I TRAO Ddi TiM HICU VC TU DUV PHHN OICN TRONG DRV VR HOC HI€N NRV LEHAIY^N d nhi lu t i l l i fu v i trong djch thu^t Tuduy phdn bl^n hay Tuduy phi phdn duoc xem nhu nhau {critical thinking / la pensl[.]
I TRAO Ddi TiM HICU VC TU DUV PHHN OICN TRONG DRV VR HOC HI€N NRV LEHAIY^N d n h i l u t i l lifu v i djch thu^t Tuduy phdn bl^n hay Tuduy phi phdn duoc xem nhu {critical thinking / la pensle critique) Tu c6 phe p h i n L i t u cd suy xlt, c i n nhic d l dUa q u y l t djnh hop ly h i l u hoic thuc hiln mdt v i n d l Tuduy p h i p h i n (phin bifn) l i mdt q u i trinh tU b i f n chdng gdm phin lich v i d i n h g i i mdt thdng tin d i ed theo eich nhin khic cho v i n d l da d i t nhim lam sing t d v i khing djnh lai tinh chfnh x i c eCia v i n d l L i p luin p h i n tfch p h i n biln phil rd r i n g Idglc, d i y dCi b i n g chUng, l u i n ed, tl ml v i khich quan Hinh thdc t u d u y cd phe p h i n Tu cd p h i p h i n bao gdm hai dang: Dang •^ thUe v i dang nang lUc Tu cd phe phin m d t i mdt cii g i d d dupe nghi den nhUthe n i o Hpc tUduyed p h i phin nghia la: Hoe each hdi, nao hdi v i hdi c i u hdi gi Cach l i p luin, n i o dimg l i p l u i n v i ddng phuong p h i p lap l u i n nao T r i em chi cd the tuduy cd p h f p h i n v i ed l i p l u i n ehung cd k h i nang dinh gii kiln thUe v i eie y tudng Tu ed phe p h i n cdn bao gdm: Thii dp nhat djnh, sin sing lap luin, ddn n h i n thir t h i c h va mong mudn s u t h i t + Sin sang lap l u i n : D l dpng v i l n t r f em nd iUe l i p l u i n chdng ta cin phii chi cho chung t h i y r i n g l i p luin dung se d i n den t h i n h cdng, tip luin sai se dan den that bai Nguyin vpng sin sing l i p lu|n l i t h i i dd tdt ddi vdi vifc tranh luin Nhilu ngudl n h i m l i n giCra tranh luin v i cai Tranh l u i n l i dua lap luin cho mot mem tin dd cai ed t h i eoi l i t r i n chiln d i u b i n g Idi 4- Ddn n h i n thU t h i c h : Mdt bleu h i l n cCia t u d u y cd p h f p h i n l i sin sang ddi trpng vdi y tudng cua ngudi khic Mdt ehung ta mong mdi t r i em b i l t tUduy cd phe phan, thi ehOng ta p h i l cd g i n g khich I I chung thUsUe vdi nhumg y va each tuduy ciia ehung la Mdt nhdng t h i c h thUc cCia vile day t r i tU la phii giup chOng k h i m pha r i n g q u i trinh d i n h g i i , k h i n g dinh v i phu djnh ddi vdi nhCing y tUdng cCia ngudl khic l i vile l i m t u n h i i n v i l i n h manh Nhd do, chdng cd the trd nen cdi md, g i i trj ngudl dUpe khing djnh + Mong mudn chin ly (sU t h i t ) : Mdt nhCfng bai hpe khd ma t r i phii dUpc hpc la: Khdng phii tat e i nhdng gl chdng cho t i dung d i u ddng c i Mpi t u d i u cd the an chUa nhdng sai sdt cCia thuc t i l n hay dUe tin Ool vdi t r i , dieu kich thich chiing fim chin ly l i thai dp: Tdi khdng chdc chdn Idm, ndo ehung ta cung tim hiiu! Chiing ta p h i i biet gpi i l n nhiJng t h i e m i c cho cie em tranh l u i n di t i l p can vdi chan I)? Einstein p h i l m i t 20 nam de g i i i quyet moi van de hpp ly va phi ly trUde diia thuyet tUPng doi v l vu tru Tuy nhiin, c i n p h i i nghif n edu van de mdt each cd he thong, p h i i biet v i n dung phuong p h i p n i o cho thich hpp BANTINGlAODUCTaXAaTAICHlIC THflNG TINplHifiWKEJ Cic kjr nang tu cd p h i phan 3.1 Dgng!^thiifc: Robert Ennis - cha d l cCia phong trao t u p h i phan d Bic MJ da dua 12 lUu y nhu sau: B i m s i t •^ nghia cua van d l : Nd ed nghla gi khdng? Xem xet tfnh chfnh xie cua l i p luin: Bilu dat ed rd rang, sing sCia khdng? Xem xet cac p h i t ngdn cd m i u t h u i n nhau: Vin de cd nhat q u i n khdng? Xem xet k i t luan da thUe sU c i n thiet: Vin d l ed logic khdng? Xem xdt p h i t ngdn ed dd die trdng: Van d^ cd chinh xie khdng? Xem xet p h i t ngdn cd van dyng nguyen 1^: Vin de ed theo quy t i e khdng? Xem xet phat ngdn cd xic d i n g : V i n d l ed dung d i n khdng? Xem x l t k i t luin quy nap ed chic chin: Vin d l cd dupe khang djnh khdng? Xem x l t van de ed dUOc ehUng minh: Vin d l cd phCi hop khdng? Xem xet dieu gi la g i i djnh: Van di cd p h i i duong nhiin khdng? Xem xet dinh nghTa ed chinh xie: Van di dUOe ^ n h nghla dung khdng? Xem xet van de cd dUOc chap nhan: Vin de ed xie thuc khdng? B Bloom eho ring tu cd phi phdn dong nghTa vdi ddnh gid - mdt cap dd cao nhat siu ky nang lU nhan thdc Sau ky nang tU cdn gpi la cic muc tiiu nhdn thdc cua giao due, chdng bao gom: nhan b i l l (tri thdc), hieu, Ung dung, p h i n tfch, tdng hpp, v i dinh gii 3.2 Dgng nang lUc Tap trung v i o van d l : Xic djnh v i hinh t h i n h van di; Xic dinh hoic hinh t h i n h cic tieu chf di dUa g i i i p h i p ; Ludn ghi nhd boi cinh Phan tich cic lap luin: Xie djnh k i t luin; Xae ^ n h cic ly d i n l u ; Xic djnh eie ly chua neu; Xem x l t nhiJng tUOng ddng va di b i l t ; Xic djnh va giii quylt cic bat hpp ly; Xem xet cO cau eda l i p luin; Tong ket Khi tim hilu bat eU khai nifm nio, ngudi day cin dat eie t i l u chf cu t h i eho vile v i n dung v i o tilng bai hoe Cic t i l u chf d d i i : D i l u kiln quan sit (khoing cich, cuiy, t i m nhin ) Khi n i n g chuyen mdn (trinh dupe d i o tao, kiln thUe v l v i n d l dupc quan sit ) Thdi d i l m b i o e i o {tryc tiep hay g i i n t i l p ) Ylu td t h i i dd (quan t i m , i n tupng, ly luin, tU tudng ) Nghidn cUu d l hilu khii nilm mdt eich sau sie l i ntiifm vu khd khin, tdn thdi gian Nd ddi hdi vifc day cic ky ning tU p h i phin phii h i t sUc li mi v i cd he thdng Mudn n i n g cao t u cd p h f phin c i n ehu y ky ning l i m sing td (^ tudng), l i p luin, giii thich tfnh ddng d i n v i xic thUe cda thdng lin (quan sat giao tilp), d i t cic c i u hdi d l d i o siu, l i t ngupe lai van d l , ky nang bifn luin, ky ning l i p luin va suy luin d l md rdng n i l m tin v i tri thUc (sUdung luin cU, phep dien dieh) Khi t u ed p h i phin, dieu quan trpng la tim cai gi an d dang sau cic quan d i l m khic (duac trinh b i y sich, t i i lieu, hoac dupe nghe trinh b i y tren giing dUdng) Vile tim hieu eac quan diem v i khung tham chilu ed i n h hudng den t h i i dd, vi tri duoc xem nhu la y l u td c i n thiet eua tu cd phe phin tdt Ndi each khac, chung ta san sang can nhic quan diem eua ngUdi khic, cd t h i i ling nghe, tiep nhin cd phe phan Khi xem xet quan diem ciia ngudi khac, chung ta ed the dUa vao mdi lien he gida ngudn tham chilu cda ngudi cd quan diem dd vdi van di ma minh dang nghien cUu Mdi quan he cd t h i dupe trinh b i y nhu sau: Khung tham chilu / Mdn hpc / Khdi lupng thdng tin / Luin de hoic y tudng / Luin cd, chdng cU Mdi quan he the hien tUOng quan gida mdn hpe (ndi dung dang hpc) ma t i c g i i iua chpn vdi cac ngudn thdng tin m i t i e g i i cho la phii hcfp vdi n i l m tin v i hf thdng g i i trj eua mlnh Cie loai ky nang cd b i n l i ky n i n g cd tam quan trpng Moi ngudi d i u cd cich nhin n h i n sU vat theo suy phat trien niem tin va hinh ddng, ket hpp t u ed nghT eCia minh, vl v i y mdi ngudi cung cd nhilu loai phd p h i n vdi vile p h i t trien trf tue cda ngudi Cic thdng tin ve ddi tUpng nghien cCfu cua minh Tuy loai hinh bao gdm ky nang l i m sing td (y tudng), nhien, cieh nhin nhan khdng p h i i l i vd han, m i nd lap luin, giai thfch tfnh xic thuc cda thdng tin (quan ' tdn tai mdt khung tham chilu, khung tham sat giao tiep), ky nang l i p luan v i suy l u i n di md c h i l u quy djnh v i n d l {ddi tupng) c i n xem xet, rpng niem tin v i tri thdc (sii dyng chtifng ed va phep van de can k h i o s i t v i v i n di c i n dupe n i n g I l n thinh luin d l dien djch) 13 TRAOOdi Nhu viy, vifc to chUc xem x l t , nghif n eUu quan d i l m ciia ngudi khic cung dupe xem nhu mdi hinh thdc ren luyfn lU cd phe phin NgUdi hpc cd t h i v i n dung cic bai tap nhu y l u c i u xie djnh cic y l u td m i hp ddng tinh vdi t i c g i i , khdng ngai dUa nhUng nhin dinh ehUa xic thyc Phuang p h i p khung tham chieu diing d l d i n h g i i mdc dd g i i tri v i ddng gdp ciia t i c g i i v i o thi/c t i l n , chU khdng phii diing nd de p h i p h i n ehi trich mdt xu hudng n i o dd; phuong p h i p khung tham chilu d l rIn luyfn tu p h i p h i n se r i l tdt n l u dupc l i m vifc theo nhdm, die b i l l l i d cie mdn hoc khoa hpc x i hdi Vi d y i d cic mdn Lich sir, Ngdn ngir hoe, V i n hpe, Trilt hpe ciing mdt sy kien thudng cd nhilu y kiln khic Hpc Ljch sd p h i i thdng qua (day v i hpe) eich p h i n lich cic quan d i l m , ngudi hpc p h i i t u k h i o sit eie chUng eU, tU l i p luin, khing dinh g i i tri, p h i n tfch cic luan diem, d i y la bdn ITnh vUc quan trpng de p h i l huy k h i ning tUduyed p h i p h i n hoc mdn LjehsCf hay cac mdn khoa hpc xa hpi De thdng nhat each hilu khii niem chUng cd, c i n p h i n b i l t t h i n i o l i chdng eU, t h i n i o l i thdng tin thu thap dupc, giUa chung cd gi giong va khac Tilp dd, ap dung I h u i t ngU n i y v i o mdn hoc, v i o p h i n tfch mdt sU kien lich sU hay v i n d l cy the ChUng cd d d i y ed the la van b i n vilt, ndi (Idi ke), tranh i n h , hien vat Ijeh sU tU cic ngudn t u lilu khic NgUdi hpc phii xiy dUng cic tieu chf d i n h g i i sU kiln va khang djnh gia tri ciia sU kifn He thdng khai niem t u cd p h i p h i n bao gdm hai phuong difn: khuynh hUdng, t h i i dp va ky nang Tu cd p h i p h i n duoc tfch hop q u i trinh d i o tao d n h i trudng thdng qua cic hoal ddng day - hpc, hpc nhdm, duoc hdi, dupe tranh luin de t i l p c i n chin ly Trong q u i trinh ngUdi t h i y ed trich nhifm p h i l trien n h i n thUc siu sic eua ngudi hpc v l cie quan diem v i ky nang Mat khic, p h i i lam cho ngudi hpe h i l u duoc mdi quan he giCTa cic quan diem va ky nang n i y vdi ndi dung tri thUc m i chuong trinh d i t Su tich hop ehl ed the x i y eie b i i hpe dupc b i l n soan dUa i r i n nhdng hoat ddng Tu phe phan va sU phan tich Tu phe p h i n g i n c h i t che vdi sU p h i n tich, vi mudn phi phdn mudn phdn bien thi rd rang p h i i can nhic, mo xe, p h i n tfch eie kiln thdc, cic sU kifn, cie 14 B A N T I K GlAODUCTif XA & TAI CHDC mdi quan h i , cic v i n di minh dang nghiin edu v i hpc hdi 4.1 Phin tfch: Li k h i n i n g nhin n h i n mdt tdng the t h i n h cic bd p h i n c i u t h i n h l i m eho tdng the dupe h i l n mmh, hay k h i n i n g xie dinh eie bd phin eOa mdt tdng t h i b i n g cieh so sinh, p h i n loai, doi chieu Phin tich mdt ihdng lin c6 i h l h i l u don giin l i lich cie y l u i d eua mdt thdng tin eho tim xull hiln t r i i t i ^ v i quan h f gida eie y l u td dd: Tim h i t cic y l u td {khii n i l m , sU kifn, g i i thilt ) Tim eie mdi quan h f giUa eie y l u id Tim c i c n g u y i n t i c td chUc v i c i u iriie cOa thdng tin l i m rd khii n i f m p h i n tich v i Ung dyng ciia mUc thang n i n g lUe p h i n tich, chung ta c i n hilu rd hon mdt sd khii nifm v l p h i n tich cd lien quan: • Phin tich l i thao t i e n h i m p h i n chia mdt tinh hudng t h i n h nhifng y l u td t h i n h phin d l hifn rd cac mdi quan h i Trong giio dye, cd nhieu cich phan loai v l phin tich: Phin tich vl md hay p h i n tich ed hf ihdng li nghif n cdu nhdng td hpp tU tn t u i n theo nhimg quy luat ehung, ddi l i p vdi sU p h i n lich giai thila Phin tich vT md la sU nghiin eiifu theo bic thang n h i n v i n , di lU md hinh cue nhd tdi md hinh cue Idn Ap dyng nghien cdu v i n bin, d l cd tam nhin tdng quit, n h i m tim nhanh dupe cai cdt ldi eua chu de, y do, cdi thdn eua tie pham; ddi lap vdi phdn tich theo nguyin bdn Phan tich ndi dung: Phin tfch thdng diep, thong tin da dang theo v i n b i n kiem ke v i tfnh toan xac suit n h i m p h i t h i l n nhdng eau true In nglm v i d i l n g i i i t h i n h md hinh Phin tich theo phuong phip: Toin bp nhiftig each dung d l giii thich van b i n hoac nghiin cufu chii de Phan tich ly: Toan bd nhCfng thao t i c nghien eCfu siu mdt v i n b i n n i o dd (mdt ehuong myc giio trinh, mdt b i i bio, mdt tai lieu tham khio); ddi lap vdi nghiin cUu theo chuoi Phin tfch ndi tar Dung ndi quan di phan tich, vf du:Tim ly hpc cd dien thudng diing phUong phap p h i n tfch b i n g ndi quan Phin tich cau true: N h i m g i i i bai t o i n chuyin hda cic dd k i l n , n i n g lUc t h u i t t o i n Phin tich theo myc tieu: Cdn goi l i phin tich theo thU b i c la hoat ddng n h i m p h i n tfch y dio tao chuyen t h i n h muc t i l u chung, myc tieu trung gian, muc t i l u dac thu T T T O I i n TRAO Bdi Phin tfch toan hpc: Thudng diing can chdng eie quan diem, dUa cic thi dy minh hpa, cic cau tho, minh mpt m l n h de can phin tfch de quy v l diing doan v i n , nhCfng mau ehuyen rdi chdt lai cie nhan eie menh de khic d i b i i t Vf dy:Tim tong cic gdc djnh; dd l i nhfjfng tu lifu ddt m i ehung ta phii de y mdt da giic 161 b i n g cieh quy v l d i l u don giin hPn da b i l t v i da dUpc cdng nhan l i : Tdng sd Nhu viy phin tich cd t h i xem l i mdt thao t i c tu cdc goe mot tam gide bdng 780" rat quan trpng tiep c i n mdt kiln thdc hay mdt v i n Phin tich dinh lupng, phan tfch djnh tfnh, vf du: d l , nhung d i n g tile vifc day v i hpc hiln nay, Hda hpc cd phin tfch djnh tfnh v i phin tfch tu phin bifn, kT nang phan tfch r i t it dupe quan djnh lupng t i m t i p iuyln DUng trudc mdt v i n d l nhilu hpe sinh { k l c i b$e THCS, THPT v i Dai hoe) thao t i c phin tfch Tdm lai, de hinh v i n i m viing cic djnh nghTa, rit lung tung khdng bilt phan tfch nhUng gl, b i t d i u khii n i f m su kifn mdi, de giii quylt mdt v i n de, giii tU d i u , khdng b i l t cich md x l v i n de, phUOng p h i p thich mdt hifn tUpng, mpt hinh ve, mdt so hay d l luin phin tich Nhu viy thi t i m cd the phe hieu rd npi dung mpt b i i dpc, mdt luin d l , chUng phan, phin bifn de t i l p e^n chin ly, tim cd t h i mlnh mdt b i i toin deu c i n d i n sU phan tich dudi khai thdng dupe b i i toin, giii quylt dUOc v i n d l khoa hpc, thuc tien cie gdc dd 4.2 Phdn tich doi vdi cdc mdn hgc khoa hgc xa hgi Phan tfch la thao t i c nhim phin chia mdt tinh hudng, mdt sU kien, mpt giai doan ljch sU, mdt tie phim, mdt luin de nhCfng y l u td thinh phan cO b i n de l i m hifn rd g i i tri chin ly, eie chu kien, cic ndi dung, cie g i i tri nghe thuit, eie mdi quan he, cic y nghTa nhin v i n xie dang Vi dy phin tich mdt tie pham, mdt bai van bang eich chia tirng doan, fim y, tim tinh each cua cac nhan vat Sau day la mot sd vf du don giin v l p h i n tich cic mdn khoa hpc xa hdi: NgUdi hpc can coi trpng c i hai loai ky nang tu - tu phf phin v i tU sing tao Trong mpi hoan cinh ehung phii duoc kit hpp, khdng t h i tich bift chimg vdi Khi giii thich, lap luin eho mdt luan d l hay mdt thao tie, chung ta d i u v i n dyng moi bifn luin ed the ed dupe mdt each thuan thuc v i tim each giii thich nio la phil hop nhit Dong thdi xem xet cic ngudn thdng tin hay dCf lieu, ehung ta phii nhin nhin mdt eich ed phe phan, xac djnh dupe thdng tin nao l i ehu chdt la chdng cd tdt nhit cho lap luan dUa Ket hop tu phe phan va tuduy sing tao se tao nen mdt he phuang Phin tich mpt sU kifn, phin tfch mdt luan de Vi du: phap tu hCfu hieu, nd lam cho qua trinh tu hay Phin tich mdt sU kiln ljch sU cin chd •jf: Boi cinh cCia sU nang lyc nhan thiTc eua ngudi hoc hieu qua han kiln; Dien bien chfnh cua sU kifn; Cic mdc quan trpng (thdi gian, dja diem, sU vile, nhin vit ); Cac mdi lien Sir can thiet cCia t u phan bien viec day he giCfa cic quan diem, luan chiiTig vdi cic t i l u myc;? va hoc nghTa, k i t q u i cCia sU kiln Ky nang tu phin bifn rit cin t h i l t doi vdi vifc hpc Ngay nay, hoc cic ky nang dpc viet, lam toan la chua Phin tfch mdt sU kien d d a y l i nham d i n muc t i l u : Nam dd Oilu quan trpng la ngudl hpc phil b i l t eich tu dat dupe mdi liln hf giQa cic quan diem, dien biln eie nut van di, phin tich phat hifn van di, tUdd tim cie quan trpng sU kien dd va hieu dUpe y nghTa cua dudng cic giai p h i p di giii quylt van di - cht dd sU kien Tim eie dau hifu gi la quan trpng cic ngudl hoc mdi ed t h i dat dUOe nhCfng thinh q u i cao thdng tin cua sU kifn, n i n die bift chii y den b i n chat hoe tap eda thdng tin hon la b i n t h i n thdng tin Trong cic bp mdn khoa hpc xa hpi, dac b i l t ve v i n hpe, cic ban rat D l giiip ngudl hpc cd dupc cic tu phin bifn, giio thudng gap eie dang c i u hdi ve phan tich luin di, viln n i n k i t hpp cie phuong phip sau: vi dy: Phin tfch tfnh cich cda nhan v i t mdt t i e pham; Phin tich nghe t h u i t mieu t i nhan v i t Giup hpe sinh suy nghT ddc lap - Khdng phii ldc mdt t i c p h i m ; Phin tfch hinh tUpng ngUdi anh hiing nao cung dUa d i p i n Nen di ngudi tipc t u suy nghi tim tdi, khim p h i trUde dUa sUtrpgiup Giiip ngudl hpc b i l t cich td chdc cich hpc {Giio Neu xem mdi wee phin tfch t r i n la mdt luan di thi v i l n ed t h i l i m mau eie ky ning, phae t h i o vile dpc, ban phii cd tim cich phan tich eua giio trinh d xd ly cic cdng viec) nhCfng trang liln quan sach, xem t i c g i i phin ti'ch nhiJng gi v i phan t/ch nhUthe nao.ThUdng sich 6\Ja LuyIn t i p ky ning suy dien: Vi du cho doe cic nhCfng luin chi^g de ly giii vifc can phil phin tich, roi '• doan van n g i n lien quan rdi yeu eau phin tich y d moi luan ehUng t i c g i i lai chi cac luin ed, trich dan nghia cda eie doan 15 TRAO Ddi Dy d o i n k i t q u i : VI dy y l u c i u hpe v i l n tim eie l u i n ed t h u y l t phyc v i khdng thuylt phyc, l u i n ed hpp II v i b i t hpp IL p h i n bift ehdng Khuyin khich ky ning l^p lu^n, vf dy td chifc hpc nhdm - khuyin khich hpe sinh trinh biy, tranh luin, phin bic (nhy eie b i i t i p tim hilu ljch sii, eie b i i v i n chpn loc khuyin khich k h i n i n g ty phin tfch, dua quan d i l m cich nhin rling ddi vdi cic chil dl) Md rdng v i n d l ; Khuyin khfch tim cic ngudn tU l i l u mdi (vl du cich day hoe theo dy i n , n i n gpi ^ hudng d i n hpc sinh tim tdi - tra edu b6 sung cie ngudn tu l i l u t r i n mang hoic thuc tifn ) Mdt sd luu y c i n t h i l t D l n i n g cao ky n i n g p h i n b i f n n f n luu y nhung d i l m sau: Nin trinh nhimg djnh kiln {djnh kiln l i n i p suy nghT da ed sin t i l m thUe mdi ngUdi); nghTa l i t i l p cin mdt v i n d l hay tranh luin n f n blnh tinh, khich quan khdng n f n vdi phin x l t mang tinh c i m nhin chd quan N i n nhin thUe rd v l k h i n i n g m i c p h i i sai l i m cua b i n than b i n g cieh; Chap nhan ring t i t ei moi ngudi d i u ed t h i n h kiln n i m t i l m thUe, va vi t h i rat de mang tfnh b i o thCi t i n cdng nhdng p h i n xet chdng lai mlnh; TU ton iing nghe ^ kifn ngudi khic trudc dUa quan d i l m eua minh; Nhan thUe ring l i p tuan ciia mlnh cd t h i cdn cd nhilu so hd hoac cdn ehUa du cie luin cU xie dang Nen sd dung eac c i u hdi sau d i y d l giup cho sU tranh luan them thien chf va khich quan: Tgi bgn dua ket ludn dd? Ban Idy thdng tin ndy d ddu? Theo bgn thi ludn ed ndy ed xdc ddng khdng? Ludn b i l t dat cau hdi nghi van: Cd dung nhu thi khdng? Tgi lai nhu thi? Cin nang cao cic ky nang quan sit, khich quan, trinh dinh kiln Tang cudng trao doi nhdm de thu t h i p dUpc nhieu ngudn thdng tin Biet thu t h i p thdng tin, b i n g ehOTig Nhin thdc rd v i n de, iy giii dupc v i n d l Xac djnh dugc nguyin nhin, nhdng hf q u i v i cic he lyy eua v i n de Kiln djnh quan diem eua mlnh n l u xic dinh v i ed nhQng luin cU xic ding Mdt b i i b i o n g i n chic la khdng t h i trinh bay day dii dupc tam quan trpng cua loai hinh t u p t i i n b i f n day va hpc n g i y NgUdi v i l t mong n h i n dupe nhieu sy phdn biin cua ddc g i i xung quanh van de O 16 BANTINGlAODUCTi/XASTAICHlJC O VIft Nam, quan dJIm truyin thdng ran su trgng dgo k h i eiifng nhic n i n nhilu ngudl khdng chdp nh^n vj tri trung t i m eda ngudl hpc ho?t dOng day hpc vi e ng?i s l tia t h i p vai trd cilia g i i o v i l n ho$c cd t h i tao nfn sir ddi ngdi n h i tri/dng Tuy nhlf n, trfn thyc t l , hpc t|ip chill d^ng ddi hdi g i i o v i l n p h i l ed trinh d ^ cao hon v l p h i m c h i t v i n i n g luc chuyin mdn, khdng ngdng t y hpc hdi, p h i n d i u d l trau d^i chuyin mdn, nghl$p vy cOa mlnh.Theo S Rassekh: Gid tri Clio gido viin dugc ddnh gid bdng chlnh ndn^ Igc cda ngudi dd vl^c gdp phdn tdi da hda sd phdt triin cda hgc sInh Mdt 9fdo viin sdng tgo 16 mdt ngUdI biit gidp hgc sinh tUn bd nhanh bdng dudng tg hgc Gido vlin Id ngudl hudng ddn, c6 vdn hdn Id ehl ddng vol trd Id cdng eg truyin tdi tri thdc\ Khi ngudi hpc tham gia v i o q u i ti'dnh hpc t i p mdt cieh tfch eye chd dOng thi trf sing tao cCia hp se dupe p h i t huy v i mdi quan h f don phUcmg, dfc d o i n glQa t h i y v i trd g i i n g d^y, hpc t i p khdng cdn tdn tai nQa Vai trd cia kl6n tra, d«nh g U D i n h g i i tri thdc ngddi hoc dUcK xem l i mdt phin khdng t h i thilu dupc qua trinh day hpc Danh g i i giup n h i sU pham n i m du^c thuc trang kit qui hpc t i p , p h i t hifn nguyin n h i n cOa thife trang niy, tU dd ed phUdng p h i p dilu chlnh hoat ddng day v i hoat ddng hpc cho phd hop Ddi mdi phuong, p h i p day hpc, ddi mdi phiiong p h i p kilm tra dinh g i i l i hai bifn p h i p vd ciing quan tTong tiln trinh eii eich giio due Phii ching, nhClhg nam qua, nginh giio dye ciia nudc ta da did nhieu d i n vifc thay ddi cic muc t i l u v l quy md cung nhu sd lUpng hpc sinh gidi t r i n mdt ldp, mdt trUdng; khdng cd hpc sinh y l u , hpc sinh trung binh m i chua quan t i m thda d i n g d i n cic biln phip, cic phUOTig thdc kilm tra d i n h g i i d i m b i o chit luong giio dye Kilm tra d i n h g i i khdng ddn thuin la chil trpng v i o k i t q u i cDa ngudi hpc m i cdn tao ddng cd, t h i i dd tfch cue hpc t i p cua ngudl hpc hoin thifn q u i trinh d?y hpc, Mim tra chit lupng, hilu qui qua trinh d^y hpc v i trinh dd n g h l nghilp cCia ngUdi day, gdp phin ning cao chit lupng d i o t^a Kit qui cO| kilm tra dinh g i i l i eo sd d l d i l u chinh hoat dSTii day, hoat ddng hpc v i q u i n If giio due Neu kiem tra d i n h g i i sai se d i n den nhin ^ n h sai ve chat lUpng d i o tao, g i y tie hai idn cho vifc sd dyng ngudn nhan lye Do viy, khdng chi ddi mdi phuong phip day hoc m i ddi mdi kilm tra danh gia cung dang trdthirih nhu c i u bUc thiet cCia nginh giio dye Kiem tra dann g i i dung thUc t l , chfnh xic v i khich quan s l nang cao ning lUc sing tao hpc tip.Theo quan d i ^ , ... i tri, p h i n tfch cic luan diem, d i y la bdn ITnh vUc quan trpng de p h i l huy k h i ning tUduyed p h i p h i n hoc mdn LjehsCf hay cac mdn khoa hpc xa hpi De thdng nhat each hilu khii niem... thdng qua cic hoal ddng day - hpc, hpc nhdm, duoc hdi, dupe tranh luin de t i l p c i n chin ly Trong q u i trinh ngUdi t h i y ed trich nhifm p h i l trien n h i n thUc siu sic eua ngudi hpc... i n chia mdt tinh hudng t h i n h nhifng y l u td t h i n h phin d l hifn rd cac mdi quan h i Trong giio dye, cd nhieu cich phan loai v l phin tich: Phin tich vl md hay p h i n tich ed hf ihdng