CAG NGUYEN TAG TO GHUG HOAT ODNG CUA GIAD VIEN NGD VAN THONG GI&DAYboe HIEU VAN BAN ThS NGUYiN THI THU HIEN" Ddi mdi ndi dung va phuong phap day hgc la mgt chu tniong Idn cua toan nganh giao due Delhy[.]
CAG NGUYEN TAG TO GHUG HOAT ODNG CUA GIAD VIEN NGD VAN THONG GI&DAYboe HIEU VAN BAN ThS N G U Y i N THI THU HIEN" D di mdi ndi dung va phuong phap day hgc la mgt chu tniong Idn cua toan nganh giao due Delhyc sutaodugc budc ngoatveehat lucffig giao due, khdng the khdng ndi den vai trd cfla giao vidn (GV), ngudi thiet kd qua trinh tmyen Ihu - tie'p nhan tri thuc, xac tap mdiquan he tuong tae giiia ngudi day va ngudi hgc Hieu rd nhung hoalddng eua GV mdi tiet dgy la mdt yeu cau bit bugc dd'i vdi nhihig ngudi nghien cflu va Iham gia edng tac giao due,giang day Van de dday la phai hinh dung duoc mgtcachcuthB, rd rang ve nhung cdng viec maGV phai lam Thuc te cho Ihay suc&n thiet phai xay dung md hinh hoalddng eua GV cho tflng kieu bai dgy eu the Tuy nhien, tat cacac md hinh hoat ddng dd phai dua tren mgt CO sdkhoa hgc vdi nhung nguyen tac va y§(j c^u nhat quan, lien tyc, tao y thfl'c va viec lam thudng xuyen cua GV TtJ gdc vfla neu, van dyng li thuye't day hgc hi^n dai, bai viet di sau phan tieh mgt sd nguyen lac nhu la nhi?ng co sd khoa hgc eua viee to chirc cac hoalddng gidday dgc hieu van ban (DDHVB) ajaGVngdvan Hoat dgng day hoc cua GV la mgt mat cua hoat dgng sir pham (1; lr.7] Tn/dc day, ngudi la hieu hoalddng suphgm chi la hoalddng cua ngudithay Ngudi thay ddng vai trd tnjng tam qua trinh day va hgc, ehu ddng tfl v i ^ chuan bj ngi dung giang day, phuong phap tfuyenthuden nhiing ldi chl din, nhUng cau hdi, Hgc sinh (HS) chi lidp nhan thu dgng, hgc thugc de "tra bai" Quan niem hien da Idi thdi Vi ring, td gdc hoalddng supham, quan nigm tren chi chfl trgng hoat dgng lii mdt phia, hoat dgng cua ngudi thSVfna khdng thay hoat dgng su pham cdn la hoat dgng cua trd Theo quan diem ve day hoc hien dai, hoat dgng sir pham bao gdm hogt dgng cua thay va trd Nha tam li hoc A Menfrinxcaia (1989) viet: "Hoat dgng ciia thay va trd la hai m^t cua mdt boat dgng" (ki2-7/2013)- Oavuddp khang dinh: "cae hogt ddng day hgc la eac hoat ddng ciing eua thay va trd" (1; tr.7) dd thay la chu the cua hogl dgng dgy, trd la chu the cua hoalddng hgc Pham vi cua bai viet chfl trgng hoalddng cfla ngudi thiy qua trinh day hgc Chflng tdi sudyng cym tfl "hoal dgng day hgc" hay "hogl ddng eua GV", Id' chflc hogt ddng cue GV" cung dechi hoat dgng cila ngudi thay qua trinh dgy hgc Hoalddngday hgc cua ngudithay nhaln/dng la mdt hoat ddng gar vdi nhieu yeu tdtnang ca'u tnjc chung ciia hogt ddng su phgm, bao gom: dieu kign cy the cua hogt ddng, muc dich, dgng luc, nhiem vu va luong flng vdi nd la nhirng thao tae, hanh dgng tuc la phuang phap de dat hieu qua cua hogt dgng day hgc Dd'i tugng eua hoat ddng la tri thfl'c, kT nang, hanh vi, thai do, va dich de'n cudi cung la nhan each cuaHS.^ To' chuc hogt dgng day hoe cua GV gid DDHVB phai thyc hien theo phu^ong cham van dgng co ban cua qua trinh day hgc Nhiem vycua hoalddng day hgc laphal trien loan dien nang luc sang lao, nhu'ng nang khieu va thien hudng cua HS Nhimgcudctranh lugn veli luan day hgedLienxd tn/dc day va tren the gidi xung quanh hoat ddng dgy hgc ndi len hai quan diem Ouan diem thdnhatcho rang nhigm vy cua day hgc la eung cap trilhUe, nhung hieu biet cila nhan loai lir tardc den da duoe he thdng hda Ngudi thay gidi la ngudi ednhieu tri thflc va biet each Iruyen thu tri thuc dd cho ngudi hge Quan diem thuhaicho r§ng, day hgc la phatlrien nang luc cho HS, lam cho HS ham me, hflng thu hgc tap, ren luyen, sang tgo Su Iranh luan nhlm di den viec thda nhan phuong cham nao la ca ban qua trinh day hgc Viec Iruyen thu tri thflc hay tap tmng vao vigc phatlrien tri luc cua HS? ' Tnrcing THPT Nguyen Hull Thp - Sd GD^OT TP Ho Chi Minh Tap chi Gido due so 314 41 Detraldicau hdi nay, thuctiln, nhiing ngudi thu vigc tiep nhan tri thfl'c Vay vHnde la phai tao lam cdng tac su pham deu nhan thiiy, day hgc la cung ddng lue qua trinh hoc t|p Ngudi thiy mang ca'p hg thd'ng Iri thflc eho ngudi hgc O bac hgc phd' het tri tug va siic luc de Iruyen thu tri thu'c, nhung dap thdng, nhigm vu dugc d§t len hang dau Nhung, lgi hge trd khdng thay hiing thfl, say me, nghTa ia day hge, ndu ehi dai van de cung cap h^ thd'ng ehua khoi day dgng lue ngi tai cua ban than ngucfi hoc tri thut (day cai gi) ma khdng chu trgng de'n ddi tugng thi ket qua cua hoat dgng dd v^n han che, neu khdng hgc (day cho ai) thi kel qua truyen thu tri thirc, ndi la "dam chan tgi^chd" (2; tr.11).0d Nggc Thd'ng quagiao dye, dao tao khd ludng trudcdugc, Chinh vi cudn Tim hieu chuang trinh va sach giao vay, li luan day hgc hign dai da ehu trgng ca hai van de khoa ngir van trung hoc thdng da^eu eau ndi tren Day hge la dgy tri thfl'c nhung ddng thdi ehu y GV phai xem HS la "nhung ddi tugng vdn ed san nhiJng ddi tugng truyen thu, tiep nhan tri thu'c dd K.O Usinxki tiem nang ma GV cd nhiem vu phal danh thiic va tao da chflng minh r^ng: "ddi vdi st/phat then cdket qua dieu kien de nhung tiem nang dd dugc phst trien toi tri tue cua HS, vi^c nghien cuv nhung tri thdc khoa da, dac bigt la tiem nang sang tao" (3; tr.13) hpc cd he thdng vda sue HS giu mot vai tro quan Nhu vay, viee tao ddng luc qua trinh trpn^' (2; tr.8) dgy hgc la yeu cau phan anh chat lugng cua quatrinh "Nghg thuat cua GV chinh la phai lam the nao trang bj kien thflc cho hg, dan dal hg limg budc tdi nhung nhigm vu cang phue tap hon vaddng thdi ehuan bjcho hg giai quyet cac nhiem vu 3d, nhung phai linh loan lam cho mdi giai quyel mgt nhigm vu mdi, HS bugc phai lao ddng tulap, suy nghl cang thang de'n mirc ma dae diem lu'a tuoi va ca the cila hg cho phep chju dung nhifng dieu kign cu thecua viee day hgc" (2; tr.11) Nhan thflc Iren day ve nhiem vu day hgc da Ird Ihanh phuong cham van dpng coban cua viec day hoc To chu'c hoat dgng day hgc cua GV gio DDHVB tren c o s d phat huy dgng luc ngi tai cuaHS Qua trinh day hgc ta qua Irinh dieu chmh hogt ddng day va hoat ddng hgc cua thay va trd mgt each kheo leo, linh hoat Tuan thu va kien tri thuc hign phuong cham co ban cua qua trinh day hge, ngudi thay lap trung siie luc, tri lug, lua chgn kien thflc, sudung phuang phap giang day thich hop, phai ddng thdi dieu chmh hoat dgng day cua minh cho phii hgp vdi ddi lugng Hudng ve doituong tie'p nhan de theo ddi nang luc tiep nhan tri thuc, nlm bit trinh eua ngudi hoc, ke ca viec theo ddi nhung thay doi nhan thirc cua dd'i tugng, de cd nhung thao tac, "ling phd" kjp thdi tflng linh hudng la ca mgt quatrinh Sutuong tac giu'a ehu Ihethay va chu Ihetrd chl cd the dat higu qua nao ed su phd'i hop giua hogt ddng cua ngudi day va hogt ddng tiep nhan tri thiic cua ngudihgc Li luan day hoc va thue tiln da chflng td ring, khdng phai mpikien thfl'c ngudi thay tnjyen Ihy diu dugc hgc tro tiep nhan mgl each d l dang Va phia ngudi hgc, khdng phai luc nao hgcung say me, dgy hgc i4 To chuc day hgc cua GV gid DDHVB phai di/a tren dac trung cua mon hoc /^Tri thiie van hgc la bao gdm loan bg nhiing hiiy biet ve ngudi va cugc sdng thdng qua the gii^ ngdn tfl', vi vay, hoat ddng eua GV khdng the tach rdi vigc cung cap kT nang tie'p can hien thuc cudc sdng Ihdng qua giai ma tac pham van hgc Viec giai ma tac pham dday khdng la gi khac^chinh la dgc - hieu van ban LI thuyettiep nhan da khang djnh rSng, tae phan van hgc thuc hien chifc nang xa hdi cua ndthdng qua viec dgc (mdt hinh thuc liep nhgn phd bien tfl-trudc den nay) van ban tac pham, Cdng trinh nghien cflu Ket cau vay goi va Hanh dpng dpc cua^o\gang\£& da cho rang chi tiep xuc tn/c tiep vdi van ban, ngudi dgc mdi CO the phat trien dugc nhung kha nang sin cdcua minh Trong boat ddng day hgc ngiJvan dtrudng tmng hge phdthdng, tnidc het can cho hgc sinh liep xiic vdi van ban tae pham Cac hinh thiic khac chi la thflyeu Dgc hieu van ban la yeu eau bit budc ca vdi ngudi day vangudihgc lung tli ngir, timg cau van, va eac yeu td cau tac pham nhu the loai, bd cue, ket eau, gigng dieu, deu chfl'a dung nhiing thdng diep manha van gui gam Tiep nhan van ban la thudng thii'c tint) thu'c Tmh thflc va luon tim kie'm nhiing each thflt, phuong lien thdng qua ngir nghTa, tim kie'm bing tS'l ca suhung phan va kich thich Cugc "phieu luu" kham pha sy that ddi sdng, eon ngudi tac pham la cugc "phieu luu" di qua nhieu canh cua Ngudi GV ddng vai trd la ngudi chi din cho HS mdi mgt doan dudng phai mdfliem mot canh ciia vacLJ'themdtalGi nhifng canh cira cdn lai 42 Tap chi G i a e due so 314 -(ki 2-7/2013) 2)GM gid DBHVB trudc het la mdt ddc gia, Cling tam dac ehia se vdi HS nhung dieu cam nhan tac pham Mgt thflc levin xay day hgc dgc hieu van ban dnha tnidng phd'thdng la thay giao dgc qua loa, dgc ludt van ban, tham chi dgc khdng ghi nhan xet rieng cua minh ve van ban Cach dgc nhuvay khdng dgng lai gi tam tri, lai eang khd cd the di sau de phan tich van ban mdt each cd ehu kien, ndi gi de'n vigc tdchu'e mgt baigiang mang dau an rieng cuangudiday GV dgc van ban khdng phai la de cam Ihu Ihay cho HS (ngudi dgc - ngudi tiep nhan) ma la de djnh hudng cho HStronggidDOHVB.Dgc phai dugc xem lEi mgl hanh dgng dd'i thoai giu'a tae pham • ngudi doe - nha van GV vdi vai trd la ngudi dkn dat, gidi thieu, lam quen, giao luu giifa H S va van ban, vi vay khdng the danh mat vai trd ciia minh la ngudi "mdi gidi", ngudl Imng gian" NghTa la, mgi ldi gidi thieu, quang ba,.diln thuye't tai ba hap din de'n the nao di chang nifa eung chi deu mang gia trj ket ndi lien lac cho ngudi tiep nhan (ngudi dgc • HS) vdi dd'i tugng thu'ba -chu the sang tao Mgt diem cin chfly to chflc gid DfiHVB.GV eung can y thflc dugc yeu cau cua viee dgc van nha trudng Ve diem nay, hai tac gia GS.TS Nguyin Thanh Hung va TS Le Thi Dieu Hoa, cud'n Phuang phap day hoc ngir van trung hgc thong -Nhung van decap nhat (NXB Dai hgc suphgm, 2007) da ndi kha kT yeu cau cua vigc dgc hieu va vigc dgc van nha trudng (xem tai lieu da dan, Mue Van de dpc hieu nha trudng va doe hieu tae pham van chuung, tr 55, tr 78).Dgcvanbanlacpham van hgc nhalnidng la each dgc bai ban, mang tinh chat dao tao su phgm Chflng Idi rat ddng linh vdi quan diem eua hai lae gia: "Cach dgc nha trudng vua la tien de dgc hieu cua HS vu'a la ket qua doe hieu eua ngudi GV van hgc"(4;tr.9) Quan diem li luan v l hogl ddng day hgc tren day xuait phat tir chd eoi ngudi thay la chu the hoat dgng day hgc Trong truyen Ihdng van hda cila ngudi Viet, nhung cau tyc ngif rhu "khong thay ddmay lam nen" la de nhan manh vai trd cua ngudi thay ddi vdi hogt ddng giao dye, ren luygn eon ngudi GS TS Tran Ba Hoanh languor tham gia cdng tac giang day va quan li giao due nhieu nam, tong cud'n Van deG V - nhiing nghiin cdu liluan va tht/c tidn da cd nhifng danh gia ve vaitrd eua ngudi thay nha In/dng rai (ki2-7/2013)- dang suy nghT: "Ngay nay, cdng nghe thdng lin phit trien nhanh, tao nhifng phuang phap, phuang tign giao luu, md rgng "pho" cac kha nang hgc tap, tao co hdi cho moi ngudi cd the hge dudi nhieu hinh thdc theo kha nang va dieu kien cho phep Nha trudng i(hdng cdn la nai nhat dem de'n choHS nhiing tri thflc mdi Tuy nhien, giao due nha trudng dudi sy ehi dao tnic tiep cua GV, vln la eon dudng dang tin cay va cd hieu qua nhattrong viec lam cho the he tre tie'p thu cd muc dieh, ed chgn Ige, cd he thdng linh hoa di san van hda, khoa hge, nghg thuat cua loai ngudi va eua dan tdc GV phai ed nang luc chgn lgc cae tri thflc ca ban, hign dai, thyc tiln phfl hop vdi mye lieu giao dye cua bac hgc, chuyen tai tdi HS vdi suhapdaneao"(5;tr.17) Tdm tgi, xem xel hoat dgng day hge eua ngudi thay cau true chung cua hoalddng supham la xem xet hoal dgng dd mdi lien he dac thu eua nd, tuong tac giifa Ihay va trd, la lam sang td li luan va thyc lien cua hogtdgngdgy hgc,vaitrdeua ngudi thay qua trinh day hgc, lam eo sd cho vigc xay dung md hinh cd tinh phuong phap cua viec id chUe hoat ddng cua ngudi GV gid DDHVB Q (1) DSn Iheo Hoiing Anh - Vu Kim Thanh Giao tiep sir pham NXB Gido due, H 1996 (2) B.P.ExipOp (chu biCn) Nhung cc sff ciia li Iuan day hoc, tap (in lan Ihii 2) NXB Gido due, H 1977 (3) t)6 Ngoc Thtfng Tim hieu chucmg trinh va sach gi^o khoa ngu' v&n trung hoc ph^ thOng NXB Gido due, H 2006 (4) Nguyen Thanh Hiing - Le Thj Di^u Hoa Phmmg phap day hpc ngii vlin trung hpc ph^ IhAng • NhCtng vS'n di cap n h ^ t NXB Dai hgc su phgm, H.2007 (5) TrAn Bii Hoinh V^nde giao vien - Nhting nghian cihi h iu^n va thuc tien NXB Dgi hgc su phgm, H 2006 In the teaching process, the teacher plays an important role, such as: designing the process of transmission, receiving knowledge, establishing interactive relationships between teachers and learners To realize the acUvjUes of teacher whois associated with science teaching type To clarify the theoretical basis ofthe teacher's activities associated with pedagogy activities, teaching process, specilic of courses The fallowing article presen ts principles in operation ofthe language teacher in teachinghours of reading comprehension text Tap chi Gido due so 314 43 ... tiep xuc tn/c tiep vdi van ban, ngudi dgc mdi CO the phat trien dugc nhung kha nang sin cdcua minh Trong boat ddng day hgc ngiJvan dtrudng tmng hge phdthdng, tnidc het can cho hgc sinh liep xiic... ban khdng phai la de cam Ihu Ihay cho HS (ngudi dgc - ngudi tiep nhan) ma la de djnh hudng cho HStronggidDOHVB.Dgc phai dugc xem lEi mgl hanh dgng dd''i thoai giu''a tae pham • ngudi doe - nha van... luan v l hogl ddng day hgc tren day xuait phat tir chd eoi ngudi thay la chu the hoat dgng day hgc Trong truyen Ihdng van hda cila ngudi Viet, nhung cau tyc ngif rhu "khong thay ddmay lam nen" la