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NG6N NGC s6io 2011 HANH VI KHEN TRONG HQI THOî I Dî Y HQC (Khfto sftt if b$c trung hpc cor sdr) ThS Nr iJYftN THl H6NG NGAN 1 Dflt v in d l LA mOt nghi tiiftc giao tilp tdn tgi tiong nhilu nin vfln[.]

NG6N NGC 2011 s6io HANH VI KHEN TRONG HQI THOi^I Di^Y HQC (Khfto sftt if b$c trung hpc cor sdr) ThS Nr.iJYftN THl H N G NGAN Dflt v i n d l LA mOt nghi tiiftc giao tilp tdn tgi tiong nhilu nin vfln hoA khAc nhau, khen IA hAnh vi (HV) ndu ldn sy dAnh ^ tich cyc cua mOt cA nhfin, mOt nhdm xa hOi, mOt cOng ddng v l mOt ddi tugng nAo dd (cd till IA mOt ngudi ho^c mOt nh(^ xA hOi hay mOt sy v$t sy vifc) mOt bdi cAnh vfln hoA xA hOi nhit (I^nh Trong thyc tl ddi sdng, khen khdng chi ddn thuin IA mOt nghi thftc giao tilp lAm hAi ldng ddi tAc mft khen ngudi ta cdn thyc hifn nhilu myc dfch khAc nhu "tianh thft tinh cAm, td ldng ngudng mO, bilu thi sy quan tfim, td y bilt on, khfch If " [11; 192] Xdtridngtrong giao tilp sufdigm, khen cdn dugc coi IA HV ftng xft mdi quan hf tuomg tAc gifla giAo vidn vA hpc sinh Trong bAi vilt nAy, chung tdi nghidn ciiru dflc dilm cfta HV khen, cAc kilu khen vA vai trd cfta HV khen ddi vdi tfim If lua tudi vft quft tiinh nhfln thftc cfla hpc sinh £)di tugng mft chiing tdi khfto sftt bAi vilt ift cftc kilu khen cua gifto vidn vft hgc sinh trung hpc CO sd (IHCS)tixxigcftc gid dgy hpc d tit eft cftc bO mdn nftm khung chuong tthih dfto tgo BO GD&DT ban hftnh Khfto sftt hftnh vi khen hOi thofi dyy hpc d b | c trang hpc corsd Khen 1ft HV dAi^ gift mai%tinhtk:h cyc Theo TH dien tiing Viit [10,497] khen IA "ndi ldn sy dftnh gift tdt v l ai, v l cfti gi, v l vifc gi vdi ^ vflra ldng: Khen em bi ngoan Khen dfp Gidy khen " IDudi gdc nlihi cua dyng hpc, tiieo cftch phan kigi cfta Austin (1962X khen IA mOt hAnh dfog ngSn tiung tfauOc nh6m iing xft (behabitives) bao gdm cAc tnidng hgp cftm om (tiiaidcX choc miimg (oongFBtulateX phd Unh (critidzeX Cdn Searie (1969) vft Bach & Hamish (1984) till xlp khen 1ft hftnh vi thuOc nhdm bilu cftm (expressives) vdi cftc tnidng hgp nhu xin Idi (apologizeX anfti(condoleX cftm em (tiiankX mdi chfto (bid) Mdi tftc gift cd mOt tidu chi (diftn chia ridng nhung tit eft diu thdng nhit xlp khen thuOc nhdm bilu cftm, nftm tilu nhdm ehiic miing (Congratulate) vdi cftc hAnh dOng tidu bilu nhir chuc mftng, xm chuc mftng, khen, khen nggi vft ca nggi Hftnh dOng khen ndi rieng vA chftc mimg ndi chung dugc Bach vA Hamish [1984, 52] dinh ngWa nhu sau: "Khi phftt mOt phftt ngdn, ngudi ndi (S) chuc mung (khen) H (nguSn ngbe) vi D (mOt vifc gi dd) nlu S dien tft: Hftnh VI (i) Sy vui mimg ddi vdi vifc H dalAmD; 51 bi qui chilu bdi mOt khdng gian vAn hoA xA hOi rOng Tinh tiiin "Tdn su trgng dgo" cua cA dAn tOc cOng vdi (ii) Y mudn IA H tin tudng ring tniylntiidngNho giAo vdn sAn tdn vinh S vui miing vi S dA lAm; vai ttd ngudi thiy khiln ngudi thiy (iii) Y mudn ring phAt ngdn cfla ludn d vi tri dOc tdn Trong tivc quyin thoA mAn mOt nhu ciu xA hOi lye "Qudn su phy" ngudi tiiiy chi IA ngudi ta cin bilu 10 sy vui mimg vl diing sau vua vA cha Khdng nhftng till, nhflng dilu tdt nhu lAm mOt cAi gi dd; bAn thAn ngudi thiy cflng cd uu thl (uii) Y muon ring H coi phAt ngdn giao tilp tuyft ddi so vdi hpc sinh B6 cua S nhu IA vifc thoA mfln nhu ciu nAy." chfnh IA vi thl tudi tAc, vi thl trinh dO, vi till nghi nghifp Chfnh bdi cAnh Cy till hem, HV khen dugc Spl giao tiep dflc thfl nAy dA qui dinh cAch (ngudi ndi) thyc hifn Spl nhfln xdt hAnh xft mang tfnh khudn mlu buOc dAnh gift vl X, X cd till IA vflt vifc, dflc cAtiiiyvAtidphAi tuAntiieo.CAc HVNN dilm thuOc Spl, hoflc Sp2 (ngudi tilp ndi chung vA HV khen ndi ridng diu nh$n) hoflc cfta ngdi thft ba nAo dd bi "Anh xg" bdi hoAn cAnh giao tilp Iheo Spl nghi till X IA tdt IAtichcyc, nAy Tren ldp hpc, ngudi thyc hifn HV vA Spl ndi cho Sp2 bilt sy hAi ldng khen chfl ylu IA giAo vidn, ddi tugmg cua mftih vl X Ngudi ta cd thl khen tilp nhfln ldi khen IA hpc sinh; nOi dung bing cAc hAnh vi ngdn ngft (HVNN) khen IA cAc mftc dO nhfln thftc cua hpc hoflc bing nhftng HV phi ngdn ngft sinh, cAc hogt dOng Udn quan den quA Trong bAi vilt nfty, chiing tdi khdng tiinh dgy hpc Trong ngft lifu thu Am cd dilu kifn di sau tit eft cftc kilu khen dupe, chung tdi khdng tim thiy mOt mA ehl tflp trung vfto cAc kilu khen HV khen nAo d vai giao tilp ngupc bing ngdn ngft cfta giAo vidn doi vdi lgi tiic IA ngudi tiiyc hifn HV khen IA sy tilp nlifln kiln thftc cfta hgc sinh hpc sinh, ddi tugng tilp nhgn HV khen ti-dn ldp hpc IA giAo vidn Cd thl Ap lye ngft cAnh 2.1 Dflc dilm ngft cAnh cfla hAnh quft ldn ndn hgc sinh khdng thl thyc vi khen hOi thogi dgy hpc d bflc hifn HV khen ddi vdi giAo vida Trong ngft lifu cd nhflmg HV khentiiuOcvl timng hpc CO sd hpc smh nhung dd IA ldi khen hpc Trudc h i t xdt vl bdi cAnh cua smh dAnh cho Dd IA nhftng HV HV khea Nlu nhu khdng gian khen ngoAi ll, bdnh [diim, ndi chuyfn giao tilp ddi thudng, ldi khen cd tinh ridng bgn ldn bAng nhu: Cha nd "da chilu" ngMa IA HV khentiiuOcvl dfp nhd? Nd tim ddp sd rdi mpi ngudi, ngudi vai eao khen ngudi vai nhanh nhd? hoflc hAn hCiu lim mdi tii^, ngudi vai eao khen ngudi vai eao cd nhflmg HV khen ngoAi ll mA hpc vA ngupc lgitilltrong giaotiepsu pligm, sinh dAnh cho giAo vidn vdi mOt khoAng HV khen cd tinh "don chilu" Tgi cAch tiifin thifn nhu Hdm cd cd vfly? Giao tilp su phgm IA mOt kilu m&i dfp qud! Tuy nhidn, chung giao tilp mang tinh qui phgm dflc thft tdi chi tflptimngvAo nhflmg HV khen Dd IA mOt khdng gian giao tilp h^p 52 Ngdn ngfr sd 10 nftm 2011 lifu ti-dn dfiy Theo kit quft khfto sftt cfla chflng tdi, cd khoAng 48 cflp tiiogi/1 tilt hpc tiong dd cd 29 c9ptiiogikhuyit ldi phftn hdi cfla gifto vidn Trong sd nhftng cflp tiiogi khuyit nftv cd the cd nhflmg budc thogi phftn hoi mft gifto vidn ^ lgi bing cftc HV phi ngdn ngft nhu g$t diu, mhn cudi, Dfiy cflng dugc coi IA mOt kilu ptiAn hdi nhimg dilu kifn tiiu fim khdng cho phdp ghi lgi eft hinh ftnh ndn nhflmg kilu phftn v l vi ti^, HV khen thudng nflm hdi phi ngdn ndi chung vft HV khen tiong td chftc ciia cflp thogi, thuOc vl phi ngdn n6i ridng sd thuOc mOt phgm lugt ldi phftn hdi cfla giAo vidn ddi vdi vi nghidn ciiru khftc Nhu v$y chi cd y kiln trA ldi cfta hgc smh Quan sAt khoftng 19 cflp thogi/1 tilt hgc cd ldi phftn hoi bing ngdn ngft cfta gifto vidn ngft lifu sau: GW: Mdt bgn hdy dgc cho cdphdn ddi vdi cftu trft ldi cfta hpc smh lidn quan din nOi dung bAi hpc, lidn quan din td chiirc cuOc thogi ndn nhflng kilu khen nfty khdngtiiuOcddi tugng khfto sAt cfla chung tdi Nhu vfly nghidn cim HV khen ttong hOi thogi dgy hgc (HTDH) tiic IA chflng tdi chi nghidn cftu ldi khen ciia giAo vidn dftnh cho hpc sinh hpc sinh hoftn thftnh tdt nhifm vy hpc tflp ddu caa vdn bdn! (dng Giudc-danh mdc liphyc, Ngft vfln 7) HS: (xung phong) GV: Cd m&i bgn Phuang! HS: Con thua cd dgc! (E)pc dogn diu) GV: Cd thdy phdn dgc caa bgn Phuang rit tdt diy Bgn dgc rit diln cAm vA rd rAng 22 Vai tr5 cua hAnh vi khen hOi thogi dgy hpc d bflc trung hpc CO sd Trong HTDH, ldi khen cd vai tr6 rit quan trpng Nd vfta thl Iiifn vftn hoft ftng xft tuong tftc gifta gifto vidn vft hpc sinh lgi vfta 1ft cdng cy phyc vy cho hogt dOng dgy hgc Khdng dom tiiuin 1ft HV tdn vmh till difn ngudi tilp nhfln, ldi khen ddi vdi cfiu trft ldi dung cd gift tri "soi dudng" ddi vdi hogt dOng nhfln thftc cfta hpc smh, IA Trong ngft Ufutidn,HV khen nim d budc thogi hdi dftp - budc thogi cd dOng lye tftc d ( ^ tich cyc tdi lipc sinh, vaitirddAnh ^A hogt dOng hpc tflp cfla giup cftc em vCtaig tm hon vdi nhftng hpc sinh Bflt diu IA budc thogi din kiln thuDC mft ntinh Unh hOi, khftm phA nhflp cfla gifto vidn gdm mOt HV ydu dugc Trong dgy hgc hifn dgi, Id nflng oj^ (Mdt bam hdy dgc cho cd phdn ddu tuong tftc gifta gifto vidn vft hgc suih caa vdn bdn) vft mOt HV dilu khiln rit dugc coi trgng, ( ^ bift 1ft cftch tiiftc (Cd m&i bgn Phuang) Tilp dd IA budc gifto vidn d ^ lgi ldi cfta hpc sinh Theo tiiogi phftn hdi cfla hgc smh gdm HV Flauder (1965X cftch tiiftc nfty tftc dOng xin phdp (Con thua cd dgc!) Cudi rit mgnh din sy phftt triln ty ^ thftc, cftng 1ft budc tiiogi nhfln xdt dftnh gift thfti dO hpc tflp vft quan hf hgc t§p cfla cfla gifto vidn vl vifc dpc cfla Iv^ sinh hgc smh Chinh vi v|iy, khen ludn IA lAHV nhfln xdt khen (Cd th^ phdn mOt nhflng HV mft gifto vidn lya dgc caa bgn Phuang rat tdt ddy Bgn chgn sft dyng vft cin phfti tiiudng xuydn dgc rdt dien cdm vd rd rdng) sft dyng bdi Id quft trinh nh|in thftc cfla Tuy nhidn, khdng {diAi lflc nfto ciu hgc sinh gin chflt vdi quft tiinh tfim U trflc tiao ddi gifla gifto vidn vft hpc sinh Mft vifc tilp nhfln tri thflpc khdng phAi cflng diy dft ba lugt ldi nhu cftc ngft IA quft trinh dom giftn Cftc ctrng b$c Hftnh vi 53 kiln tiiftc tft dl din khd, tft don giftn din phflc tgp,tiicy till dintiftutugng ludn IA nhChig thAch thurc ddi vdi mdi hpc sinh LA hpc sinh cd Id cflng cftm nh|in dugc gift tri to ldn mft ldi khen mang lgi MOt ldi khen dflng luc vft dflng myc cd tftc dyng khfch If rit ldn ddi vdi hgc smh quft trinh hgc tflp vA ngugc lgi Theo quan dilm cfla cAc nhA gifto dye hgc, ldi khen cin phfti dugc thyc hifn khi: Trong mdi quan hf vdi phuomg phftp dgy hgc, HV khen 1ft "phdp tiift" nflng lye su phgm cfla gifto vidn LA mOt ylu td thuOc vl phuong phftp dgy hgc, khen xdt cho cflng 1ft mOt cAch thftc dAnh giA CJiAo vidn IA ngudi chfl dOng tiong vifc dAnh giA kit auA nhfln tiiftc cfla hpc sinh Nlu cho didm tiiidn vl dinh lugmg tiii vifc dAnh giA qua HV khen chd dugc coi IA dinh tfah DAnh giA auA trinh hgc tflp khdng cW cin tWit ddi vdi hgc sinh mA nd cflng 1) Hgc smh dftp ftng tdt ydu ciu rit quan trgng ddi vdi mdi giAo vidn dgy hpc, hoAn thAnh cdng vifc, cd kit diimg ldp GiAo vidn tiiudng khen quft r3 rAng Khi dugc tilp nhfln ldi kW hpc sinh Wlu bAi, kWtiftIdi dflng khen cftc em sd nhfln thunc sAu sic hon, cfiu hdi, kW hoAn thAnh nWfm vy hpc cAm nhfln diy dft hem, dAnh giA dflng tflp DA cd nWlu cdng tiinh ngWdn din hon quft tiinh vft kit quft hgc tflp curu vl tim quan ttpng cfla ldi khen cfla minh mA giAo vidn dAnh cho hpc sinh Tuy 2) Hpc sinh dangtimlgi dugc dOng vfiy qua kit quft khfto sAt chflng tdi tiiiy CO hgc tflp, hoflc dang cfti thifn duoc sd lugmg hAnh vi khen rit kWdm tdn tinh Wnh hgc tflp Ldi khen nhu "Udu CW cd 87 HV khen ttong 24 tilt hpc tiiudc" gi^) cftc em hftng thu hem, say tftc IA cW cd khoAng 3,6 hAnh vi khen/ md hon vdi vifc tilp nhfln kiln tiiflc tilt hpc Cd till so sAnh vdi sd HVNN 3) C ^ em hgc sinh cdn nhd tudi mft gifto vidn thudng sft dyng ttong 24 (tiidi mim non, tudi thilu nidn) tilt hpc d bAng dudi dAy: STT HAnhvi Hdi Ydu ciu Thdng tin CWdinh Ggi^ Khen Che DOng vidn Chip nhfln Tdng sd HV Trong ciu true cfta cflp thogi dgy hpc, vl mflt U tiiuylt, HV hdi, HV ciu kWin, HV tift ldi vft HV dAnh gift phfti cd sd lugng tuong duong HV hdi Sd lugmg 875 589 525 702 183 87 79 53 487 3580 Ti If (%) 24,5 16,5 14,7 19,6 5,1 2,4 2,2 1,4 13,6 100% vft HV ciu kWlntiiuOc budctiiogikhdi phftt cua gifto vidn, HV trft ldi thuOc budctiiogihdi dftp, HV dAnh giAtiiuOc budctiiogiphAn l^i Ba budc thogi nAy 54 Ngdn ngflr ad 10 nftm 2011 tgo ndn ciutiftchoAn chinh cfla cflp tiiogi vfla phft hpp vdi umg xft su phgm lgi vfla dgy hgc VA nhu vfly, HV khen - chd kWch If sy sftng tgo say md hpc t$p cfla phAi cd sd lugmg tucmg duomg vdi HV cftc em hpc sinh mdi 1ft dilu quan tr^ig tift ldi vA HV d £ nhflp Song,tidntiiyc Vdi hpc sinh THCS, Ifta tudi nfty cftc tl, qua kit quA khfto sftt hftnh vi khen em vin cin nhCtng ldi dOng vidn kWch cW cWim mOt sd lugmg khidm tdn, If vft nhung lgi khdng nhit tiiilt phfti 87/ 3580 HVNN dugctiidngkd Theo khen nggi tiyc tilp nWlu nhu cftc em chflng tdi, ti If nAytiiykWdm tdn nhung hgc sinh tilu hpc Ndi cftch khftc, khen IA hpp U bdi HV khentfiuOcvl umg xft cflng 1ft mOt cWin luge giao tilp cua dgy hpc cdn mOt sd HVNN khAc tiiuOc gifto vidn THCS vl phuong phAp dgv hpc Phuong phftp 2.3 Midu tft hftnh vi khen ttong dgy hpc IA ylu t6 cot lditionghogt dOng hOi thogi dgy hgc d bflctimnghpc CO sd dgy hpc Mflt khAc, mflc dft chflng ta Nlu nhu HV hdi hay HV ciu khiln khdng phfl nhfln vl vaiti:dcfla ldi khen ddi vdi tfim U ngudi hpc vft ddi vdi quft dugc gifto vidn chuin bi sftn trdn gifto trinh dgy hpc nhung gifto vidn cflng An tft d nhfttillkhen 1ft HV "dOi«" dupe khdng ndn Igm dyng HV khea Vl mflt nfty smh j^iy thuOc vfto cfiutiftldi cfla tAm U,tidnthyc tl cflng cd nhu ciu hgc sinh tgitiidid&im diln cuOc tuong dugc thira nhfln, dugc tdntixpngvft cftc tftc Theo khfto sftt cfta chung tdi, tfly em hgc sinh rit vui kW nhftng cd ging vAo phuong tifn ngdn ngft bilu dgt HV ciia minh dugc thiy cd khen nggi khen mft cdtillchia ratiiAnh2 kilu khen Nhung nlu khen khdng dung sd phftn 1ft khen trye tilp vft khen giftn ti^ tAc dyng Tren thyc tl, neu ldi khen dua 2.3.1 Hftnh vi khen trye tilp tfly tifn khdng nhting khdng mang HV khen ttyc tilp 1ft HV khen cd lgi giA tii dOng vidn mft cdn lAm nWlu quA trinh hpc t^ Vft hAnh vi khen dugc sy i^ft hgp giifai Wfu lye d ldi vdi Wnh thyc Wfn trAn lan tW mdi eft nhfin sd thurc cfiu chft dl bilu thi chung khdng thiy sy nd lye cfla minh dug^: (la) Cd tuyen duang ldp minh vi gW nhfliL DA tdn tgi y kiln cho ring ldp minh dd tham gia rdt nhft iinh vdo gifto vidn khdng ndn khen hay chd hgc phdn trdc nghifm viia rdi sinh Thyc day IA quan nifm rit cyc (2a) Cd khen cd ldp minh doan bdi hpc sinh rit ( ^ nhftng ldi phAn (3a) Cd biiu duang tinh thdn hgc hditiigifto vien vl kit quA nhflntiiftccfla tdp ciia td minh Nd khdng cW dom thuin IA ldi Cftc phAt ngdntidndiu Ift HV khen dOng vidn mA "nd cdn cho phdp ngudi tiyc tilp cd Wfu lye d ldi 1ft khen nggi hgc cAm nhgn dugc Wfu quA cfla nhftng hgc smh vl mOt d$c dilm nfto dd gl hpc sAn sinh nhu mOt sy cW din hgc tflp mfttiieogifto vidn 1ft dftng khen cho hAnh dOng tix)ng tuong lai" (dt Hinhtiiftccfiu chft dl bilutil)HV khen Wajnrub, 2001) Theo chflng tdi, ddi ttyc tilp phfti cd dilu kifn bit buOc: vdi mdi gifto vidn, khen qufttiinhnhfln 1) Cd chfta cftc dOng tft ngft vi tiiftc cfla hpc sinh 1ft mOt vifc khdng don "khen" nhu: khen, tdn thdnh, biiu giftn Sft dyng HV khen doi vdi hpc sinh IA cin tiiilt nhung khen nhu till nfto dl duang, chuc mimg 2) DOng tft ngft vi phfti dugc sft Hftnh vi 55 dyng dflng Wfu lye ngft vitiicIA d ^ tft ngft vi phfti dugc diing d thdi Wf n tgi vA chfl thl cfla HV khen phfti d ngdi tiift nhit, ngudi dugc khen d ngdi thft hai Bilu thftc ngft vi khen trye tilp d dgng diy dft cd ciu true nhu sau: S p l + V + Sp2 + X Spl Cd V Sp2 Trong dd: - Spl: chfl till hAnh vi khen - Sp2: ddi tugng tilp nhfln ldi khen V: dOng tft ngft vi khen X: nOi dung mfnh de (thudng IA vifc mA Sp2 lAm) X tuyen chrang ldp minh vi l&p minh dd tham gia rdt nhiit tinh vdo phdn trdc nghiim vira rdi nhung nhd ngft cAnh hoAn toAn cd thl khdi phyc lgi dugc Kilu khen trye tilp nAy cd I dgng biln thl IA ddi tugmg Sp2 ldng nOi dung khen nhu tiif dy 3a Xdt vl ThAnh tdtiiftnhit bilu thftc mflt ciutimetillwlu thftc nfty cd tiiAnh ngft vi khen trye tilp IA chfl thl HV td nhung vl mflt thdng tm tW dAy IA khen - Spl (Trong HTDH tiii tiiudng mOt bilu thftc diy dft bdi ddi tugng IA gifto vidn) Dgi tft xung hd cfla Spl khen dugc bilu thi ^kt hgp ttong nOi tiiudng 1ft: cd, thdy, tdi Qaan sAt ngft Ufu, chung tdi nhfln thiy Spl ludn ludn dung khen: tinh thdn hgc tgp (ciia) td Nhu vfly, ngoAi ciu tnic diy dft, c6 mflt ciu trflc cfla HV khen HV khen ttyc tilp cd till d dgng khuyit tiyc tilp tWiu tftc IA cd thl tinh luge mOt sd Thftnh td tiift hai tiong bilu tiiftc thAnh td nAo dd, ching hgn thih luge ngft vi khen trye tilp 1ft dOng tft ngft ddi tugng tilp nhfln ldi khen hoflc thih vi khen,tiiftnhtd nfty cflng khdng dugc luge nOi dung khen Nhflmg thAnh td phdp ving mflt cdn lgi buOc phAi cd ciutimeHV ThAnh td tiift ba IA tilp till HV khen trye tilp Khen IA HV dAnh giA khen - Sp2: dd IA mOt hgc siWi hay mOt mang tfnh Ueh sy mOt ngft cAnh tflp till (nhdm, td, cA ldp ) Sp2 cd giao tilp quy thftc ndn giAo vidn - chu till dumg sau dOng tft ngft vi khen nhu Af dy la ho$c