Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Nguyen Thi HSng Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 126(12) 159 164 PHirONG PHAF XAC BINH VAN BE TRONG HOC T H E O VAN BE Nguyen Thi Hiing Trudng Dai hac SuphQm DH Thdi Nguyen TOM TAT Hpc theo van dl la mpt[.]
Nguyen Thi HSng Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 126(12): 159- 164 P H i r O N G P H A F XAC BINH VAN BE TRONG H O C T H E O VAN BE Nguyen Thi Hiing Trudng Dai hac SuphQm - DH Thdi Nguy TOM TAT Hpc theo van dl la mpt phuang phap su pham lay ngudi hoc ldm trung tam, ngirdi hpc hop tdc de giai quylt cdc van de phiic t^p va thyc tien De tl chiic tot phuong phdp hpc tl'eo van de thi xdc dinh van de Id mpt khau rdt quan trpng Trong bdi viet nay, chiing toi phan biet hii dang van de va nhan thiy ring hoc theo van dl hucmg den van de phi cau triic Id nhiing vin de kh6ng r5 rdng, dua chua xdc dinh dugc cau tra loi dung, c6 nhieu giai phdp vdi luong thong lin ldn Phuong phdp xdc djnh vdn dl phi ciu triic dupc dya tren nguyen ly, khdi niem trung tam Tir nguygn li, khai niem trung tam sg xay dyng bdi toan hodc tim kilm sy tdn tai cua chiing thyc tien hogc xay dyng cac yiu to trai ngugc Tir kh6a: Van di, gidi quyit vdn de, hgc theo vdn di, xae djnh vdn di, ky ndng gidi quyet vdn di DAT VAN DE Hgc theo vin dl (HTVD) la mdt phuong phap su pham lay ngudi hgc lam trung tam, ngudi hgc hgp tac giai quyet cac van de phirc tap, da dang va thyc tiln Van dyng HTVD day hgc d trudng dgi hgc se phat huy dugc tinh tich cue, chii dgng hgc tap Clia sinh vien, sinh vien dugc ren luyen cac ky nang can thift (k;^ nang thu thap va su dung tai lieu, ky nang lap ke hogch, lich trinh lam vifc, ky nang thao luan, lam vifc nhdm, ky nang trinh bay trudc dam ddng, bao ve kft qua Clia minh, ky nang tu duy, ky nang giai quyet vin de, ), sinh vien dugc tifp can vdi nhirng vin dl thyc tifn va biit each td chuc van dl Vi vay HTVD cd hieu qua se khac phyc dugc van de ma lau du luan xa hdi vln ban khoan la giao due dai hgc cdn xa rdi thuc tien Trong HTVD, giao vien cd vai trd hd trg hogt ddng hgc tap, thao luan ciia sinh vien, dgc biet tim tdi, xac djnh nh&ng vin dl ly thu, phii hgp Giai quylt vin de la mdi quan tam chinh HTVD, cung nhu giao dye dgi hgc Tuy nhifn, de giai quylt vin dh hifu qua thi vin df la mdt yeu td quan trgng, xac djnh dugc vin dl phii hop la rit can thilt CAC DANG V A N D E Trong HTVD, thugc vao kha nang giai quylt Clia ngudi hgc va kien thuc lien quan 'Tel 0912S05864 vdi cac ITnh vyc hgc tap ma cd the phan biet van de cd cau triic va van de phi cau true * Van de cd cau triic (well-structured problem): la nhirng vin dl rd rang, dua da xac dinh dugc cau tra ldi diing, mgt giai phap diing nhat vdi lugng thdng tin nhd, dugc trinh bay sach giao khoa Trong van de cd cau triic, trang thai ban dau, muc tifu va nhii'ng yfu td lifn quan dugc xac dinh rd rang Giai quyft van de cd cau triic ddi hdi phai cd kifn thuc cu, cung cdng cu va thdng tin de thuc hien cac budc theo mgt trinh tu da dugc hudng dan Chang ban, moi ngudi ciing thuc hien cdng viec bat va dang nhgp vao may tinh, truy cap vao email, Hau het cac van de sach giao khoa toan hgc, khoa hgc ky thuat, hoac kinh doanh la nhiing van dl cd cau triic Vi du tim x mgt phuang trinh dai sd, hoac cac phep tinh toan thdng sd cac loai may mdc, dfu cd mgt cau tra Idi chinh xac, Khi neu van de cd cau true, giao vifn hudng ngudi hgc den nhirng ket qua da cd trudc Vai trd ciia van de cd cau triic dugc trinh bay nhu mgt nhiem vu de nhd va dugc td chuc, gidi thieu bdi ngudi dgy * Van de phi cau true (ill-structured problem): la nhirng vin df khdng ro rang, dua chua xac djnh dugc cau tra Idi dung, cd nhifu giai phap vdi lugng thdng tin ldn, khdng day dii, chinh xac va rd rang, 159 Nguyen Thi Hdng Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGH$ Van df phi ciu tnic thudng khdng cd myc tieu ban diu rd rang, sd lugng myc tifu dugc xac dinh mo hd va phai dugc xem xet qua hnnh giai quylt vin dl Giai quyft ioai vin dl cd die cd nhieu giai phap, dudng din giai phap hogc khdng cd giai phap nao Ching ban thilt ke Igi mgt qua trinh lam vifc, tao mdt chifn luge tifp thi mdi, [3] Cac vin de phi ciu true la nhimg van dl phdc tgp va kem dugc xac dinh, ngudi phai ddi mat thudng xuyen cudc s6ng hang ma thdng tin cin thiet df giai quyft khdng dugc cung cap trudc Vi dy Iam thf nao df su dyng dugc tdi da ngudn nudc hong khu vyc ciia chiing ta Khi tifp can vdi van dl phi ciu tnic, ngudi hgc sir dyng nhung khai nifm, quy tac, nguyfn tic ma chua chic chan dl thyc hien 126(12): 159-164 ban bao cao vf cac giai phap Ngudi hgc nhgn thuc dugc vin df mgt each tu nhien, khdng bi ep bugc va di tim cau tra ldi cho nhirng thac mac cua minh, thao lugn vdi bgn df dua nhung giai phap tdt nhit cho viec giai quyet vin df Giai phap d day khdng chd dgi cau tra ldi diing hay sai ma quan trgng la chien luge giai quylt van de hgp li va thuylt phuc nhat Ddi chiing ta cdn nham 13n vf hai loai van dl tren Tuy nhien, diem phan biet giiia chung dugc dya vao ban chit cua van de, quy trinh giai quyft van df, phan de giai quyet tiing vin de, dugc trinh bay tdm tit bang I [2] Logi vin df ma HTVD hudng tdi ia van de phi cau true BSng Su khde ca bdn giira vdn di cd cdu true vd vdn a Van de phi ciu true - Xac dinh s6 lupng muc tifiu mot cdch mo ho - Th6ng tin khdng chdc chin khong day dii vd khong chinh xdc hodc kh6ng r5 rdng - Mdi quan he phii hgp gifia cdc khdi nifm, quy tic va nguyen tic trudng hgp dya trfin boi canh - Nhieu giai phdp, dudng dan giai - Mpt cau tra ldi chinh xdc, hpi ty ph^, hodc khong cd gidi phdp ndo nhit dl dat dugc sy hdi 16ng cd mpt gidi phdp cuoi cimg - Khdng cd mpt th6a thuan ph6 qudt vl cdc giai phdp thich hpp - Tim kiSm thdng tin - Kich hogt luge d6 - Lya chgn thdng tin - Phdt triln bifn minh ve cdc lya chgn - Tgo cdc giai phdp - Tim kiem gidi phdp - Lya chgn mgt gidi phdp - Ddnh gid cdc gidi phap, gidm sdt qud trinh gidi quylt, va phdt triln - Thyc hien gidi phdp bien minh - Cd kien thuc miln cu thi - Cd kiln thdc miln cy thi - Cdu tnic kiln thtrc - Cdu tnic kien thiic - Hilu biet vl nhdn thiic - Hilu biet ve nhan thiic - Quy dinh ciia nhgn thuc - Gid tri/ Thdi d6/ Nilm tin - Kha nSng phdt triln lap luan vin de c6 cau triic Tieu chuSn Ban chit cua van de - Mpt trang thdi muc tiSu dupc biet - Cdc thdnh phan cua - M6t trang thdi ban ddu duoc xac dinh rQ, tdp hgp cac trgng thdi logic phdt bieu van de rang bupc - Cdc thong s6 han che - Giai phdp Quy trinh gidi quylt van de - Diin ta (mi6u ta) cdc van de (Representation problems) - Tien trinh giai phdp - Gidm sat Cdc thdnh phan cua giai quyet vdn dl - Nhgn thiic - Sieu nhan thiic - Cdc bien so khdng nhdn thiic - Ky ndng bifn minh Nguyin Thi Hing Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE PHU'ONG P H A P X A C DINH V A N DE Cac yeu to can thiet cho mgt van de tdt - Van df phai tham gia vao cac Igi i'ch ciia ngudi hgc, khuyfn khich ngudi hgc tham dd, tim hifu sau sic hon vl cac khai niem dugc gidi thifu - Cau hdi van dk cin cd tinh md, khdng gidi hgn ddi vdi mgt cau tra ldi diing nhung cd kft ndi vdi cac kien thiic dS hgc trudc dd - Van de cd so sd tir ngi dung hgc tap Cac muc tifu dgy hgc can dugc dua vao cac vin de - Van df cd lien quan tdi thyc tien Vin dl cd thf liy tir cac video clip, nhiing cSu chuyen, cac bai bao hogc tai lieu giao khoa vf nhiing vin dl thyc tifn va dugc viet lai cd ket thiic md - Van de giup phat trien ky nang tu d muc dg cao Ngudi hgc dugc yeu ciu bifn minh cho tat ca cac quyft dinh va lap luan dya tren cac nguyfn tic dugc hgc Van dl yeu cau ngudi hgc dua cac quyft dinh dya tren cac sy kifn, thdng tin logic, hgp ly Van dl thach thirc ngudi hgc dgt dugc cap cao cua tu phe phan, vin dl kich thich ngudi hgc dgt dugc muc dg phan tich, tdng hgp, danh gia, chu khdng phai chi xac dmh va giai thich - vin df thu hut sy quan tam, himg thu tir ngudi hgc - v i n df khuyin khich hgp tac giai quylt vin df Sy hgp tac giiia cac vifn nhdm la cin thift df vifc giai quyet van df cd hifu qua IMot so ky thuat xac dinh lai van dl Trong mdt sd trudng hgp, xac dinh van df cd the dua trf n mgt so van df cd san nhung chua phil hgp, hogc dua dugc van df rdi nhung kiem tra lgi thi thiy vin de dd chua dien dgt rd nghTa, ddi hdi chung ta xac dinh lai vin dl Xac dinh lai vin de thuc hien theo nhiing ky thugt sau: - Dien dat Igi van df: tCr nhung vin de da cd, chung ta dung tix khac di df difn ta Igi vin de 126(12): 159- 164 ma khdng lam mSt y nghTa gdc, nhung dan den each nhin mdi vf van de Vi du: VSn df ban dau.- Ldm the ndo de hgn che ngn phd riing? Dien dat lai.- Ldm de tinh trgng phd rimg khong gia tdng? - Lat ngugc van de: day la mdt ky thuat rit hieu qua vi nd thach thuc cac gia dinh cua van df va xac dinh true tifp nguyen nhan cua van de Vi dy: Van de ban dau; Ldm the ndo de ndng cao nhgn thuc ve s^ cdn thiet phdi cd cdc bien phdp su dung ben vOng tdi nguyen vd y thuc bdo vg mdi truong? Lat ngugc van df; Ly ndo dd ldm hgn chi nhgn thur ve su cdn thiet phdi cd cdc bien phdp su dung ben vUng tdi nguyen vd y thuc bdo ve moi trudng? - Md rdng trgng tam cua van df, phat bieu lgi van df khung canh rgng hon Vi dy: Van df ban diu: Ldm the ndo di thgy doi mdi quan he chit yeu giira mi2c sinh sdn tu vong qudn the? Md rgng trgng tam; Ldm the ndo de diiu chinh s{r tang, gidm so lugng cd the ciia qudn the? - Dgt lgi trgng tam cho vin df, tao bao thay ddi trgng tam: la each tifp can ddi hdi nhieu suy nghT va sang tao Vi du: Van df ban diu: Ldm de cdc cd the qudn the ludn gdn bd chat che vdi nhau'^ Dat lgi trgng tam: Ldm de dam bdo cho qudn the sinh vgt tdn tgi on dfnh vd phdt trim? Cac c^ch xac dinh van de Trong da sd trudng hgp, viec xac dinh van de dugc dya tren nguyfn li, khai nifm trung tam Tur nguyfn li, khai nifm trung tam" xay dung bai toan hogc tim kiem su ton tgi cua chung thyc tifn hoac bang each xay dung cac yfu td trai ngugc Chung ta cd thi hinh dung each xac djnh vin dl qua hinh [4] 161 Nguyin Thj Hang Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHf 126(12): 159-164 Cau chuyfn thyc tf ""Bifu hifn thyc tf Cdc sy kifn /^ Cdc limg dyng thdng minh \ X ) d c tranh ludn Cdc hien tugng: mau thuin, la lam, bit ngd Sdch vd —Tgp chi Bdo, Tivi, Radio Trdi nghifm cd nhdn >Jghif n Clin khoa hgc Ly thuylt vd thyc ti§n Khai thdc cdc yfu td trai ngugc \s^ tudng vd thyc tgi Tudng tugng vd thyc tiln Ly thuylt vd cdng nghf Hinh Cdch xdc dinh vdn di - Cdch Tir nguyen li, khdi niim xay dung bdi todn: Dya tren muc tieu, ndi dung mdn hgc, giao vien xac dinh cac khdi nifm, nguyen li trung tam chuong trinh hgc tap rdi xay dyng muc bidu hien ciia van dl la xay dung bai tap van dyng (mic 1), bifn soan cau chuyfn (tinh hudng) thyc tien cd lien quan (mirc 2), chi su tdn tai ciia khai nifm, nguyen li trung tam cdc tinh hudng thuc tifn (muc 3) Vi dy: + Muc I: Khi tim hieu ve dnh hudng cua nhift len ddi sdng sinh vgt, gido vien cd the xay dung van df sau: Nhiet trfn be mat trdi dat biin thien rit Idn, d viing Bac cue, nhiet xuong dudi 0°C, nhung d cac viing sa mac, nhiet dp cd tdi trfn 80°C Sinh vat tren trai dit chi song dugc hong mgt gidi ban nhiet rit h?p, thudng Mf CC- SCC, thgm chi cdn hep 162 ban Trong thyc te, trdi Ignh, nhiet dg xudng thap, ngudi thudng mac rat nhifu im df phil hgp vdi difu kifn Ignh gid, song loai ech thi khdng bao bgc ben ngoai mgt ldp ao nao md vdn tdn tai dugc Dgt cau hdi: Nhiet dnh hudng nhu the nao ddi vdi ddi sdng sinh vgt? Hifn hifu img nha kfnh md nhiet df trdi ddt ngdy cang tang cao Dieu dd cd anh hudng gi ddi vdi sinh vat khdng? + Mirc 2: Khi dgy vf chu trinh cacbon, gido vien cd thf xay dyng van de sau : Cacbon la mgt logi nguyen t6 ca bdn ciu tao nen te bao, co the song Cacbon di tir mdi trudng ngoai vao co thf sinh vgt, trao dSi quin xa va trd lai mdi trudng dudi dgng cacbondioxit Hdng nam ngudi thai vdo mdi trudng trdi dat 20 ti tin COj Trong vdng 130 nam qua, nhift dg trai dat da tang len 0,4^ Dy bdo din ndm 2050, nhift dg frdi dit Nguyin Thi Hdng Tgp chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE tang them 1,5- 4,5 °C niu nhu ngudi khdng cd bifn phap khde phuc Nfu nhift tilp tuc tang thi Vift Nam se mit 17% san lugng ndng nghiep Dya vao kiln thuc chu frinh cacbon hay giai thich dudng di cua cacbon Cd phai tit ca lugng cacbon ciia quin xa sinh vat dugc trao ddi theo vdng tuin hodn kin hay khdng? Vi sao? Nguyen nhan nao Iam cho ndng dg CO2 biu quyen tang Ien? Nfu bien phap ban chf + Muc dg 3: Khi dgy vl van de d nhiem mdi trudng sinh thai, gido vifn cd thi xay dyng van df nhu sau : Theo dieu tra ciia Trung tam Quy hogch va Difu tra tai nguyfn nudc (Bg Tdi nguyen Mdi trudng), hifn ca nudc cd 37 "lang ung thu" Mgt nhifng nguyen nhan gay benh la sir dung ngudn nudc bj d nhilm Ket qua phan tich mdu nudc dang su dyng cho an uong, sinh hogt tgi cdc "lang ung thu" cho thay hau hft dfu nhiem vi sinh vat, mgt so mau cd ham lugng phenol, arsen hogc mangan vugt nhieu lin tifu chuin cho phep Tinh trgng ndy da va dang anh hudng nghifm trgng dfn sire khde cua ngudi dan xa lam nghi da my nghe Ninh Van - Hoa Lu - Ninh Binh, hi nam 2004 din 2012, cd 109 ngudi chit vi ung thu thj trin Minh Tan - Kinh Mdn - Hai Duong, ludn chim khdi bui bdi cac nha may xi mang, cac cdng trudng khai thac da phyc vu sdn xuat vgt lieu xay dung, til nam 2004 dfn 2013, cd 101 ngudi chft vi ung thu Tuy nhifn ngudi dan vln khdng biet vi ngudi than ciia hg chet vi ung thu nhilu den thi [1], Dat cau hdi: Nhiing nguyen nhan nao cd thi gay bfnh? Bifn phap ndo cd the khac phyc tinh trgng d nhifm ngudn nudc, ngudn khdng d nhiing dia phuong tren? HSy lien hf tinh trgng d nhifm nudc vd khdng d dja phuong Neu Id mgt thdnh vifn td chuc bao vf radi trudng, bgn se lam gi? - Cach Tim kiim su ton tgi cUa nguySn li, khdi niem thuc tiin: Cd the xem xet vd 126(12); 159-164 phat hien cdc van de cac sy kifn, cdc umg dyng thdng minh ddi sdng hang ngay, cac tranh lugn chua nga ngii, cac hifn tugng cd nhirng dgc tinh nhu la Iam, bit ngd, cd ve mdu thuan, Ngudn tin chua dyng vin de can phat hifn tdn tgi dudi nhieu dang khac nhu sach vd, tap chi, bdo, truyln hinh, truyfn thanh, nhiing trai nghifm ca nhan, cdc cdng trinh nghien cuu khoa hoc, Vi dy, gido vien xac dinh vin df df day vl sy thich nghi cua sinh vat vdi mdi trudng sdng, lifn hf den quy tic vf kich thudc ca thf va kich thudc cdc bg phan tai, dudi, chi, ciia co the : Giai thich tgi dgng vat hdng nhiet thugc ciing mdt Ioai hay loai cd quan he hg hdng gan sdng d viing dn ddi cd ki'ch thudc ca thf ldn hon, nhung cd tai, dudi, chi, nhd hon Clia ddng vat hang nhift d viing nhift ddi? - Cdch "i-Khaithdccdcyeutotrdingugrc: Cd tdi lifu cho ring, tinh huong xuit hien cd su mau thuan, khac bift giiia "diing phdi la" vd "thyc te la" Day chinh la mdt phuong phap khai thac tuong ddi phong phu cac vin dl mang tinh thyc tifn Cd thi khai thac cac mdi quan he sau: + Giiia Ii thuylt va thyc tifn: vf dy, ti le gidi tfnh thudng xap xi 1/1, nhung ngdng va vit cd ti If gidi tinh la 40/60, hogc d mgt sd loai thin Ian, ran, trudc miia sinh san, sd lugng ca thf cai nhieu hon cd thf due, sau mua de trung, sd lugng ca the cdi vd dye gan nhu bang + Giiia li tudng vd thuc tai: vi dy, xay dung "ngdi nhd sinh thai" theo tifu chi "ty cung ty cap"den muc tdi da la mdt If tudng, thyc tl khdng cd vdi mdt dien tich khif m ton + Giiia tudng tugng, suy dodn dya trfn kinh nghiem vd thyc tien: vi du, hifn xay dyng, be tdng va gach khdi tudng chimg la vat lifu rdt viing chac nhung neu rom dugc xii If bang ky thugt cao, nen khdi Id logi vat lifu xay dyng hoan toan sach, difu nhift tdt, chdng tham cao, khdng sg liia, tgi khd re tien + Giua If thuylt vd cdng nghf: vi du, dl cham cay canh, chi can cung cap cdc dieu kifn vl Nguyin Thi Hdng Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE nudc, dnh sang va phan bdn la dii de cay phat triln Tuy nhifn, tdn tai nhilu trudng hgp Idm dii nhu vay md cay van bi heo va chft Tuy nhien, each xac djnh van df chi mang tinh tucmg ddi, bdi vi cd nhiing vin de thudc each ciing van thda man tifu chi nao dd d each 2, each KET LUAN Xdc djnh dugc vin df va sii dung van de dgy hgc Id khau quan trgng, quyft dinh viec giao vien cd van dung dugc phuong phap dgy hgc cdng hay khdng Khi da xac dinh dugc van dl va ngudi hgc giai quyet dugc van df thi ngudi hgc dugc kien thuc mdi hoac cung cd dugc kifn thuc va se ren luyen ky ndng van dung kien thiic cu de hgc kiln thirc mdi, ddng thdi ciing nhgn dgng dugc kiln thirc hong thi gidi diyc tifn phong phii, da dang, giiip ngudi hgc nhin dugc 126(12): 159-164 nhung vin dl tuang ty hgc tap cung nhu thyc tifn vd cdch giai quyet van de dd TAI LIEU THAM K H A O Am anh "Ldng ung thu" : Tra gid vi nhiem, http://hn.24h.com.vn/tin-tuc-trong-ngay/am-anhIang-ung-thu-tra-gia-vi-o-nhiem-c46a512015.html Namsoo Shin Hong (1998) The relationship between well-structured and ill-struetured problem solving in multimedia simulation, A Thesis in Instructional systems The Pennsylvania State University (The Gradute School, College of Education) Namsoo Shin & Steven McGee (2003), "Designers should enhance learners' ill structured problem solving skill", http://vdc eel edu/enlries/illps him Nguyin Vdn Khdi, Le Huy Hoang, Vu Thj Mai Anh (2010), Md dun Dgy hgc dua Iren gidi quyit vdn di, Tdi lifu t§p huin SUMMARY METHOD OF DETERMINmG THE PROBLEMS IN PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING Nguyen Thi Hang College of Education - TNU Problem-based leaming is a student-centered pedagogy, in which students collaboratively solve complex and practices problems Stage identify problem that are important to well-organized problem-based leaming method In this article, we distinguish two types of problems and problembased leaming towards ill-structured problems Those are the issues that are not clear, are not identify the correct answer, there are many solutions with the large amount of information Methods for the identification ill-structured problems is based on the central principles and concepts From the central principle and concepts built into problems or finding the existence of them in practice or by building elements opposed Key words: problem, problem solving, problem-based learning, identifying the problem, problem solving skill Ngdy nhdn bdi-15/9/2014; Ngdy phdn biin-06/10/2014, Ngdy duyit ddng; 25/10/2014 Phan biin khoa hoc: TS Nguyin Thi Ha - Trudng Dgi hge Suphgm - DHTN Tei 0912 805864 164 ... vifn nhdm la cin thift df vifc giai quyet van df cd hifu qua IMot so ky thuat xac dinh lai van dl Trong mdt sd trudng hgp, xac dinh van df cd the dua trf n mgt so van df cd san nhung chua phil hgp,... de dd chua dien dgt rd nghTa, ddi hdi chung ta xac dinh lai vin dl Xac dinh lai vin de thuc hien theo nhiing ky thugt sau: - Dien dat Igi van df: tCr nhung vin de da cd, chung ta dung tix khac... tam: Ldm de dam bdo cho qudn the sinh vgt tdn tgi on dfnh vd phdt trim? Cac c^ch xac dinh van de Trong da sd trudng hgp, viec xac dinh van de dugc dya tren nguyfn li, khai nifm trung tam Tur nguyfn