HDH thudng duqc the hien thdng qua viec trd ldi cdu hdi «HDD va HDH nghTa la gi?", phdn dnh nhdn thuc chung cua ngudi day vd ngudi hoc ve HDD vd HDH Trong nghien cuu cua Doyle (1), cdc gido vien (GV) tieu hoc tuang lai dd chi loqi quan niem ve HDD: a) Qua trinh cung cap thdng tin; b) Qua trinh thiic ddy/hudng dan viec hoc Nhung quan niem gdn gui vdi ket qua nghien cuu ciia Aguirre vd cdng sy (1990), dd cd hai quan niem ve ngudi day vd viec day Id: a) GV Id nguon cung cap tri thuc vd day Id * Tnrdng Dai hoc sir pham • Dai hoc Hue Tap chi Giao due so 263 (ki i - 6/2011) moi bai hoc, den each thuc ho to' chuc HOD hoc chu djnh khdc dqc bdi khod, vi dy dqc de nhd tu vung dd su dyng hay cd gang tim hieu y vd tu den chdt lugng HD day hgc nghTa cua bdi viet Tu dd, dd Id each tiep can chieu Quan niem ve HDH Lien quan den quan niem cua ngudi hoc ve sdu (deep approaches) vd each tiep can be mat HDH, Saljo (1979) da chi nhdm quan niem (surface approaches) Neu ngudi hoc cd chu dinh ve HDH cua sinh vien, dd Id: 1) Lam tang sd luqng nhd tu vung, hq se tim each hoc thudc Idng, nhdc tri thuc; 2) Ghi nhd; 3) LTnh hdi su kien, phuang di nhdc lgi, tuc Id cd each tiep can be mat Ngugc phap de su dung; 4) Khdi qudt hod y nghTa; Iqi, neu ngudi hoc cd chu djnh hieu ndi dung mot 5) Gidi nghTa nhdm thdu hieu thuc te Sau nay, each sdu sdc han, hq se edgdng khdm phd y nghTa Entwistle vd Biggs (1987) dd de xudt them mdt Saljo dd bd sung them nhdm thu Id Hoc nhdm each tiep can mdi HDH, Id each tiep can bien ddi cd nhdn Nghien cuu vdi nhdm khach chien luqc hay thdnh tich (strategic/achieving the khdc Id tre tu 3-8 tudi, Pramling (1983) nhdn approaches) Cach tiep can duqc djnh nghTa thdy tre tach biet hai mat cua HDH, dd Id «hqc Id «chu dinh dgt dugc diem so cao nhdt thong qua cdi gi?" vd «hqc nhu the ndo?", dieu duqc nhieu viec edgdng HT mdt each kien tri, tim kiem nhung nhd nghien cuu xem Id hai thdnh phdn chu yeu dieu kien vd tdi lieu phu hgp, quan l'\ thai gian va cdu thdnh nen quan niem ve HDH Ngodi ra, nhieu nghien cuu lien quan den cdng sue mot each hieu qua, quan tdm den nhung quan niem ve HDH duqc thuc hien nhung yeu cau vd tieu chi ddnh gid, hudng cdng viec de hoan canh hoc dudng khdc nhau, cdc mdn hoc co dugc su ua thich cua GV" (3; tr 19) Nhu vdy, cd the thdy each tiep can HDH khdc nhau, cdc nen van hod khdc nhau, cdc giai dogn khdc cua tien trinh HT Cdc ket qua chinh Id sy ket hqp giua ddng ca HT vd chien nghien cuu khd tuang ddng viec chi rdng luqc HT (learning strategy) ciia ngudi hoc (4) Ddc quan niem ve viec hoc trdi tu quan niem mang diem ciia tung each tiep can HDH duqc td'ng hqp bdng sau: tinh tdi hien den quan niem mang tinh kien tqo, chang hgn: - Hoc Id Bdng Cdc each tiep can HDH ghi nhd djnh nghTa, cdng thuc, Cach quy trinh; - Hoc Id dp dung nhung Dong co HT Chien lucre HT tiep cdng thuc vd quy trinh; - Hoc Id can tqo nen y nghTa cua cdc khdi niem Be Ben ngoai: Nhiem vu HT tac - Hoc thuoc long: Ghi nha may moc va dong tif ben ngoai, nguoi hoc tai hien noi dung chu yeu vd quy trinh; - Hoc Id xem xet cdc mat chju su tac dong theo dieu kien- Thieu lien ket va lien ket ngoai hien tuang the gidi theo each hoa va mang tinh thuc dung - Yeu to sieu nhan thiic bj han che nhin mdi; - Hoc Id qua trinh bien Chieu Ben trong: Ngudi hoc thich - Tim kiem y nghTa: Di sau vao noi ddi cd nhdn (Marshall vd cdng su, sau thuc hien nhiem vu HT de thoa dung cua nhiem vu HT 1999) man thii va su to mo cua - Lien ket cac phan tai lieu va voi Mdt mat, quan niem cua ngudi ban than tri thirc da co hoc ve HDH cd the true tiep tdc Thanh Oat tich: Chii ket - Tang toi da cu hoi di dat di§m cao ddng den myc tieu ddi vdi HDH tich qua HT, dat diem cao va cac - Sir dung thdi gian va cong sifc co md hq xdc dinh cho bdn than vd giai thudng hieu qua each thuc hq thyc hien HDH vd tu dd den chdt luqng HDD - hoc Mat khdc, quan Mdi quan he giua quan niem ve HDH, niem cua ngudi hoc ve HDH cd the tdc ddng den each tiep can HDH vd ket qua HT yeu td trung gian Id each tiep can HDH Van Rossum vd Schenk (1984) dd chi rdng, (approaches to learning) cua ngudi hoc, tu hoc sinh cd quan niem ve HDH Id tang sd luqng den chdt luqng HDD - h oc tri thuc hodc ghi nhd thudng dp dyng each tiep Cach tiep can HDH can be mat HT Nguqc Iqi, nhung hoc sinh Trong quan niem ve HDD vd HDH hudng cho rdng HDH Id sy khdi qudt y nghTa hodc thdu den nhdn thuc chung ve HDD vd HDH thi each tiep hieu hien thyc thudng dp dyng each tiep can can HDH chu den mdi quan he giua chieu sdu chu djnh ciia ngudi hpc.cJpTvdi HDH vd each thuc/ Marton vd Saljo (5) cho thdy, mdi quan he chien luge hq su dyng qua trinh hoc giua each tiep can HDH vdi chdt luqng vd Marton (1975) nhqn thdy ngudi hoc cd nhung tinh phuc hqp cua ket qua HT, dd Id: each tiep Tap c h i Giao due so (k, i 6/201 p can be mat dan den sy tdi hien tu vyng tdt han vd chi tiet han, each tiep can chieu sdu dan den viec kien tgo y nghTa cua bdi khod Tuang ty, theo Ramsden (1992), each tiep can chieu sdu dan den ket qua HT cd chdt luqng cao han, diem sd tdt han, thdi dd HT tich eye han, each tiep can be mat ddn den ket qua HT kem han vd sy thieu hdi Idng Ramsden nhdn manh rdng, mdi quan he giua each tiep can be mat vd ket qua HT kem khdng rd bdng mdi quan he giua each tiep can chieu sdu vd HDH cd hieu qua vd nhung mdi quan he the hien rd han ddnh gid chdt luqng HDH so vdi diem sd Cung xem xet mdi quan he giua each tiep can HDH vd ket qua HT, Biggs (1987) tim thdy mdi quan he tuang quan cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke giua diem thi vd each tiep can HDH: tuang quan thudn vdi each tiep can thdnh tich vd tuang quan nghich vdi each tiep can be mat Tuy nhien, each tiep can chieu sdu chi dem den diem thi cao ngudi hoc thu vdi tdi lieu HT Mat khdc, mdi quan he giua each tiep can HDH vd diem thi cung phu thudc vdo each ddnh gid Ngudi hoc su dyng each tiep can chieu sdu thudng hieu tdi lieu HT sdu sdc han, tqo nen cdu true phuc hqp hon, nhung hoc sinh cd each tiep can be mat thudng tdi hien cdc sy kien vd chi tiet hieu qua han **• Nhu vdy, cd the thdy muon ndng cao chdt luqng HD day - hoc khdng the bd qua viec xem Dau tir xa hoi cho giao due (Tiep theo trang 9) xet quan niem ve HDD vd HDH cung nhu each tiep can HDH Du bdng dudng tryc tiep hay gian tiep, viec nhdn thuc dung ddn, sdu sdc ve HDD vd HDH se thuc day ngudi day vd ngudi hoc dieu chinh myc tieu, each thuc td chuc vd thyc hien HDD vd hoc hudng den ndng cao chdt luqng day hoc Chinh vi vdy, cdc nhd quan li gido dye, cdc nhd gido cdn tdc ddng de ngudi day vd ngudi hoc nhdn thuc HDD hoc d muc sdu sdc han, hudng den sy phdt trien tri tue, nhdn each cua ngudi hoc chu khdng phdi Id tang so luqng tri thuc, kT ndng • (1) Doyle, M (1997) Beyond life history' as a student: Preservice teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning College Student Journal, 31(4), 519-531 (2) Kember, D (1998) Teaching beliefs and their impact on student's approach to learning In B C Dart & G M Boulton-Lewis (Eds.), Teaching and learning in higher education (pp 1-25) Camberwell, Vic.: ACER press (3) Entwistle, N (1997) Constrasting perspectives on learning In F Marton & D Hounsell & N Entwistle (Eds.), The experience of learning: Implications for teaching and studying in higher education (2nd ed., pp 3-22) Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press (4) Biggs, J., & Moore, P J (1993) The process of learning (3rd ed.) New York: Prentice Hall (5) Marton, F., & Saljo, R (1997) Approaches to learning In F Marton & D Hounsell & N Entwistle (Eds.), The experience of learning: Implications for teaching and studying in higher education (2nd ed., pp 39-58) Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press Tai lieu tham khao B6 GD-DT Thong ke giao due dao tao nam 2009-2010 So sanh dau tu cho GD cua Viet Nam Van kien dai hdi Dang IX, X va XI Phd thong Chi Tong chi B6 GD-DT Di dn Ddi mdi cache tdi chinh gido Mam Dai va DT nghe GDOT/ GDOT/ due giai doan 2009-2014 non hoc nghiep GDP GDP D5ng Quoc Bao - Nguyen Khac Hung Giao due Cac niltic phai trien 5,7% Viet Nam hutftig tdi tutmg lai, van de va giai phap Nha ni/dc chi binh quan 80% 91,8% 75,7% 5,4% NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, H 2004 Dan chi binh quan 20% 8,2% 24,3% 0,3% Pham Minh Hac Xa hoi hoa cdng tac giao due Cac nuttc mdi phat trien 5,3% dao tao NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, H 1997 Nha nude chi binh quan 65,8% 72,7% 55,2% 3,9% Dang Xuan Hai Xa hoi hoa cdng tac giao due va Dan chi binh quan 34,2% 27.3% 44,8% 1,4% huy dong cong dong tham gia xay dung sy nghiep Viet Nam (2006) 7,2% giao due dao tao Trudng Can bp quan li giao due Nha nuoc chi 38,6% 87% 63,3% 5,6% dao tao Trung uong I, Ha Noi Dan chi 61,4% 13% 36.7% 1,6% Le Phudc Minh Kinh te hoc giao due NXB The thyc hien cd hieu qua cdc chinh sach xd hdi hda gidi, H 2010 GD, huy ddng ngudi ddn chia se ganh ndng tdi Lien minh cac hCii Khoa hoc va KI thuat Viet Nam chinh vdi nguon ngdn sach nhd nude cho sy nghiep Vien nghien ciru phat men Phuong Dong Xa hdi hoa phdt trien GD-DT • giao due dao tao TP H6 Chi Minh, 25-26/3/2004 Tap c h i Giao due so (k, i 6/201n ... dd, dd Id each tiep can chieu Quan niem ve HDH Lien quan den quan niem cua ngudi hoc ve sdu (deep approaches) vd each tiep can be mat HDH, Saljo (1979) da chi nhdm quan niem (surface approaches)... kien tri, tim kiem nhung nhd nghien cuu xem Id hai thdnh phdn chu yeu dieu kien vd tdi lieu phu hgp, quan l''\ thai gian va cdu thdnh nen quan niem ve HDH Ngodi ra, nhieu nghien cuu lien quan. .. Cung xem xet mdi quan he giua each tiep can HDH vd ket qua HT, Biggs (1987) tim thdy mdi quan he tuang quan cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke giua diem thi vd each tiep can HDH: tuang quan thudn vdi each