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VAl NET VE SI/PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC TREN B A N DAO H A N THOfI CAO LY ieiH|NHu£N NGUVEN IHI HdNG HANH" Tom tat Sau khi thdng nhdt dupe Hdu Tam qudc, Cao Ly da quan ldm din viic phdt Iriin gido due nhu c[.]
VAl NET VE SI/PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC TREN B A N DAO H A N THOfI CAO LY ieiH|NHu£NNGUVEN IHI HdNG HANH" Tom tat: Sau thdng nhdt dupe Hdu Tam qudc, Cao Ly da quan ldm din viic phdt Iriin gido due nhu cho xdy dung tnrang Qudc tir gidm a Kaesong (Khai Thdnh) di ddo tgo nhdn tdi vd quan lgi cd ndng luc diiu hdnh qudc gia Nhd cd sir thdnh ldp trudng Qudc tii gidm md Nho gido ngdy cdng dirpc di cao Thdi ky ndy, nin gido due Nho hpe duac coi Id y nifm chinh Iri ctia qiioc gia nhd nudc dd ddt nhiiu chi dp nhdm ciing cd them cho nin tdng eiig mdt the chi trung uang lap quyin mgnh Trong khudn khd cd hgn bdi viit ndy xin de cap nhirng net tieu bieu nhdt ve tinh hinh gido due trin Bdn ddo Hdn thdi Cao Ly Tir khoa; Gido dyc Ban ddo Han Cao Ly Khoa cu Qudc lu gidm F ao thdi didm Cao Ly thdnh lap, bdn ddo Hdn dang bj phdn lidt thdnh Hdu Tam qudc De thdng nhil Hdu Tam qudc, Cao Ly mdt mat tidn hdnh cdng kich HuBaekje (Hau Bdch Td), mat khdc stt dyng chinh sach hda hgp ddi vdi Silla (Tan La) Nam 935, Kinh Thudn Vuong cia Tan La qudc lyc da suy ydu trudc sy tan cdng cia Hau Bach Te, khdng the bdo todn qudc gia dirge ntta, ndn da ly minh giao lai ddt cho Cao Ly Trong dd, npi bd Hgu Bach Td lai xay su phan hda xoay quanh vide kd thira vuong vj Loi dung linh hinh ndy, Cao Ly da day lui qudn Hgu Bdch Td vd cudi ciing thdng nhat dupe Hdu Tam qudc vdo nam 936 Ngay sau kidn qude, Cao Ly dd dung hda van hda cia Tdn La, Bach Td, Cao Cu Le de lao co sd nen van hda dan tdc mdi lay tinh da dang Idm dgc trung Ndu nhu vide thing nhdt Tam qude cia Tan La Id didm xudt phat cho sy thdng nhdt dan tgc, thi vide thing nhit Hdu Tam qudc cia Cao Ly Id sy hoan thdnh vide thing nhdt ddn tdc Trudc ,Khoa Dong phuong hoc, Tnt&ng dai hoc Da Lat Khoa DOng phuonghpc, Tritcmg dai hoc Da Lat NGHIEN Cdu OdNG B^C it s d 8(138) 8-2012 di vdo ndi dung cy the, ching ldi didm qua mpt vai net vd tinh hinh chinh trj, qudn sy, kinh td, xd hdi cua thdi ky Cao Ly Vai net ve tinh hinh chinh trj, quan sy, kinh te, xa hpi thd'i Cao Ly - Ve chlnh Iri: Ca cdu chinh tri mdi cia Cao Ly bdt ddu djnh hinh vdo nam 983 dudi tridu vua Thdnh Tdng ( ^ J ^ : 981-987) vd hodn tit vdo nam 1076 dudi Irilu vua Vdn Tdng (5-f^: 10461088) Co cau trieu dinh dupe 16 chttc xung quanh ba Tdng, hai Tdng dau sdp nhap lgi thdnh mpt co quan nhdt gpi Id Hdi ddng Thuang Ihu ~ noi dua nhimg quydt dinh Idn lao Tdng thtt ba hay Bd ddi npi cd nhigm vu thyc thi chinh sdch thdng qua bg: Lgi Binh, Hd, Hinh, Li, Cdng Mdl co quan cao cip ntta Id bd Dinh, ma nhidm vu chinh Id ban truyin thdnh chi vd gidi quyet cdc vdn dd qudn sy khdn cap Cao Ly da chia cd nudc thdnh 12 mok (muc, tuong duong vdi tinh) vdo ndm 983 vd phdi cdc quan ttt kinh xudng cai qudn bd mdy hanh chinh tgi cdc vung qud Sau mdt so nhttng thay ddi quan trpng, vide td chttc lai bg mdy nha nudc d dja phuong da dgt 59 Nghiin cihi khoa hqc den linh hinh dn djnh vdo ndm 1018 dtrdi tridu vua Hiln Tdng Vdo thdi dilm ndy, cdc don vj hdnh chinh cia dit nudc bao gdm: kinh ky, cdc dgo, cdc vimg bien gi&i Trong cac vimg ndy cd kinh dd, tohobu (dd hp phi), mye vd dupe chia thdnh nhttng don vi nhd hon ntta Id kun (qu|in), hyon (huy^n) vd chin (trdn) Nhttng cdi cdeh ndy dd ldm ldng ddng ke quyen lyc cua trieu dinh Den ddi vua Vdn Tdng, tridu dinh trung uong dd thau ldm hodn todn quydn lyc cia cdc hdo Irudng dja phuong Vdn Tdng vd cac vua ve sau dd cao tdm quan trpng cua chinh quyen dan sy ban quan sy, dd cd thdi dp trpng dyng cdc quan vdn hon Id cdc quan vd - Ve qudn su: Qudn dpi cia Cao Ly dupe hinh thdnh lu nhi qudn, luc vi cia trung uong vd qudn, ehdu, huydn cua dia phuang Nhi qudn dupe giao nhidm vu canh gitt cung thdnh, cdn luc vd dupe giao nhidm vy phdng ngy thu dd Kaesong (Khai Thdnh) vd bidn gidi qudc gia Qudn, chau, huydn cia dja phuong dupe giao cdng vide lap djch vd nhidm vy trj an, - Ve kinh le: De san xudt nhttng vat phdm can thidt cho qudc gia, nhflng khu vyc ddc thfl nhu so (sd), pugok (bd khic), hyang (huong), dd dupe thiet lap Ddn cia bp khuc, huong chi ydu lam ndng nghidp; cdn ddn cia sd chi ydu ldm nghd thi cdng Cao Ly cdn ddy mgnh phat tridn mdi quan he giao hda vdi nha Tdng Thdng qua cdc lin cu stt than sang Trung Qudc vd nhttng lan budn bdn ridng Id cua cdc thuong gia, Cao Ly da nhgp nguydn ligu thd nhu vdng, bac, ddng, nhdn sdm vd hgt thdng cia nhd Tdng Ngupc lgi, nhihig mat hang tidu thu cdng cia Cao Ly dupe nhd Tdng ua chudng nhu gidy 60 cp, myc vd qugt dupe mang sang nhd Tdng dl dli liy lya, sdch, d l gdm stt, thudc, gia vj, nhgc cy Nhttng mjt hdng nhap khdu kl tren cd dnh hudng ldn din ndn vdn hda Cao Ly' Mdl khdc, Cao Ly chu trpng vigc budn ban vdi nudc ngodi, ndn cd nhidu Ihuong nhdn Argp dd din Cao Ly dd trao ddi budn bdn Nhin chung, linh hinh glao Ihuong thdi Cao Ly phat triln rdt phdn thjnh Cang thdng Ihuong chinh cia Cao Ly vdo thdi ky ddu Id Bich Lan Dp (™&fE) Id mpt cdng sdng ndm trdn mgt hdn ddo cia sdng Le Thdnh (91S), gan kinh dd Kaesong cia Cao Ly - Vi xd hpi: Sau xdg bd Hdu Tam qudc, Cao Ly timg budc xdy dyng lai co cau xd hdi Tdng ldp thdng trj giai dogn dau cia Cao Ly gdm nhttng ngudi thupc hdng ngfl quy tgc nhd ddn ttt cdc vflng ngoai d kinh dd va nhflng nhd quy tgc thudc lyc ddu phdm cia Tan La Dd eing cd quydn lyc ctia trieu dinh trung uong, Quang Tdng {%^: 947-975) - vj vua thu lu da ban hanh mdt logt cdc bd ludi, cd ludt gidi phdng nd Id vao ndm 958, lugt thidl lgp chd dp thi luydn nhdn lai ldm quan Vj vua thu ndm, vua Canh Tdng (^^: 975-981) dd tiln hdnh chinh sdch cdi edch quydn sd httu rupng ddt gpi Id Diin sai khoa^ Chd dp dat dai cia Cao Ly dd phdn dnh tidn de co bdn la tal cd ddt dai nudc Id ddt dai cia vua Thdi Cao Ly, Nho gido dugc coi Id hgc thuydt chinh thdng, tao ndn trat ty quan he gia dinh va dd cai trj qudc gia Luc ' Ki-baik Lee (2002), Korea xua vd Lfch sU Hdn Qudc tdn bien (Ngir6i djch L6 Anh Minh), Nxb T h ^ h Hi Chl Minh, tr 90 ^ £)iin sal khoa bi^n chuyen ttr chl dp dich phdn dien ntlm 940 - chl cip oil lim phan thirong cho cSc vien chirc NGHIEN Cdu OdNG BAC A, sd 8(138) 8-2012 Nghiin cihi khoa hqc do, ngudi Cao Ly theo Nho gido, nhung khdng ttt bd Phdt gido Hg coi Phdt giao Id mdt hgc thuylt dl dat tdi sy yen tinh vd tinh thin vd sy cim rdi d thd gidi khdc Giao due thdl Cao Ly (i Cao Ly, trudng hpe chinh Id noi ddo tgo nhan tdi vd khoa ett la ky thi nhdm tuyin chpn nhan tdi Cdc thi sinh dy thi phdi thdng qua ky thi ndy dl cd thd ddnh gid dung ndng luc vd triiu dinh se quylt djnh Id ngudi dupe chpn theo hgc d trudng Theo dd, gido due ttudng hgc vd chl dp khoa ett luy khdng hoan todn thing nhdt, nhimg lai cd mdi lidn he mat thiet vdi Theo Ssanggi (Song Ky) - hpe gid Trung Qudc di cu sang Cao Ly Ihdi Quang Tdng trj vi ndm thtt (958) eho bill, chl dp khoa ett dupe thdnh lap thdi Cao Ly cd lidn quan chdt che ddn gido dyc d ttudng hpe Cy thi la myc tidu cia che dp khoa cu thdi Cao Ly thing nhit vdi muc tidu giao due cia qudc gia d khia canh tuydn chpn vd bdi dudng nhdn tdi Ndi dung sdch gido khoa cfla gido dyc trudng hpe vd cac dd cuong dn thi eua chl khoa cu cung thdng nhdt vdi Cho ndn, nhflng hilu bill vd chl khoa cu trd didm mdu chdt dl c6 thi hilu them v l gido due thdi Cao Ly - Tru&ng hgc: Vao ttidu vua Thai Td (Efla, 918-943), d Khai Thdnh va P'yongyang (Binh Nhiidng) da ed trudng hgc, nhung vdi vide thiet lap kukchagam (Qudc ttt gidm) vdo ndm 992 dudi tridu vua Thdnh Tdng thi hd thing giao due tridu Cao Ly mdi di vao quy eu Qudc ttt giam cua Cao Ly bao gdm tradng ggi Id Kinh su Lite hpe: kukchahak (Qudc ttt hgc), '•a^tS ol-y^M S-:/«( ^7.]A} (Sim Cha Kyun, Ahn Kyeong Sik, Yoo Jae Dich thu (chim thi vao bdn cua bai thi Bong (2011;, Tim hliu triit hoc gido due vd iich sit gido cua thi sinh), ludt Suu kiim, thong khdo (cdc ilic, Nxb HakJi,tr 50-51) thi sinh di vdo tradng thi phdi thdng qua sy xuit hidn thtt hgng quan van cua chd dp khoa ett da khdc so vdi trade ddy - thdi ky ma ddn ddn cd su bidn chit vl tu tudng cua bp mdy qudn 1^ trang uong H$ qud cia chd dO khoa ett cd vai trd lam khulch truang quyln lyc cd thd dat tdi cia vua vd vuong quydn khidn cho vi tti cia edc quan vd bj lung lay' Cd thi ndi, chl dp khoa ett thdi Cao Ly dupe tl chttc dl nhdm myc dich tdng cudng stte manh thdng tri cua nhd vua, hay ndi khdc, gido dye thdi Cao Ly dd gdp phdn vdo vigc tgp trung quyln lyc vdo tay nhd vua Vdo ddu thdi Cao Ly, triiu dinh khdng ddt ky thi so khao Ddi lupng hpe Id cua cdc quy tpc d tridu dinh (si t^c) Cdc em gia dinh quy tde duge tiln ett d dja phuang Ihi khdng cin phdi ttdi qua bit ky ky thi so khdo nao ma vdn ed thi dupe ung thi Nhung sau dd, ttidu dinh Cao Ly lgi quy dinh phai cd ky thi so khdo Ky thi so khdo dupe phdn chia cdc vdng thi nhu thi vdo trudng dgi hoc Qudc ttt gidm vdi ddi tugng la hpe sinh cia Qudc ttt giam; ky thi gi&i thd quan thi vdi ddi topng la huong cdng d nhidu dia phuang Cdc hoc sinh d mdi dia phuang ddu phdi trdi qua ky thi mdi cd thd thi tilp d Qudc tu gidm Khi vupt qua dupe nhttng ky thi so khao hp mdi dupe diam gia thi li bd Ihi (ttte Id ddng dudng thi) Nhung ttt thdi vua Thdnh Tdng cho ddn thdi vua Dud Tdng (':41f':l 105-1122), ddi vdi nhttng ngudi thi dd ky thi tiln si cdn phdi ttai qua thdm mdt ky thi nOa dudi sy giam sat cia nhd vua, ky thi ndy gpi Id thi phii HGHIEN Cdu OdNG B^C A sd 8(138) 8-2012 63 Nghiin cihi khoa hqc vigc khdm ngudi dl khdng the mang vdo tradng thi nhflng thu phyc vy cho hdnh vi tidu cyc roi mdi dupe vdo tradng thi)' Khoa ett thdi Cao Ly ldy vigc tuyin chpn quan vdn ldm trang tdm, nhung din thdi Cung Nhupng Vuong ( * ° < J ^ : 1389-1392) ndm thtt hai (1390), khoa ett luyin chpn quan vd dd dupe Ihl chl hda Npi dung thi ett thdi Cao Ly Id sy kit h(;rp cfla nhilu linh vyc vdi nhttng ky ndng vd sy thdng hilu vd kinh diln hay chl thugt dl phdt huy khd ndng cia minh nhu Id cd Ihl nhin thiy dupe mOt hue tranh d phia trade d khoa Jesul (chl thugt) edc budc thi ett khdc nhau, nhtmg npi dung thi van Id tha, phd, tfing vd thai vfi sdch Cdn khoa Myungkyung (Minh kinh) thi thi Ngd kinh Hinh thtte thi cia hai khoa ndy khdc Khoa Jesul phdn ldn Id thi vidt, khoa Myungkyung thi thi vdn ddp* thdi Quang Tdng trj vi vd ddi tugng thi Id cdc tdng ni Ph|t ttt Phuong thtte tuyin chpn nhdn tai tidu bilu cia thdi Cao Ly Id khoa ett Ngodi ra, Cao Ly cdn cd nhilu hinh thtte tuyin chpn khde nhu Eumseoje (im ty - cia cdc quan lgi cao cip khdng phdi thdng qua thi ett md vin dupe chpn ldm quan) Cing vdi chl dO khoa ett, dm tif Id phuong phdp luyen chpn quan Igi phi bien nhit thdi Cao Ly Khoa ett Id phuong phdp dl ddnh gid ndng lyc hpe vin cd nhdn thdng qua thi cu, cdn im ly Id chl dO em quan lai nhd hudng phtte cua 16 lien dl Igi md cd the trd thdnh quan Chl dp Eumseoje ndy hinh thdnh ndn cdc ddng ddi quy tpc d Cao Ly vd cd dnh hudng lcin den vigc tri djc quydn cua cdc ddng hg ndy Nhung cung cd phuang phdp dd tiln cu Id phuong phdp Yuil Day Id che dp tuyen chpn ddc bigt ddnh cho ngudi ed hgc thtte, Thdi Cao Ly, linh vyc vdn chuong rdt tdi ndng vd duo hanh hon ngudi, nhung vi dupe chu ttpng Ngoai linh vyc vdn chuang khdng cd gia thd nen khdng thd leo ldn dja vj cdn cd cd Hnh vyc vd thugt va tdn gido ldm quan Bdn canh cdn ed chi dp boseon Chdng han, khoa vd thudt ndm ttong phan (tuyin chpn bd sung cua Seongjung-aemakhoa qudc hpe, cdc ldp hpe vd gpi Id cudng ehiing md), chttc trdch md dupe gpi nghf trai (kangyejae) dupe thdnh lgp vd Id Seongjungkwan - tuong duong vdi chttc thdng qua khoa ett de chpn ngudi gidi vd ngi thj, cdn chttc sdc Aema lam tic vg Id Nhung nhiing thi sinh dd cdc ki thi vd nhiing danh ximg bdt ngudn ttt Mdng Cd it dupe nhdc din cac stt ligu cua Hdn Day la nhiing chuc vy dgc bigt hau can bdn Quic, cdn tdng khoa thi dupe thdnh lgp nhd vua Nhiing ngudi cd thd thdng tidn ldn quan chttc cao cdp Ngodi ra, thdng qua tuyen chgn nhan tai cdn ed chuc vy Nam '-S^l-a, ' S ^ ^ , -n-'H-S- (20l]),Jl!4-^^ S' dS^-^lS/ Ban (ngudi trayen lgnh vua) vd Tgp Ld, day "10, SI'^'I'^KSini Cha Kyun, Ahn Kyeong Sik, Yoo Jae Id dudng tidn than c i a cae quan chttc Bong (201 \), Tim hieu triet hoc gido due vd iich su gidonhd, dieu phdn anh tinh ttgng hdn logn *c,Nxb HakJi,tr.52) cia chd d$ phdn chia cdc cdp giai dogn hdu ' -s^ia, •a^a^, -s-'ii* (201 \),M^S^^ JH^^M "/*, ^^'•1 (Sim Cha Kyun, Ahn Kyeong Sik, Yoo Jae ky Cao Ly' Bong (201 ]), Tim hieu Iriil hoc gido dfic vd lfch su gido rfnc,Nxb.HakJi,lr 51) ' JH-^-^l-Sl o}t^^ ^x)A) (Sim Cha Kyun, Ahn Kyeong Sik, Yoo Jae Bong (2011), Ttm hieu triet hgc gido due vd lfch sii gido due, Nxb Hak Ji Thir tu, chd dp gido dyc vd khoa cu thdi Cao Ly hodn todn la mOt sy bdt chude, r$p khudn theo md hinh gido due cua Trung Qudc NOi quy, quy chd tradng ldp cung dupe td chttc chdt ehd Cdc ki thi Huang, Hdi, Dinh dd tuydn chgn ngudi tdi dupe td chttc ndm mgt lin Ddc bigt, cdc nhd nho cua Cao Ly timg du hpe d Trang Qudc dd vd nude ttnydn bd Tan Khong gido Do dd, ndn gido due Nho hgc ttdn Bdn ddo Hdn thdi Cao Ly Id giai dogn phdt trien mgnh md, tgo dyng CO sd vttng chdc cho vj tti dOc tdn sudt thdi Joseon tiep theo 66 NGHIEN Cdu OdNG B^C fl sd 8(138) 8-2012 ... ndn vdn hda Cao Ly'' Mdl khdc, Cao Ly chu trpng vigc budn ban vdi nudc ngodi, ndn cd nhidu Ihuong nhdn Argp dd din Cao Ly dd trao ddi budn bdn Nhin chung, linh hinh glao Ihuong thdi Cao Ly phat triln... Cao Ly'' Cae mdn hpe mang tinh thyc tidn nhu Ludt hpe, Todn hpe xdp hgng thu ylu, khdng dupe xd hpi Cao Ly coi trpng Vdi bdi cdnh giao dye thdi Cao Ly dd dupe dd cgp d tren, tradng hpp quyln lyc... ngudi Cao Ly theo Nho gido, nhung khdng ttt bd Phdt gido Hg coi Phdt giao Id mdt hgc thuylt dl dat tdi sy yen tinh vd tinh thin vd sy cim rdi d thd gidi khdc Giao due thdl Cao Ly (i Cao Ly, trudng