s u PHAT TRIEN CUA GIAO DUC PHO THONG THANH HOA TRONG THiri Ki KHANG CHI£N GHUNG PHAP (1945 1954) O ThS NGUYEN V A N THANG" 1 V d l ndt v l tinh hinh gido dye (GD) Tlionh Hda hiide ndm 1945 6Thanh Hdo[.]
s u PHAT TRIEN CUA GIAO DUC PHO THONG THANH HOA TRONG THiri Ki KHANG CHI£N GHUNG PHAP (1945-1954) O V d l ndt v l tinh hinh g i d o dye (GD) Tlionh Hda hiide ndm T h a n h Hdo, tu ndm 1915 v l hvdc, vSn theo chuong trinh G D vd thi cu Nho hgc vdi cd'p hge: Au hge, Tilu hgc vd Trung hgc Bdn cgnh h$ thd'ng Irudng tinh, phu vd huy^n ehlnh quyln Phdp vd Nam trilu qudn If, h^ thd'ng trudng tu cua cdc Idng, xd cung phdt triln d Thonh Hdo h'ong thdi ki ndy Logi hvdng ndy ngudi ddn d ede Idng ly quydn gdp tiln, hodc cdc nhd chua, nhd thd Id* chue gidng dgy, ngodi ro cd thi nhOng ngt/dl dd dqt eao khdng Idm quan dung ro td chuc gidng dqy Thudng h§ thd'ng trudng ndy ehi phy giup ede em tdp dge, tdp vilt vd gidng dgy nhung bdi hgc khoi Idng trude 1^1 budc vdo bgc hgc coo hem chfnh quyen Phdp vd Nam trilu td chuc d phu, huydn vd tinh ThS N G U Y E N V A N T H A N G " thi cd 19 HS hgc cdng Igp; 0,0019% sd ngudt hgc trung hgc; 0,05% ddn sd hgc Coo ddng tilu hgc (1) Cung theo ldi lidu diiu ho cua mdt bdc sT ngudi Phdp (Paul Chesr>eau, ndm 1938 d m$t vdi rKTl thugc Hnh Thanh Hdo md dng cho Id diln hinh cho cdc bgt Idng d Trung Ki) Id tl 1^ ngudi mu chu hdn 10 tudi ti> 83%-98%, h-ong dd phy nu h> 97,1 %-99,7% Id mu chu (2| N i n GDPT Tlionh Hod giai dogn ndy thyc chua cd gt ddng k l , ndm 1915 todn tinh ed 808 HS vd 29 GV tilu hgc, ndm 1927 ed 154 hudng tilu hge vdl tdt ed 7.000 HS, cdc Irudng ndy thudng xuydn ehtu sy cOa mdtvien tra ngudi Phdp Tinh din 1930TlK]nh Hod vdn ehua cd hi/dng Coo ddng tilu hgc {tuong duong ed'p ngdy noy), HS hge hit tilu hgc mudn hgc Hep phdi hgc d trudng Qude hge Vinh, Qude hgc Hue, hay trudng Budi (3) Ddn ndm 1931 Ndm 1924, Todn quyln Meeslonh eho rdng, Thonh Hod mdi cd bgc Coo ddng Heu hgc nhung / HS ndng thdn Vidt Nam khdng dO sue hgc ehua du ndm, khod ddu Hdn khai gidng vdo het bdc so hgc nen chi edn md cdc Injdng so hgc / / ed 30 HS, luc ddu ehua du Idp ndn Id Tbyc ddn Phdp (TDP) d l ro Chuong trinh chua ggt Id trudng, khdng cd hidu hudng, phy «Phdt triln GD theo chilu ngang, khdng theo chilu trdeh Id mdt thonh ho Heu hgc ngudi Phdp ldn Id ddng" Vdl nhung ehinh sdeh nguy hgi nhu trdn, Gdn, sou ndm mdi du Idp vd ddt ten Id trudng TDP da gdy ro hdu qud vd eung nghidm trgng ve Colldge Thanh Hod {Hin thdn cua hudng Ddo Duy mdt vdn hda dd'i vdi nhdn ddn Vidt Nam ndt chung Tu vd Lom Son ngdy nay) vd Thonh Hdo ndi ridng, h* i$ ngudt mu chudTlionh G D Tbonh Hda h> ndm 1945 d ^ ndm 1954 Hda ldn din hon 90%, sd Irudng tilu hge qud ft, Sou Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm ndm 1945 thdnh phdt h-iln nhd glgt, GDPT khdng ddng k l Theo cdng, nude Vi^t Nom ddn ehu cdng hdo ro ddi ihdng kd eua Dumontler ihi din ndm 1900 cd xu Sem Igi mgt ludng sinh mdi, rr>dt cugc sd'ng Bdc Ki, Trung Kl ehi nufri cd hudng Trung hge d mdl cho ngudi ddn Vt^t Nam td eudc sdng nd Id Hd Ndi vd Hud ggi Id Irudng Phdp Vt§t (Franco - (^ong kiln gid ddy dugc hf do, binh ddng vd Annomite) Bdc Tilu hgc hodn chinh (Prlmoire ed quyln muu cdu hgnh phue eho ridng minh complementaire) Hd Ngi ed 15 trudng, Hdi Phdng GD Id mdt vdn d l hit sue edp ihtit md Ddng vd hvdng Nam Djnh trudng, Tbanh Hdo, Vinh, Hud mdi noi chi cd hudng Trong dd Thonh Hda Bde Hd quan tdm sou Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm thdnh cdng Tai phidn hgp ddu Hdn cOo Hdt sd lugng cd khodng Kr 40-dO HS D i n ndm 1930, cdc hudng phd edp d Thanh Hdo mdi bdt ddu ddng Chfnh phu / / , ChD Itch Hd Chf Minh dugc md thdm Thanh Hda c6 124/tdng sd 82d dd nhdn mgnh: «Npn dit Id mdt nhung hoidng cua ed Trung Ki I t 1^ HS dl hgc edn rdt phuong phdp igi dc md bgn tht/c ddn dung thdp, theo thdng kd ihdl dd cu 29.329 ddn ed cai til ddt nude ta hhn 90% dong bdo ta mO trudng; 0,4% ddn sd dugc dt hgc Cd trldu ddn cho mgt ddn tdc dit Id mdt ddn tdc yiu" (4) MMiigli^lipc Til M , tt< ttao l i dl tick TIMII Hod Tap chi Slao due so tn i - «/aoig) Chfnh vi the, mgt nhung v l ^ edp hdch ddu Hdn dd Id phdi dlĐt ôgtdc d d r ddng thdi nhanh ehdng xda bd nin G D thyc ddn Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh xdc d|nh: «Mpt nin GD cua m0t nude d^c l0p, m^t nin CD Idm thay dii hodn todn nbOng ndng li/c cd sSn cua cdc em''(5) Ddi vdi Hd Chf Minh v i ^ ndng coo ddn hf, thyc hi§n quyln hgc hdnh cOo mgi ngudi ddn luon Id mdt hong nh(?ng myc Hdu quon trgng cua ddi ngudi Trong bdi h-d Idi cdc nhd bdo, thdng / d Chu Ijch Hd Chi Minh ndi: «Tdl ch! cd m^f ham mud'n, ham muin tdi t^t b^c Id Idm nude ta dugc die l^p, ddn ta duge hodn todn h/ do, ding bdo la al cOng cd cam dn, al cOng dugc hgc hdnh" Di thyc hidn dugc nguydn vgng cOo Bdc, ddng thdi Id nguydn vgng cOa todn ddn tdc hong bdn Cht thj ôkhdng chlin ã klin qud'c", E)dng vd Hd Chu tjch dd vgeh ngoy h> ddu nhidm vy cOo G D Id «Md dgi hgc vd trung hgc, edi edeh vl$c hgc theo tu tudng mdl, bdi ftT> cdch dgy nhil sg" Trong nhung ngdy ddu ehinh phu dd quylt dinh: Trong thdi gian ngdn sd bdt budc hgc chd Quic ngO d l ehdng mu chu tridt d l , H ^ dd Id chfnh phuraSdcten/i ?4dv6o thdng / d khdng djnh nguydn tdc eOo GD mdl Id tfnh Ddn tdc - Khoa hge - Dgt chung; H ^ dd Id S6e l^h 147, d'n djnh nhiJng diiu khodn d l thyc hl^n cdc bgc hge eo bdn gdm ndm cho hd h> tudi hd ldn, moi HS khdng dugc luu ban qud ndm, chucmg hinh hge gdm phdn Id phdn kiln thue ihudng thuc vd phdn G D due dye, phdt h-iln ndng khilu bdt budc, to ndm 1950 bde hgc ndy sd Id bdt budc Tbye hidn ede Chf thj, Nghj quylt cua uong, ngdy / 1 / Hot nghj Tinh uy Thonh Hdo h?i nhd Phd sd (phd Vudn Hoa - TX Thanh Hdo) dd hgp, ddnh gid tinh hinh chung dd cd vd'n d l GD Hdi nghj dd xde djnh, ddi vdi GDPT eua Hnh T^onh Hda, trude hit edn phdi xdy dyng ddi ngO Idnh dgo ngdnh, ihyc hidn edr>g tdc dl^t ddt vd tiln hdnh xdy dyng h$ thdng trudng, kSp h'ong todn tfnh theo Hnh thdn cdch mgng Tlidng / , Thanh Hod thdnh ldp Tt thonh tra Tilu hgc, ngdy / / U^ ban Idm ihdl nhdn ddn Hnh gui q u y ^ djnh id\ Uy ban Idm ihdl cdc qudn (huydn, phu eu), ydu edu bdn gtoo Iqi nhd trudng eho Nha hge chfnh, ddng thdi hj su kil trudng, kfrp, bdn g h i d l chudn bj cho ndm hgc mdl Sou ndm dudi mdl nin chinh t h i mdl, G D Tbonh Hdo cd nhung biln ddi to \6n, ndm 1946 dd cd 182 hudng (cd hudng hgc) vdi 296 G V (10 GV trung hge) vd 13.235 HS (200 HS hgc) (6) Trong thdi kl khdng chiln - kiln qude, Thanh Hdo Id mdt trung tdm G D Idn cOa nude Vi^t Nam ddn (hH cdng hda Nhihig ngdy ddu eiio cudc khdng chiln, Ichi Bdc Hd d i n thdm Thanh Hod h-ong bdi ndt chuydn vdt dql bilu nhdn sT, hi thue, phu hdo Hnh Tlianh Hod ngdy / / Bde chi rd «Ch6ng nhOng ch! blit cha md cdn phdi blit hgc dgo due cdng ddn, phi thdng ehlnh trf, thu hai cdn cin phdi md mang Idp trung hgc Irudc hgc m^t dudng, hdnh mit nio, phdi sua ehuang trInh ldm dihgc ihi hdnh dugc" Dung nf>dt ihdng sou ngdy / / h-ong bdi «Thanh Hod k l ^ mdu* Bdc Iqi chi rd: «Ti> tiiu hgc trung hgc din dgi hgc Id nai rhn luy$n nhl ding vd nlSn Cd nhQng ngudi tri tu6l sgch nhu m^t tim /yo trSng, nhu^m xanh thi nd xanh, nhuim dd rfi/ nd dd, vi v0y sy hgc d trudng ed dnh hudng rd't Idn cho tuang lai eua nlin vd luong lai cua nude nhd W v0y, cd't nhd't phdi dgy hgc hd blit yiu nude, thuong ndi, phdi dgy cho hgc c6 ehi V 'dP/ V cudng, quyit khdng chju kim al, quyit khdng chiu Idm nd li" (7) M^c dCi hong diiu ki^n khd khdn cua thdi ki khdng c h l ^ nhung phong trdo Binh ddn hge vy duge phdt ddng t^ sou dd vdn dugc h-1 vd phdt triln d cd ndng thdn vd thdnh thj, ddu ddu cOng cd khdu hl^u «Thl dua dl hgc Idyiunudc", cdc h\nimg H I U hgc dugc md rdng thdm, ede hvdng hgc dyoc h-l Thdng / Lidn dodn gido gidl Hnh Tlianh Hod duge thdnh ldp, Ndp dd Idn lugt Udn dodn gido gidi cdc huy^n dugc thdnh ldp Vdl nhijng ndt nf>di hong Hnh hinh ihdl chiln, GDPT Thanh Hod h-ong nhOng ndm K> 1946-1950 cd nhung chuyin biln tich eye Theo thdng kd, ndm 194d Tlianh Hda mdl cd 182 hudng vdl 1.325 HS, d i n ndm 1950 tdng Idn 241 hudng vdi k ^ vd 3 HS hong dd cdc hudng tilu hgc dd ed hdu h ^ d cdc huy$n miln nut (8) Vdl sy phdt h i i n h-ong nhOng ndm Id 19451950, GDPT Thonh Hod dd gdp phdn cho edng eudc khdng ehiln kiln qude Trude hit Id vide xdo bd n i n G D thye ddn, gdp phdn budc ddu ddi nin ldng cho n>dt nin G D ddn chO mdl cOa nude Viet Nam ddn chu cdng hod, ddo Igo mdl th^ hd cdng ddn mdi, dn ^ n h HT cho em ddng bdo tdn cu vd phdt triln, xdy dyng co sd vdt chdt hudng hgc d l H^p h^c eudc khdng ehiln, gdp phdn xdy dyng hdu phuong Tlianh Hda vOng Tap chi Slao due s6 m i - •/aoi») chdc ve mgi mdt, eung cd'p nhdn tdi, vdt lyc cho (6) "Bdng ki si sdcdc trudng i&p tiSu hqc & Thanh Hod niSn Ichod 1945-1946" Cjp HSS 49 edng cudc khdng ehiln ehdng TDP xdm luge Ti> ndm 1950-1954, GDPT d d ed sy chuyin Chi eye Imi tm Thanh Hoi 1946 bien rd rdt, d^c bi^t Id sou CCGD Idn (thyc hi^n (7) Hd Chi Minh vd vSfn Ak giio dye NXB Gido d\ic, h> thdng / ) t)gt hgi W n g bg tfnh Thanh H 1990, tr.56 Hdo ( / - / / ) d d xdc djnh G D Id mdl (8) "Bdo cdo tinh hinh gido d{ic ndm 1949 ciia Thanh tra tigu hQc" C$p 10 HSS 134 Chi eye luu trO Thanh hong nhung nhl^m vy quan trgng nhdt lue bdy Hoi 1950 gid Bdm sdt dudng Idl khdng c h i l n vdl nhung (9) "Cdc ngdnh tinh bdo cdo thdnh tfch t^ sau myc Hdu md CCGD Idn d l ro, Thanh Hod dd cdch m^ng thdng din 1953 " C?p HSS Chi eye hien khoi cdc edng vide cy t h i Id ddi Ti Thanh h o luu trtt Thanh Hoi Hiu hgc thdnh Ti GDPT (1950), ddt Udn dodn gido SUMMARY gidi Thanh Hod thdnh Cdng dodn GD Tlionh Hdo, hiAoreover, thanks to all attention and worthy supsdp nhdp cdc hudng H I U hgc vdo trung hgc, m d port given by every txanch from central to local govthdm h-ung hgc (cd'p II) Trudng ed'p III D d o Duy ernments together with the provincial strata's great Tu (duy nhd't) cua Thanh Hod ddi thdnh Irudng efforts, Thonh Hoa education In the period of 1946ed'p III Lom Son, eOng v d i d d Id vi$c quon tdm 1954 made a greater progress than ever before The considerable achievements of Thanh Hoo education d i n G D m i l n nut bdng v i ^ h i i n khoi m d cdc gained In this period contributed positively to trudng cd'p II d vung thugng d u N d m \i^tnamse victory against French Invaders, whlchcontrudng cd'p II ddu tidn dugc m d d huy#n Ngge fkmed tt)e right educationc^ direction oriented by VietLde N h u n g thay ddi Idn d d dd Idm cho hi^u namese Communist Party and Government in addition to the creation of Thanh Hoa province's Commuqud GDPT Thanh Hod cd sy chuyin bidn rd r§t nist Party and leaders In the process of educating Sd lugng trudng, Idp, ddi ngu v d eo sd v^t ehdt and fostering the younger generation to become fud i u tdng v l cd sd' lugng vd chd't lugng Hd thd'ng ture citizens, loyal to people's democracy and competent to serve people hudng H I U hgc duge phdt t r i l n mgnh trdn todn tinh G D t r u n g h g c b d t d d u c d m d t d h u y $ n mien nOi Tfnh d i n ndm 1954, todn tfnh Thanh Hdo ed 554 hudng hgc vdi d7.129 HS vd 1.615 GV Ti Id % HS so vdi s d d d n ndm 1945 Id 1,3%, d i n ndm 1954 Id 5,56% (9) Cd t h i khdng djnh rdng, gioi dogn tu 19451954 nen GD Vl^t N a m ndt ehung vd Thanh H6a ndi rieng d d khdng nhung xda b d n i n vdn hdo thye ddn m d cdn Idm tdt vol trd cua mdt hdu phuong vung chdc gdp phdn Idm ndn ehiln thdng Dien Bidn vTdgt, ddt nen Idng cho nen G D mdi nen G D cOo nude Vi^t Nam ddn chu cgng hod trude ddy vd \\\%n - nude Cdng hod xd hdi ehu nghTa Vi^t N a m Q (1) Ddi^ Duong Ni£n gidm tbtfng kd (tdp 7) Nhi in ViinD6ng,n 1942 (2) 50 nfim GD-DT Thanh Hod - Sv ki^n vi thinh tvu (1945-1995) NXB Thanh Hod, 1995 (3) Hi9m Minh Hfic Sa thio giio dye Vi^t Nam NXB GidorftiC, H.1992 (4) Trin Din Tifin NhOng mfiu chuyfn vd cuOc ddi vi ho9t dOog cda lAi Chii tjch NXB Van hod, H.1960 (5) Hd Chi Minh Vl vlTn Ak giio due NXB Gido dvc H 1990, tr 37-38 Tap chi Giao due so (fci i • 6/aoia) THE LE UIET Uacai BAI NOi dung bii vilt thu^c cic finh vyc: -Qudn II giio dge; - Tim l[ hpc - sinh If hpc Ilia tu6i; -Ltiu$n giio dge; -Lliu^nd^yhpc; - Giio dge nude ngoii; v.v Bii vilt: - M6I bii vilt IdiOng qui trang, kh6 A4; phOng ctiO Times New Roman (Unicode), cfl chfl 14 - Tdn bii bio v i \6m tSt nOi dung bii bio trinh biy bSng thitfid'ng:filngVi$t v itiingAnh - Tic gii gi}i bi/) m bii v i ^ v i ^ tin bii vilt d ^ Toi so^n (theo dja dli Ban bidn t$p ghi trdn (rang m(ic/ye cfla T^p chQ - Chi] thfch bii dinh so'lheo thii ti; xui't hi$n - T^' l i ^ tham khio v i chO thich ghi dcu^ bii (trtnh t^: tdn tic gii - tdn sich/bii bio/vin bin phip quy - nhi xui't bin - noi v i nim xui't bin) • Toi s o ^ khOng tri 1^ bii vilt nlu khOng duiqc ding Dd ti^n lidn hd, tic gii cin ghi ro dja chf cdng tic, s66\^n tho^i, email vio cud'i bit TAPCHlGlAODUC ... ro, Thanh Hod dd cdch m^ng thdng din 1953 " C?p HSS Chi eye hien khoi cdc edng vide cy t h i Id ddi Ti Thanh h o luu trtt Thanh Hoi Hiu hgc thdnh Ti GDPT (1950), ddt Udn dodn gido SUMMARY gidi Thanh. .. hgi W n g bg tfnh Thanh H 1990, tr.56 Hdo ( / - / / ) d d xdc djnh G D Id mdl (8) "Bdo cdo tinh hinh gido d{ic ndm 1949 ciia Thanh tra tigu hQc" C$p 10 HSS 134 Chi eye luu trO Thanh hong nhung... HS hgc) (6) Trong thdi kl khdng chiln - kiln qude, Thanh Hdo Id mdt trung tdm G D Idn cOa nude Vi^t Nam ddn (hH cdng hda Nhihig ngdy ddu eiio cudc khdng chiln, Ichi Bdc Hd d i n thdm Thanh Hod