NGHIEN cDuQ VAiNETVETHOflKlDAULjCHSUr GIAO DUC NGHE NGHIEP VIET NAM I Oatvande Giio due nghe nghiep (GDNN) l i mdt bd phin quan trpng trong he thdng g i io due qudc d in VI viy, trong nghiin cQu Ijch[.]
NGHIEN cDuQ VAiNETVETHOflKlDAULjCHSUr GIAO DUC NGHE NGHIEP VIET NAM TS VO THi XUAN I.Oatvande Giio due nghe nghiep (GDNN) l i mdt bd p h i n quan trpng he thdng g i i o due qudc d i n VI viy, nghiin cQu Ijch sfl giio due ndi chung cd linh vuc nghiin cflu v l Ijch sQ GDNN, Cic thdi kl p h i t triln cua GDNN ludn g i n liln vdi Ijch sQgiio due chung v i phic hpa rd net tQng budc t i l n cfla trlnh dd sin x u i t cfla eon ngudi, Mpi sp nghiip d i u cd ngudn gdc xuit p h i t v i mang tfnh k l thfla, khdng n i m vflng nhflng bii hgc Ijch sQthl thudng lap lai nhQng sai l i m cQa lich sfl Nhin lai eic thdi kl p h i t triln GDNN Viet Nam (VN), hilu t h i u v i chilm nghiem nhflng b i i hpe Ijch sfl lao ddng kilm sdng cfla ngQdl Viet d l t r i n h lap lai nhung sai ISm v i gdp phin p h i t trien d i n tdc l i tinh c i m v i trich nhiem cfla mdi ngudi Nhu n i n mdng ban d i u cua mdt su nghiip, thdi kl d i u tien cfla tdc Viet lao ddng kiem i n v i truyin day chiu mlnh eich lao ddng da tao nen mdt ^ n h hudng van hda lao dpng v i day nghe cd i n h hudng l i u d i i cho cudc d i u tranh 6i tdn tai v i phit triln cfla d i n tdc GDNN l i mdt khii niem dUpc hilu theo nhilu nghTa v i o die diem tflng giai doan v i bdi cinh lich sfl khic \^ du, thW dai Hung Vuong (2879 TCN258 TCN), ngudi Vilt ed day eho chiu bp tde d c h sin b i t v i h i i lupm b i n g hinh thfle b i t chudc true tilp, c i t h l chua cd chfl v i l t v i khdng day hing loat ngudi; d i n thdi Phip thudc, Ian dau lien GDNN chfnh quy dupc hinh t h i n h d nudc ta, Iflc dd GDNN 6uge gpi la giio due chuyen nghiep, bao gdm cie trUdng day nghe so cip, trung hpc v i trudng cao d i n g d i o tao trung cap (Second degre)[1]; ngiy nay, chung ta hieu GDNN l i he thdng dao tgo n h i n lUc gdm trung cap chuyen nghiip v i day nghi.Tuy nhien, t r i i qua cic giai doan p h i t trien, khii n i l m GDNN ed thay ddi v l m i l quin If v i pham vi song v i n giQ dQng b i n chat la q u i trlnh truyin dgy cieh lao ddng k i l m sdng cfla the he trudc eho t h l h i sau Viti n^t v4 p h i n kl Ijch 5i:r GDNN VN V i n d l p h i n kl Ijch sfl GDNN VN l i mdt ndi dung d i dupe nhieu n h i n g h i i n cflu d l e i p vdi nhilu quan diem khie Sdm n h i t l i n h i sflhpc Duong Trung qudc v i Duong Kinh Qudc [4] nhutig hai t i c g i i n i y chi trinh b i y dgng su k i l n - b i l n nidn sQ; k l d i n l i t i l lilu Uch sfl Dai hpc v i Trung hpc chuyin nghiip Vilt Nam cfla nhdm nghiSn cflu L I Van GIgng (chfl biin), Nguyin Duoc, Nguyin Hoic, Nguyin Tfly[3] nhung cung chl p h i n kl lich sfl GDNN VN tfl 1945 d i n 1985 Trong b i i v i l t niy, chung tdi eho ring Ijch sfl GDNN VN chia l i m ba thdi ki chlnh va trinh b i y them eosd s u p h i n kl niy Quan dilm eua cie n h i nghien cQu q u i trinh phit triln GDNN tren the gidi thl eo ciu GDNN phit trien theo su hinh thinh co ciu lao dpng xa hdi Tuy nhien, CO ciu lao ddng xa hdi cua mdi nUde lai duoc thay ddi dudi tic ddng cua eie y i u td chung nhit bao gPm: c h l dp chfnh tri, cie cudc eich mang eong nghe, kinh t l - xa hpi, truyin thdng v l giio due cua d i n tpc v.v., Nhung v i n dyng cu t h l vao thuc tien GDNN VN eic yeu id niy cdn the hien da dang, dac thu neng Mat khie, q u i trinh p h i t trien GDNN VN can cd sU k l thda v i phit trien cie quan d i l m , eic eong trinh v l q u i trinh phit trien GDNN da cd trudc cda mpt sd eic t i c g i i nudc v i ngoai nude Su phin kl cfla lich sfl phii can cfl vio b i n t h i n phit trien cfla sU kien mdi quan he chat che vdi sU p h i t trien chung song khdng liy sU phin ki chung lam phan kl cu the eho mdi ddi tupng, Moi thdi ki phii la mpt sU kien quan trpng, co bin, cd die trUng lam thay ddi veebdt, subien ddi npi tai CLia GDNN DUa vao nhflng can cQtren, tie g i i phan kl GDNN VN nhu sau: - Thdi kl GDNN VN tU phat (2879 TCN - 1858), bao gdm hai giai doan; Giai doan truyen n g h i kiiu bat chudc (2879 TCN -111 TCN) v i giai doan truyen n g h i kiiu phUdng hpi (111 TCN - 1858); -Thdi kl GDNN ehinh quy (1858 - 1975), bao gdm hai giai doan: Giai doan GDNN bUde dau hinh thinh (1858 -1945) thUe dan Phip x i m lupc nude ta nhu cau khai thic khoang san va ndng san, can sQc lao dpng cfla ngUdi dan nude thudc dia, Phip budc phai m d e a c l d p d a o t a o t h p c o k h i , thpthu cdng v.v; tfl Iflc niy, h i thdng day nghe b i t dau hinh thinh theo p h i p c h l v i quy cu - He thdng GDNN VN chfnh quy bude dau hinh thanh, Giai doan GDNN khang chiln chdng Phip v i Mi (1945 -1975): Chu quyen dde l i p d i n tde thudc v l nhan dan Viet Nam Nin GDNN chfnh quy thUc sucfla ngudi Vilt Nam mdi dupe cung e d v i p h i t trien; -Thdi klGDNNVN p h i t trien(1975-2010), bao gdm giai doan: Glal dogn bao cip (1975 -1986), giai dogn md cfla (1986 - 2000) v i giai doan phat trien (2001-2011); d i n tdcWIt Nam bat dau khdi phue v i phit triln kinh te, GDNN dupe quan tam hdn v i gifl mdt vj trf quan trpng su nghiip phat trien nhan lUc de thUc hien cdng nghiip hda, hlln dai hda dat nUdc S - T H A N G 6/2012* 37 Iffll NGHIENCHIU Sa 66 phdn k\ qud trlnh phdt triin GDNN VN Cc/cSu lao d^ng Nlin ainTCN m TCN-> 1858 Glal dogn truyen nqhl kllu b i t chudc Glal do9n truyin nqhl kllu phu&nq hdi Thdl kl hinh thdnh GDNN VN chfnh quy Cdng trUfrng thit cdng - b i n ctf Cdng trUffng thu c6ng cd h o i Tien cdng nghiep 1858 >1945 Glal dogn GDNNVN budrc diu hinh thinh 1945-^1975 Glal dogn GONN VN \dn I4n cuPc khing chiln ching Phip v i chdng Mi Thdi kl GDNN VN phdt triin - GDNN VN giai doan bao cj(p(1975 -1986) 1975-*^ 2011 - GDNN VN giai doan md cfla (1986 - 2000) -GDNNVN giai doan p h i t trien (2001-2011) Cic thdl kl eua Ijch sfl GDNN VN cd t h l tdm t i t nhu bing tren Nhflng n i t d i e trUng t h d i kl GDNN VN tU p h i t (2879 TCN-1858) Thdi kl n i y bao gdm hai giai doan: 3.1 Giai dogn truyin nghi kieu bit ehudc Cin cfl v i o hinh t h i i lao dpng k i l m sdng v i co c i u td chflc biy d i n cCia ngudi Viet cd cung vdi nhflng di chf khio ed co t h l goi v i n h o i lao dpng thdi ki n i y l i hinh thfle b i t ehudc tu nhiln (Unconscious Imitation) Die d i l m cdng cy lao ddng k i l m sdng cfla ngudi vupn dat Viet lue bay gid la loai hinh cdng cu n g h l o n i n , ki thuat ghe deo thd so tren nguyin l i l u d i gdc, 6it cudi Do nhu cau tim thQc i n d l sdng, ngudi vupn phii sQ dyng va b i t chudc due deo dung cu thd so d l nem, tat, sin b i t thfl va h i i lupm t r i i ciy Giai doan keo d i i tfl 30 d i n van nam TCN (tfl thdi dd d i cd d i n cudi thdi dd da glfla kl t h u i t m i l ddi) D i n dan, eo ciu lao dpng chin nudi, trdng trpt hinh,thQ cdng nghiep p h i t t r i l n d i n mfle tinh vl, d i l u luyen; truyen n g h i chuyin t h i n h dang b i t chudc cd y IhQe (Conscious Imitation) Xa hon, tinh dieu luyin the hien t r l n eic sin p h i m dl ehl b i n g ddng, gdm eua n i n v i n h o i Quynh V i n cho d i n Ddng Son da chflng td phii cd kiiu truyin n g h i k i m c^p, chpn Ipc mdi trao chuyin dupc cic kl n i n g tinh vi Cic n g h i thu cdng chu yeu sin x u i t tgi eic gia dinh cdng xa ndng nghiip, chUa di d i n dang chuyin mdn h o i cQa cdng xudng, Sau ngiy mua ndng nghiip, mdt sd c i nhin hoae gia dinh l i m them eic n g h i gdm, d i t , dd go, son, dan lit, Ndi b i t cd n g h i due ddng, luy^n kim p h i t t r i l n cao den thdi ki Ddng Son d i trd t h i n h mdt nginh sin x u i t dde lip, t i c h khdi ndng nghi|p v i cd d i l u kien chuin bj t i i n I l n cdng xUdng Tit e i If tren l i b i n g chflng cho t h i y rd sudt thdi kl l$p qudc cua ngfldi Vilt cd (2879 TCN-111 KN) d i truyin 38*KHOAH9CGUODVC n g h i dfldi hinh t h i i b i t chudc v i kern e|p e i t h l 3.2 Glal dogn truyin nghi kiiu pbudng h^ (crafts men's guild trade) (111 TCN-1858) Thdi kl phong k i l n keo d i i g i n 20 t h l kKtiflU TCN din 1858) Trln co sd II l u i n cfla vile phin kl qui trinh p h i t t r i l n GDNN thl k l l u truyen n g h i phUdng hdi d V i l t Nam d i k l o d i i tfl 257TCN d i n 1858.Tn/6c bi Phong k i l n phuong Bic x i m chiem (111 TOI), xa hdi Viet Nam d i b i t d i u ed sU phan h o i giai cip Tfnh c h i t e i n h i n cfla phuong thfle sin xuit t^iln n i n tu hflu t i i s i n d i n d i n n i y nd Tren co sd dd, si/ p h i n h o i giai d p n g i y c i n g siu Co c i u x i hdlVi^t Nam thdi ki n i y ed tfnh c h i t phfle tgp, ddng thdi vdi CO c i u lao ddng thdi kl n i y chfl y i u i i c i tiilthO cdng v i hi^p t i e g i i n dcm D i n t h l kl thfl n i m vile s i n x u i t b i t d i u ed tfnh d i y chuyin tflc l i hinh CO c i u lao ddng k l l u cdng trudng thfl cdng Chlnh eo c i u lao ddng n i y da cho ta t h i y hinh thfle truyin n g h i thdi kl phong k i l n Vilt Nam l i kern cip theo k i i u phUdng hdi Cic n g h i thfl cdng phit triin manh cd nhilu thp dat mfle tinh x i o nhu nghe dit, dfle binh khi, ddng t h u y i n c h i l n v.v H i ndi - 36 phUdng - mdt d i u tich minh chflng eho CO ciu lao ddng phUdng hpi rSt sdm cfla ngudi W i t Nam Thdl Lf - Trin d Thing Long hinh t h i n h 61 phUdng Thdl t i l n L I Thing Long (Iflc dd l i Ddng Dd) dope chia t h i n h 36 phUdng, dd l i nhflng phudng hdi sin xutit v i budn b i n Khdi niim 'PhUdng' thdi U- Tr&n l i mdt bd p h i n thu^c trung t i m thuong mgi Idn, da hinh t h i n h tflthdrt ki Bic thudc l i n thfl n h i t Ling nghlthO cdng x u i t h i i n d k h i p vQng ndng thdn tfl XhiA Tran (Idng Mo Ldi- Idng ndn Id) Mdt sd trung t i m diinh tri, kinh t l Idn da hinh t h i n h v i cOng l i trung t i m bufln b i n nhU: Long Bien (Hd Bdc) da dupc td chflc theo phudng PhUdng thudng dupc dinh hinh bdi nhflng ngUdi cflng l i m n g h i , sdng chung hoae g i n nhau, NGHIEN cihj C Q cCing s i n x u i t mpt sin p h i m hoae cic bp p h i n lien quan den sin p h i m Moi l i n g cd t h l cd nhiiu phudng n l u d i n l i n g cd nhieu nghi, Nhflng phUdng niy thudng cd tinh c h i t n h i t thdi vi du phudng ciy, ciy, git,,, di lam thue cho ngudi khie Xong thdi vu phudng lai tan vi dy nhu n g h i l i m ndn l i d ling Chuong Vi cd nhflng l i n g ndng, mdi t h i n h vien tam gic viee ciy, cay sang mpt ben, d l ddn thdi gian sin xuit nhflng m i l h i n g thfl cdng m i sin p h i m cfla hp ehl dupc xa hdi tieu thu mpt thdi d i l m nhat djnh, t h i m chf moi nam chf cd mdt djp, vf dy nhu ling lim phio Binh Da (Hd Tdy) s i n p h i m cQa ho cht tieu thy dupe dip Tit Nguyen d i n Cd nhflng ling khdng l i m ndng khdng cd ruPng, ngudn thu nhip n h i t cQa ho l i mat h i n g thu cdng nhu cic ling dfle ddng Ngu Xa (Hd Ndi), l i n g Chudng (Hd Ddng) chuyen l i m ndn ta Die diem truyin n g h i phudng hdi XhiA phong k i l n thudng ed die trung l i ngudi day v i ngudi hpe deu x u i t phat t d nhu c i u lien k i t ve cung mpt hudng chuyen mdn hay mdt quyen Ipi sin xuit Co ciu lao dpng gom eic t h i n h phin: ei t h l (thu cdng cd the), hiep tie g i i n don nhung chua phii l i CO cau cdng trUdng thu cdng Chinh vi the, eic sin p h i m thfl cdng ddi Phudng thu cdng d thdi ki niy (craftsmen's guild) ehua eo d i y du tfnh chit cua phudng n g h i t h u i n luy chf mdi l i "phudng thdi vy", Thue t l , nhuTig ngudl thp thfl cdng, nhu tren da md t i , hp thuc s u x u i t t h i n la ndng d i n , lam ndng theo mfla vu, h i t mda vu tflc la luc ndng nhan hp mdi l i m thp thu cdng NhQng ngudi thp n i y g i n ket lai vdi tam thdi tren co sd cung chuyen mon hoae quyen Ipi sin xuat, khdng ed tinh dn dinh l i u dai Cdng cu lao dpng cua ngudi lao dpng suol thdi ki vin chu yeu l i dung co bap v i b i n g nhflng cdng cy thd so dan tiA n i n g suit lao dpng rat thap IMotsonhanxet Nhin Igi thcri ki dau cfla Ijch sfl GDNN VN v i suy ngam ta cd the rQt nhflng b i i hpc ndi b i t sau day: Do CO cau lao dpng kiem sdng va hinh thai td chflc xa hpi, thdi ki dau cfla GDNN VN mang tfnh tU phat v i chia lam hai giai doan: Giai doan mdt truyin ngh4 kllu b i t chudc v i giai doan hai truyin n g h i kiiu phudng hdi Kllu truyin nghe b i t chUdc cfla td lien ngUdi Vilt dat h i l u q u i r i t thap: Do tfnh b i t chUdc trUe t i l p v i bSng p h i n xg t u nhien, khdng ed tinh khii q u i t If lu^n; day cho c i t h l tflng ngUdi mdt, khdng truyin thu hing logt dupc Kllu truyen nghe phudng hdi cd tfnh cd l i p vl t u tudng gifl bf m i t n g h i rieng, dan d i n tfnh fch ki, c i nhin, khdng dupc truyen b i rdng rai cho nhin din nudc, dS dan din thattruyin mdt sd nginh nghi thfl cdng tmyin thdng quan trpng Mfle dd truyin n g h i v i n l i c i m tay chf vile n i n viee d i o tao mpt ngudi lam thp chinh m i t rit nhilu thdi gian vi cdn phii phy thupe v i o cdng vige Do dd, viec hpc nghe cung rit b i p benh v i khP phit huy duoc sU sing tao cua ngudi hpc, Nang suit lao dpng vl t h l cung rit thip vdi nhflng m i u ma ft dupc cii t i l n tfnh gia trudng eua thiy cung i n h hudng rit Idn d i n viee truyen nghe Hon nfla, cie phudng nghe truyen thong vdi nhQng sin p h i m tinh x i o khPng dupc sU khuyin khich phit triln eua chlnh quyen phong kien, Thp lanh nghi mdt mat bi b i t vao phyc djch eho trieu dinh, mot mat bj dinh suu cao t h u l ning phii bd nghi Mat khac, sin phim chat lupng cao khdng duoc phep tieu dung rpng rai nhin d i n ma chi cd vua mdi dUoe dung v i cung khdng duoc xual nUdc ngoai Nha nUde phong kien thl hinh chinh sich "dc thuong" h i khie, v,v,,, tat c i da khong l i m eho d i n giau nudc manh ma edn keo ngupe sU phat trien eua dan ldc TAIUEUTHAMKHAO Bennett Charles A, History of Manual and Industrial Education up to 1870, U,S.A, 1926 Nguyen DQc, Suhinh thdnh vd phdt trien cua Gido due chuyin nghiip cdc ngdnh ki thudt cdng nghiip Viit Nam, De tai Nghiin cflu khoa hpc, Vien Nghien cflu Dai hpc va Giio due chuyen nghiep, 1992 Nancy H,Kane, Definitions of terms in Vocational and Praaical arts edutcation, American vocational association Le Van Giang ~ Nguyen Duoc - Nguyen Hoic - Nguyen Tuy, Lich sQ Dgi hqc vd Trung hqc chuyin nghiep ViitNam.TU \ieu nghien cflu, Vien Nghien cQu Dai hpe va Giio due chuyen nghiep, 1985, YoshioMuto, History of Industrial Education in Japan, Japan, 1959 Duong Trung Qudc, Viet Nam nhung sQ kiin lichsd(1919-1945), NXB Giao due, 2000 Van Tao, The ki X - nhQng vdn di lich sQ, NXB Khoa hpe Xa hdi, 1984 Bui Vin Vupng, Ldng nghe thO cdng truyen thong Viet Nam, NXB Van hda, 1998 Vd Thj Xuan, Qud trinh phdt trien Gido due nghe nghiip Viet Nam Luan an Tiln si, Vien Khoa hpe GiioducViet Nam, 2002 SUMMARY The author provided an overview on the various stages of TVET education in Vietnam, especially the initial stage with unique characteristics and historical milestones Through this article, its writer has analyzed social characteristics, labor stnicture, occupational structure; and drawn some historical experience lessons for the sake of long-term development of TVETeducatlon Slf81-THAHGUZ012*39 ... nghe thO cdng truyen thong Viet Nam, NXB Van hda, 1998 Vd Thj Xuan, Qud trinh phdt trien Gido due nghe nghiip Viet Nam Luan an Tiln si, Vien Khoa hpe GiioducViet Nam, 2002 SUMMARY The author provided... nghiep ViitNam.TU \ieu nghien cflu, Vien Nghien cQu Dai hpe va Giio due chuyen nghiep, 1985, YoshioMuto, History of Industrial Education in Japan, Japan, 1959 Duong Trung Qudc, Viet Nam nhung... l u truyen n g h i phUdng hdi d V i l t Nam d i k l o d i i tfl 257TCN d i n 1858.Tn/6c bi Phong k i l n phuong Bic x i m chiem (111 TOI), xa hdi Viet Nam d i b i t d i u ed sU phan h o i giai