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VAI NET VE Sir PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUG TREN BAN DAO HAN THOI TAN LA THONG NHAT NGUYIN NGOC QUE* '''' f f Tom tat Tdn La dd thdng nhdt ba nuac trin Bdn ddo Hdn vd lap nen nhd nude Tdn La thdng nhdt Day cung l[.]
VAI NET VE Sir PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUG TREN BAN DAO HAN THOI TAN LA THONG NHAT NGUYIN NGOC QUE* ' f f Tom tat: Tdn La dd thdng nhdt ba nuac trin Bdn ddo Hdn vd lap nen nhd nude Tdn La thdng nhdt Day cung la nhd nude ddu tiin md phdng, xdy dung trirang Qude hoc theo kiiu trudng Qude tir gidm ciia nhd Duang Thai ky ndy nin gido due cdng lap chinh thirc duac hinh thdnh bin cgnh sir tdn tgi ciia hi thong truang lu thuc Ciing nha cd sir thdnh lap trudng Qude hoc md Nho gido duac di cao han vd triiu dinh bdt ddu to chuc khoa eir di tuyen chon nhdn /«/ cho ddt nude Trong khudn kho cd hgn, bdi viet ndy xin de cap nhirng nit tieu biiu nhdt vi tinh hinh gido due thai Tdn La thong nhdt trin Bdn ddo Hdn Tir khoa: Giao due Ban dao Han, Tan La, Khoa c\x, Hoa Lang dao C udi thdi Tam Qude, nha nude Tan La dilm qua mdt vai net vl tinh hinh chinh trj, ( f lire eao nhat la nha vua, dudi vua la Chdp Su Bd C^^]-^), dudi Chdp Sir Bp la eae quan lai cai quan chau (mdi nudc thdi y f Tam Qude cd chau), dudi chau chia cac quan, huyen, nhd han nira la eae thdn O eae dja phuang trpng yeu cho dat tieu kinh vdi tu each la khu vue hanh chinh dac biet va dat quan cai trj He thdng quan Iai cai quan cac cap bd may nha nudc thdi Tan La cd the thay nhu sau: ngudi dung dau Chap Sir Bd la thi trung (^1 ^ ) V j quan nhan lenh cua nha vua xir ly cac cdng viec ve hanh chinh va chju trach nhiem ve qude chinh Neu nhu thdi Tam Qude td chuc Hda Bach Hdi Nghi (S}-^5l ^ ) dai dien cho tang ldp qui tpc f t f t f di vao ndi dung cu the, chung ta hay kha phat trien thi den thdi ky nd bj thu hep lai va ngudi dung dau cua td chirc la 'ThS, Giang vien khoa Dong phuong hoc, Dai hoc Da Lat thirang dai ddng Trinh Huy Hoa, 2004, Doi thoai vai cac nen van hoa Triiu Tien NXB Tre, tr 34 NGHIEN CGfU DONG BflC SO 9(127) 9-2011 , i "^ , ( ^ ^ c f l ^ ) CUng khdng CO , , ^ r.^ • , ^^ nhieu quycn luc nhu tfuoc nua Tai cac chau 59 Nghien citu khoa hoc cd cac quan lai dja phuang cai qu^n va cdc thdn thi trudng thdn dirng dau Rieng c^c tilu kinh vdi tu each la cac khu vue hanh chinh dac biet nen nha nudc da cir mpt sd qui tde trung uong va nhirng qui tpc Cao Cu Le va Bach T I CU din eai quan r v^ng, bac, nhan sam v.v va nhap tir nha Dudng ve nhirng thir nhu san pham cdng nghe, sach, quan ao, dd lua cao cap Thdi ky nay, cac cang bien rat phat trien, dac biet la cang bien Uy San (-i:^ thugmg, Qu6c Thdy giao day va quan li trudng Qude hpc hoc) la eae vi quan lai triiu Ngudi dirng ' iVclpquan thoi Tan La: (i) Kp/7fl/xfl«(f?(Jc/6); (2) r ^i , , V -J 'u -1^ 11 (7}\ xan{\f'i^);{y)Tapxan(M'i^);{^)Batrmxan{W.Wl^\ dau truang Quoc hpc gpi la quan khanh (^^), dudi quan khanh la mpt so vi quan bac si ^^^ ^^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^.^^,^^^^ (^-.^-^^y^^^^ Saxan{fpm;i9) Cdp phat xan{mrm; m^}), tragidoi^JiL), vi dgi xd i^^}), (lo) Ogi ngi ma ( A ^ M ) ; ( l l ) Ngi ma ( ^ f t ) ; (12) Dgi vi quan su i^}) Din thdi vua Canh Dire, NGHIEN C(]fU DONG BflC, SO 9(127) 9-2011 xd (A^); (13) ^a tri «^^); (14) Cdt sT(,^±); (15) Dgi (XM); (16) Tiiu (d\t); (17) Tgo vi (itfi) 61 Nghien citu khoa hoc thdy eae quan lai cdp thdp tir cap Ihir 12 trd di nlu mudn thang cdp thi phai hpc vii lot nghiep ky thi tai trudng (^uoc hpc - Thdi gian vd cdc mdn hoc Trong Tam Quoc sir ky ed doan vicl: '' Trudng Qude hpc cd cac mdn hpc sau: ("hu dich Ihirpng thu, Mao thi, Lc ki, Xuan thu bdc sT, y hoc bdc si phdp lenh bdc sTva eae Irgr gido tren cac ITnh vue dc day cac mdn hpc ve 'ThicMi van, Ddng hd nudc, Y hoc, Phap luiit Nhirng bdc ^r thude nhirng ITnh vue dai da sd deu la nhirng ngudi da di du hoc ve nhirng chuyen nganh dd d nha Dudng Ta thj truyen Van tuyen Nhung mdn hpc dupe day truimg mpl ciieh nghiem khac Cd mdt vi bac si, mpt vj trp giao day ciic mdn nhu: Le ki, Chu djeh, Luan ngir, Hieu kinh hoac day Xuan thu tii truyen, Mao thi Luan ngu-, Hieu kinh hoac day Thupng thu, Luan ngii-, Hieu kinh Van tuyen Cdn cd mdt vj bac sT loan hpc va mdt vj trp giao day vc Chuc kinh, Tam khai, Ciru chuong, Luc chuong Thdi gian hpc la nam Nhirng trudng hpp hpc sinh yeu kem khdng theo hpc dupe se bj dudi hpc, nhien, neu thay hpc sinh yeu dd cd tai nang dac biet thi ed the cho hpc ban nam "^ Nhu vay, cd the thay thdi gian hpc tai trudng Qude hpc la nam Nhirng hpc sinh ed tai nang dac biet thi dii nang lire hpc cd chut yeu kem khdng theo dupe thi vdn cd co hdi dupe xem xet cho hpc vdi thdi gian dai ban nam Cae mdn hpc trudng Qude hpc dupe chia lam ban: thir nhdi, Lc ki, Chu djch, Luan ngii-, Hieu kinh: thu hai, Xuan thu ta truyen, Mao thi, Luan ngir, Hiiu kinh; thir ba, Thupng thu, Luan ngu- Hiiu kinh, van tuyIn; thu tu, Chul kinh, Tam khai, Ciru chuong; Lue chuong Den thdi vua Canh Dire, nam thir (747), cae mdn hpc trudng Qude hpc dupe md rdng ban Nha vua cho tuyIn them cac chuc quan tren cac ITnh vue khac nhu: chu nghiep bdc si, thien vdn bdc sT, lau khde Khoa cir tgi trirang Qude hoc: I trudng Qude hpc, sau ket thiic qua trinh hpc, eae hpc sinh phiii tham du mdt ky thi tdt nghicp mang ten ''Ddc thir tam phdm khoa'' hay ki thi cdn dupe gpi vdi ten khae la: "Doc thu xudt thdn khoa" Day la mdt dang che dp khoa eir dupe dat dudi thdi vua Nguyen Thanh (TI^^^O 785-798) nam thir (788) Cac mdn thi dupe chia theo pham cap va cd ba cap la pham Irung pham va thupng pham Cac thi sinh dpc, biet thdng thao cac mdn: Khiic le Hieu kinh thi dat dupe cap pham: dpc, bicl thdng thao Khuc lc, Hieu kinh, Luan ngir thi dat cap trung pham vii dpc, biet thdng thao Xuan thu ta truyen, Ld ki Van tuyen, Luan ngir, Hieu kinh dat ciip thuirng phiim NIU cd kha nang thdng thao ca Ngu kinh, Tam sir, Chu Tiir Bach gia thu thi dupe liet vao hang dac phdm Nhu \ ii\' ta cd thi thdy rdng giao due Nho hpc tren Ban dao Han din thdi ky da phat trien horn mdl budc so vdi thdi Tam Qude Thdi Tam Qude ca ba nudc da co nhung anh hudng Nho giao nhdt djnh va d Cao Cii Le da lap trudng Thai hpc dl dao tao quan lai cho triiu dinh va day dupe xem nhu thdi ky sa khai cua sir phat triln Nho hpc tren Ban dao Han Nhung thdi Tam Qude van chua cd cac ky thi cho nhirng ngudi hpc trudng Thai hpc Sau Tan La dat cac ky thi cho cac nho sinh hpc d trudng Quoc hpc thi day mdi la mdc f ^ Nhu chli thich s6 62 NGHIEN CCJTU D6NG B^C sd 9(127) 9-2011 Nghien citu khoa hoc chinh thire danh dau vice thi cir de chpn quan lai cho trieu dinh he thdng trudng day Nho giao Tuy vay, giao due Nho hpc cling nhu che dp khoa eir thdi ky Tiin La thdng nhat eung ehi la "giai dogn qud do" cho sir phat trien rue rd eiia nen giiio due Nho hpc tren Ban dao Him \ao cac thai ky sau dd Bdi den thdi k\ nin dii cho da ed ky thi "Ddc thu tam phdm khoa" thi nhung ngirdi dd dat ky thi eung ehi dupe phong nhirng ehire quan nhat djnh vao thdi Tiin La thdng nhiit che dp edt pham viin dupe coi trpng, trieu dinh chi ed nhung ngirdi thude tiing Idp thdnh cdt vii chdn cdt mdi Iil nhung ngudi cd dja \ i eao vii quan trpng trieu Ddi tupng dupe vao hpc trudng Qude hpc chu yeu tap trung vao tiing ldp quan lai luc ddu phdm cho nen nhirng ddi tupng du ki thi nil) va dat lam quan cung chu yeu la nhung quan lai thude tiing ldp luc ddu phdm Tuy vay sau nay, sd Iupng ngudi di du hpc d nha Dudng \'l tang, tam quan trpng ciia trudng Qude hpc giam di eho nen chdt Iupng cua ki thi ddc thu tam phdm khoa cung giam theo 2.2 Ca quan gido due tir thuc - Truang hoc: Ben canh sir tdn lai cua trudng Qude hpc, thdi Tan La thdng nhdt edn mdt td chirc dupe xem nhu trudng tu thuc la td chirc Hoa Lang dao Day chinh la td chirc giao due eho cac nien em qui tde chan cdt cua nha nudc Tan La tir thdi Tam Qude Hoa Lang Dao chinh thirc dupe nha nudc cdng nhan sir boat ddng vao thdi vua chan Hung (^^•i^: 540-576) Dii khdng phai la mdt hinh thirc trudng hpc cua nha nude lap nhung nd mang tinh chdt cua mdt co quan giao due va gdp phdn khdng nhd vao cdng NGHIEN CflfU DONG BfiC, SO 9(127) 9-2011 eude diio tao, tuyen chpn nhan tai giup nha nudc Tan La thdng nhat dupe Tam Qude Ngay nay, khdng cdn nhu'ng tai lieu ghi chep ve nhung dja diem eu the ma cac hoa lang diing lam noi day hpc cua td chirc Hoa Lang nhung cac nha nghien ciru eiia Han Qude da dua tren nhung qui djnh ve than phan eiia cac lang dd ehii yeu la xuiit than tir cm qui tde thude tang Idp chan cdt va mdt bd phan la tang lu, sau cdn thu nap ea thudng dan sdng d kinh dd Khanh Chau {^]n') eho nen hp phdng doan rang dja diem trudng cd the d thu dd va viee tu luyen la d nhirng viing nui ndi tieng tai thu dd nhu Nam San d Khanh Chau, Kum Kang San - Ddi tuang dgy vd hoc: Ngudi lanh dao td ehire Hoa Lang Dao la qude tiin (lySlflll), dudi qude tiin ed khoang tir den hoa lang la thieu nien ed tudi ddi tir 13 den 18 tudi, dire dp va dung nghTa Day la nhirng thay day tai Hoa Lang dao Dudi hp la hang tram, hang nghin hpc sinh dupe gpi la lang dd Hoa lang la nhirng ngudi tieu bieu cd xuat than tir tang ldp qui tde Lue ddu, hpc sinh theo hpc d day xuat than la nhiing em tang ldp qui tde nhung sau dd, td chirc phat triln thi da thu nap ca nhirng em dan thudng d thdn tai thu dd Thdi ky phat triln nhat eua Hoa Lang dao la vao thdi vua Chan Binh ( ^ ^ j %: 579-632), tren ca nudc cd din tren Hoa Lang dao cimg tdn tai - Thdi gian vd cdc mdn hoe: Hoa Lang dao dl thdi gian hpc tap va tu luyen cho cac lang dd la nam Nhiirng lang vao hpc tai day se d\xqc ren luyen thi luc, hpc vd nghe va luyen tinh than theo nam nguyen tde dao dire: trung, hieu, tin, dung, nhan Trong dd, dac biet nhan manh ehur "trung" va chu: "tin" Trong thdi gian 63 Nghien citu khoa hoc hpc tap, ed hiing tram, hiing nghin lang tid lu tap Iai, Cling Icn niii hay vao rimg sau lu luycMi Hp eho rang, tu luyc'n mdl khdng gian vdi thien nhien hiing vT nhu vay Iil mdt sir phong luu, thoat tiic vii cd ihc lu luycn dupe Uim thuiil ren luyen dupe true quan Ngoai \iee ren lii\cn \'c the lire vii linh than, ciic lang dd cdn dupe hpc mpl sd mdn nhu van hpc, dia Ii, tin ngirdng (chu yen Iheo Iricl ly dao Phat), hpc hiil nhay miui Hoc hat \ il hpc miia la mdt nhung mdn hoc khdng the thieu eiia cac lang dd Cung bdi quan niem "phong luu" ciia nhung lang dd cho nen sau na\, nhii nude I an La Ihdng nhat lap trudng Qude hpc va id chirc niiy khdng dupe trpng thj nhu trude thi dd la liie td ehire Hoa Lane bat dau thav ddi: Sd lang dd cang it di, \ a boat dpng ciia td ehire nghieng han vc khuynh hudng trd ve vdi thien nhien, vui cimg sdng niii va ca miia dan gian Ngoai ra, cdn ed nguyen nhan nira la vao thdi ky nhung /70c? lang da chju anh hudng sau dam eiia tu tudng "thdn lien" cua dao giao Tinh hinh du hoc Vao thdi Tan La thdng nhat, hien tupng du hpc kha phat trien Thcri ky niiy, mdi quan he giira Tan La vdi nha T)udng phat trien tren nhieu mat nhu chinh trj, kinh tl nen nhieu hpc sinh cua Tan La da sang nhii Dudng du hpc Nhirng hpc sinh ehii ylu la eon em cua tang Idp qui ldc hoac nhirng quan lai cap thap trieu dinh Trong sd nhirng luu hpc sinh dd, da cd khoang 58 ngudi thi qua cae ky thi cua nha Dudng^ * f f Khi ve nudc, hp da nam giir mdt sd chirc ^ NhiSu tac gia, Jeon Hye Kyung-Ly Xuan Chung (dich), (2005), van hpc sir Han Qu6c, NXB Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi, tr 67 64 quan trieu hoac trd ngudi ed anh hudng nhat djnh vice phat trien tir tudng Nho hpc tren Ban dao Han Nhirng ten tudi ndi danh sau di du hpc d nha Dudng ve cd the ke den nhu: Cucmg Thii, Ti^t Thdng hay Thdi Tri Vien v.v Cudng Thii (