NGHieNCliuQl XU THE PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC PHO THONG Gilo due phd thdng (GDPT) dang trd thdnh mdi quan tam, ddng thdi eung Id thdch thUc tdn eho cdc nhd qudn tivd nghidn cUu gido due (GD), do d n g ngay[.]
NGHieNCliuQl XU THE PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC PHO THONG TS NGUY£N l\iU HUNG Trung tdm Ddo 190 vi Bill dirfing G i l o due phd thdng (GDPT) dang trd thdnh mdi quan tam, ddng thdi eung Id thdch thUc tdn eho cdc nhd qudn tivd nghidn cUu gido due (GD), d n g nd cdng ddng vai trd quan trpng v i l e tao mpt x l hdi t i n h manh, vd gdp p h l n phdt t r i l n kinti t l - x d hdi GDPT td giai do?n quan trpng hd thdng gido due (HTGD), vl nd khdng chi k i t ndi GD ban d l u vdi GD dai hpc md cdn k i t ndi he thdng trudng phd thdng vdi thi trUdng lao ddng Dudi day, chiing tdi xin trinh bdy xu t h i p h I t t r i l n GDPT, ddc biet Id co c l u HT GDPT vd GD b i t budc trdn the gidi Xu t h e phat t r i l n he t h o n g gido due thong Vide p h l n loai ehuIn GD qudc t l (ISCED) cCia UNESCO mdi d l y v l HT GDPT cho t h I y : Mue tiiu cda GDPT nh^m phdt t r i l n k i l n thUc kT ndng vd ndng lye chung, cung n h y d c kT n i n g dpc vd tinh todn eo b i n d l c h u I n bj cho hpc sinh t i l p tuc hpc eao hon ciing mdt d p hpc hodc d p hpc eao hon, ddng thdi tao n I n tdng eho hpc t i p sudt ddi Ben canh do, GDPT cdn cd d c chuong trinh GD di chuIn bj cho hpc sinh hoe d c ehucmg trinh GD nghe Oe dat muc t i l u trdn, HTGDPT duac c l u true thdnh: GD tieu hpc (ISCED 1) va GD trung h o c GD trung hpc chia thdnh: GD trung hpc co sd (THCS) (ISCED 2) va GD trung hpe phd thdng (THPT) (ISCED 3) Tal hau h i t d c qudc gia, chuong trlnh GD t i l u hpc vd THCS ehO yeu cung d p GD co bdn, tao n I n tdng cho viec hpc t i p sudt ddi vd phdt t r i l n d nhdn GD THPT chu y i u nhdm hodn thdnh GD trung hpc, chuan bl cho hpc t i l p dai hpc C I GD THCS l l n THPT d l u cd ndi dung phat t r i l n d c kT ndng n g h i phii hpp vdi vide Idm Bdng cho t h I y dd tudi hpe sinh nhdp hpe GDPT phd biin Id tudi (127/206 (61,7%) qudc gia), mIedCi thudng n i m k h o l n g t U S d i n tudi Dihodn thdnh GDPT, hpe sinh phdi hpc 12 ndm (xip chdng) Id phd biin nhdt (chilm 56,8%), mdc dii thudng n i m khodng tU 10 d i n 14 nam.Thyc t l , tai (3,4%) qudc gia, hpe sinh hodn thdnh GDPT ndm (Armenia, Gibraltar, Mongolia, North Korea, Philippines ); tai (1%) qudc gia khde Id 14 nam (Cook Islands vd Iceland); vd hon mdt nda sd qudc gia (117/206 (56,8%) qudc gia) I112 nam Di vdohoedaihpc, hpcsinh thudng phdi hodn thdnh tdi thiiu 10 nam GDPT 1.1 Gido due tieu hoc (ISCED 1) Cdc chuong trinh GO t i l u hpc ehCi yeu eung e l p cho hpc sinh cdc ki ndng co Isln v l d p c v i e t t o l n v l tao n I n t i n g ban d l u cho vide hpc vd h i l u d c ITnh vyc k i l n thUc eo bdn, phdt t r i l n ed n h i n v l xa hpi, c h u I n bi eho vide hpc t i l p d d p THCS Ndi dung eCia chuong trinh t i p trung vdo trinh dp co bdn vdi mpt It ehuydn s l u Cde hoat ddng hpc t i p tai d p ndy (dac biet tai cdc Idp dau) thudng dupe td chUe theo d e h tiep can tich hpp Yeu e l u nhap hpe cho e l p n l y thudng td quy dinh v l dd tudi BIng cho t h I y : dd tudi GD tiiu hpc thudng b i t d l u tU d i n tudl (trU Ireland, noi GD t i l u hpe b i t dau t U tudl vd tai Mongolia, b i t dau tU tudi) va phd biin Id tudi (127/206 (61,7%) qudc gia) Cdc ehUdng trlnh GD tiiu hpcphdbiin kio ddi ndm (123/206 (59,7%) qudc gia), mac dii thudng ndm khodng tir d i n nam {trU qude gia cd thdi lupng k l o ddi ndm (Armenia, Bdng Dd tudi nhdp hpe vd thdi lupng GDPT Thdi lUtfng (s6 nam) 10 11 12, 13 14 Tong so nude vitlle(%) s 0 1 17 1 (0.5%) 30 (14,6%) tuoi S 21 Tong so ni/dc vatile(%) 75 28 12 25 0 0 127(61,7%) 47 (22,8) (0,5%) 7(3,4%) 36(17,5%) 117(56,8%) 44(21,4%) 2(1%) 206(100%) S(ilO-THtllES/2012.|l i CQl NGHItNCdU Bdng Bd tudi nh0p hgc vd thdi lut?ng GD tiiu hgc Thdi li/ong {s6 nSm) 0 0 1 (0,5%) T6ngs6nitdc vjitiie(%) 0 15 11 30(14,6%) D6 tu6l 12 17 86 12 127(61,7%) Tongs5ni/dc 16 22 47 (22,8%) 0 0 (0,5%) vitlie(%) (1,5%) 29(14,1%) 24(11,7%) 123(59,7%) 26(12,6%) (0,5%) 206(100%) Russia, vd Turkmenistan) din ndm (Ireland)} Dp cdc mdn hpc tfch hpp tudl hpe sinh hodn thdnh GD tiiu hpc thudng nim GD tilu hpe gidng d hlu hit d e qudc gia khodng tU 10 din 14 tudi vd phd biin Id 12 d chd dly II sy bit dlu cCia GD bit budc trtf mdt s6 tudi Dd tudi hpc sinh nhdp hpc Id tudi vd thdi luang It HTGD coi GD mIm non 11 bit budc GD tiiu hpc ndm Id phd biin nhdt (86/206 qudc 1.2 Gido due trung hpc gia) Sau hodn thdnh cde chuong trinh GD tilu BIng cho thIy: dd tudi nhdp hoc d GD trung hoc hpc sinh cd t h i hpc tilp THCS hpe nim khodng tU 10 din 14 tu6i vd pti6 Cdc chuong trinh tilu hpc trin thi gidi khd da biin nhdt Id 12 tudi (102/206 (49,5%) qudc gia) Thdi dang, vdi tdn gpi khdc nhau, nhU: GDtiluhpc (primary typng eiia GD trung hpc nSm khodng ti:r4 education), GD co sd (elementary education) hay GD ndm (Gibraltar v l Philippines) din ndm (Germany CO bdn (basic education) (giai doan vdi hd thdng GDvd Slovakia), nhidn, thdi luang GD trung hgc kio CO bin gdm d tieu hpc vdTHCS) ddi ndm Id phd biin nhdt {82/206 {39.8%) quoc gia 1.2.1 Gido due trung hpc easd (ISCED 2) Sy khdc giUa GD mIm non vd GD tilu Cdc chyong trinh cda elp ndy chu ylu nhIm hpc nhlt qudn d chd d c qudc gia dlu eoi ddy td dilm djch ehuyin HTGD d l bit dau bydc ndng cao kit qui hpc tap tU d p tieu hpc di ddi sang day vd hpe v l dpc, vilt v l todn mdt deh ed vdi tao nIn tdng cho hpc tdp sudt ddi v l phdt triln h i thdng, mdc dii mdt sd chuong trinh GD mIm cd ntiln Mdt sd HTGD d l ed d e chyong trinh GD non cd the gidp trd Idm quen vdi dpc, vilt vd todn, nghi d l trang bj cho hpe sinh ele kT ning Idm vide/ nhung chua hinh thdnh eho trd cdc kT ning eo bin hdnh nghi phCi hpp d c ITnh vyc ndy Cdc chyong trinh ciia d p ndy thudng dupc x6 Mdt nit die trung khdc cOa d p tilu hpc Id mdt chCrc theo chucmg trinh dinh hudng mdn hpc hoa gido viln chfnh day mdt tdp/nhdm trd, nhidn, bao gdm ede khdi nidm II thuylt thdng qua m$t tdp hpc cdn cd gido viln khdc day d c mdn ddc thii ddl/phd cdc tidn mdn hpc Gilo vidn thuimg dupc (thi due Im nhac thim mT ) Gido vidn tilu hpc ddo tao v l su pham di day llln mdn hpc hon so vdi dupc ddo tao theo cdch tilp cin su pham d l day tilu hpc, mOt Idrp hpc cd t h i c6 vdi gido viln day Bdng Dd tudi nhdp hpe vd thdi lupng GD trung hpc Thdi iUdng (s6 nam) T^ng so nUdc vitile(%) 10 0 11 24 13 19(9,2%) 48 (23,3%) l2.KUMHgCCI/tODVC D6t\lS\ 12 25 55 21 0 13 11 16 0 14 0 102(49,5%) 34 (16,5%) (1,5%) Tong so nude vitlle(%) 2(1%) 40(19,4%) 82 (39,8%) 61 (29,6%) 19(9,2%) 2(1%) 206(100%) NGHI£N COU d e k i l n thUc ehuydn sdu v l mdn hpc GD THCS b i t d l u sau tU d i n n i m cCia GD t i l u hpc (phd b i l n Id n i m ) Hpc sinh nhdp hoc GD THCS thudng ndm dd tuoi tU 10 d i n 14 tudl vd phd biin Id 12 tudi Cde ehUOng trinh GD THCS thudng k i t thuc sau d i n 11 ndm k l tUkhi b i t d l u GD tieu hpc vd phd b i l n sau ndm, tUc Id thdi luang cOa GD THCS thUdng k l o ddi tU d i n ndm vd phd biin Id ndm (cd 107/205 (52,3%) qu6c gia ed thdi luang GD THCS Id ndm) Sau hodn thdnh GD THCS hoc sinh thudng d dd tudi tU 14 d i n 16 tudi vd phdbiinldlStudL hpc sinh nhdp hpc d GD THPT thudng n i m khodng tU 14 d i n 16 tudl, vd phd bUn Id 15 tudi Cdc chuong trlnh GD THPT thuPng kdo d l i tU 12 d i n 13 n i m k l t u b i t d l u GD t i l u hoe vd phd b i l n k l o ddi 12 ndm x i p chdng; tUc Id thdi lupng cOa GD THPT thudng n i m khodng tif d i n ndm vd phd biin Id ndm (cd 87/274 (31,8%) qudc gia cd thdi lupng GD THPT Id ndm) Hoc sinh kit thOc GD THPT thudng ndm dd tudi tU 17 d i n 20, vd phd biin Id 18 tudi Phdn lo?l d c chuong trinh d d p n l y da dang trdn t h i gidi vdi d c t i n gpi khIc nhau, nhU: trudng trung hpc (secondary school) (giai doan 2), trudng THPT (senior secondary school hay (senior) high school) Cdc chuong trinh GD THPT eung d p eho hpe sinh CO hdi hpc t i l p cdc chuong trinh trlnh dp ISCED binh thUOng h o l e GD n g h i ISCED Mdt sd ehuong trinh cdn cho p h I p t i l p edn tryc t i l p len ISCED (sau trung hpc nliung chya p h i i dai SU khac giUa GD tieu hpc vd THCS n h l t hpc - post-secondary non-tertiary), vd/hay ISCED qudn it cho d c qudc gia deu eoi day 11 diem djch (Short-cycle tertiary), ISCED (eCr nhan hay c h u y i n HTGD sang vide gidng day djnh tuong duong), hay ISCED (thac sT hodc tuong duong) Khi xdc djnh diem djch chuyen gida d c hUOng lien mdn hpe Ydu cau nhdp hpe eho e l p n l y ddi hdi p h i i trinh dp ISCED, sy t y o n g thfch/phii hpp gida tudng GDPT va n g h i can dupc ddm bdo hodn thdnh GD tieu hpc hay phdi chdng td ed khd ndng hoc ndi d u n g trinh dp ISCED (THCS) HTGD t h d n g qua viec k i t h p p GD trude d d vd kinh Trinh dp ISCED (THPT) ddi hdi phai hodn nghidm sdng vd Idm v i l e , ttiy thupc vdo quy dinh trinh dp ISCED (THCS) hay p h i i chiing td cCia qudc gia cd k h i ndng hpc dupc npi dung ISCED thdng qua Tidu chuan v l n i n g l y e / b i n g e l p cCia g i l o k i t hpp GD trudc dd va kinh nghiem sdng v l tdm v i l n cap THCS cd t h i khdc so vdi d p tieu h p c vide tiiy thude vao qudc gia.' G i l o vidn THCS thudng p h i i cd ehuydn sdu v l mpt Su djch ehuyin tir GD THCS tdn THPT nhat h o l e n h i l u mdn hpc (tiln mdn), cung n h u v l su quan d chd cdc qudc gia d l u eoi d l y 11 diem djch pham Hon nUa, v i l e t d ehUc day hpc cd t h i khdc chuyen cdc HTGD md tai dd d c chuong trinh vdi d p tieu h o c thudng cd n h i l u gido v i l n day hpc t i p da dang vd sdu hon theo cdc mdn hpc hay mpt Idp hpc ITnh vuc chuyin ngdnh Dien hinh I I d e chuong 1.2.2 Gido due trung hoc phd thdng (ISCED 3) trinh da dang hon, vdi vide tdng ddi lua chpn vd Cdc chuong trinh d d p ndy de hodn t h i n h GD p h l n tudng HTGD Cle chuong trlnh THCS khd da dang trdn t h i gidi, V(M ten gpi khdc nhU: trudng trung hpc (secondary school) (giai doan g d m ctiuong trinh THCS vd THPT), trUdng THCS (junior secondary school, middle school hole junior high school) vd chuong trinh kdo ddi g d m cd tieu hpc vd THCS, thudng gpi Id GD co sd (elementary education) hay GD CO b i n (basic school) (giai doan 2) trung hpc nhSm chuIn bl cho vide hpe t i l p dai hpe hay cung d p d e kT n i n g phii hpp cho vide tdm/ hdnh nghe, hodc cd hai Cdc chuong trinh da dang hon v l ITnh vyc/ c h u y i n nganh vd sau hon so vdi d p THCS, thdng qua vide tdng d l i tua chpn vd phan ludng/ban s i n cd HTGD Gido vidn thudng phdi cd khd ndng/ van b i n g eao hon v l mdn hpc hay ITnh vuc chuyin mdn m l ho day, dac b i l t cae Idp eao hon GD T>IPT b i t d l u sau den 11 ndm k l tit b i t dau GD tieu hpc (phd b i l n la nam) Dd tudi Cle tidu chuIn v l nang tuc/bing d p eiia g i l o vidn tai trlnh d d ISCED (THPT) khIe so vdi ISCED (THCS) vd thudng ddi hdi cd d c ddo tao b d sung v l supham cao hon, tap trung v i o d c v i n d l ehuydn ngdnh/mdn hpc m l giao vidn g i l n g day Tdm Igi: Ca cdu HT GDPT phd biin Id 12 ndm, dd: ndm GD tiiu hpc (dp tudi nhap hpc td tudi) + ndm GD THCS (dd tu6i n h I p hpc td 12 tudi) + ndm GD THPT {dp tudi nhdp hoc Id 15 tudi) v l dp tudi hpc sinh tdt nghidp GDPT hoan ehinh bien Id 18 tudi Thuc t l , m d hinh GD ed bdn '6 ndm Sii80-THANG5/2012*13 C Q NGHieNCDU • 1999 ^2009 Biiu dd Sdndm trung Bfnh cOa GD bdt bude vd tdt nghilp sau din 13 nim theo quy djnh tiiu hpc+ ndm THCS' Id phd biin nhdt cua qudc gia m^t sd qude gia, GD bit budc chi Xu th£ phdt trl^n gilo due b i t bu$c Bilu dd cho thIy thdi luang cda GD bdt budcbao gdm GD tilu hpc tai d c qudc gia trung binh Id 9,3 ndm vdo nim 2009, ting nhe so vdikhdc bao gdm d GD trung hpc Chi cd mdt qudc gia ddi hdi ndm (Angola), vd hon 10 qu6e gia ddi 8,7 ndm vdo nim 1999 Thdi gian GD bit bupc trung binh ddi nhlt Id tai hdi ndm (Anguilla, Bangladesh, Brunei, Equatorial Ble My, Tly Au, My La tinh vd Caribbean eho ed 02 Guinea, Iran, L^os, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan vd giai do^n (9,6 vd 9,9 ndm vdo nim 1999 tin 10,8 vd Samoa) Cd qudc gia ddi hdi 13 nim GD bit budc 10,5 ndm nhCttig ndm gin dly); tuong ty, thdi (Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Turics vd Calcos gian trung binh ngIn nhlt Id tai Tilu vung Saharan Islands^ cda Chlu Phi vital Nam v l Tly A 10 nim qua 77/$GDddf6udc/dnnMt/d9ndm (46/200(23%), (7,0 vd 6,4 nam vdo nam 1999 tin 7,4 vd 7,6 ndmqudc gia), tilp theo Id 10 ndm (41/200 (20^%) qudc nim 2009) Cdn tal £)dng A v l Pacific, cd sy gia) vh vdi dd tudi nhdp hoc Id tudi Id phd biin nhik ting nhe tU8,6 nim (1999) Idn 8,8 nam (2009) (124/200 (62%) qude gia) Bdng cho thay thdi lypng cua GD bit budc Thyc t l , hlu hit cdc qudc gia dlu thuc hi$n thudng bao gdm d GD tilu lipc vd trung hpe Hoc GD tilu hpe bit bupc Bdn canh do, ed nhilu qudc sinh cd t h i nhdp hpc khoing tU4 din tudl gia dang thyc hidn GD trung hpc bit budc Nim Bdng Dd tudi nhdp hoe vd thdi luang GD bdt budc Thdi iUdng (sd nam] A _, ' ^ 10 11 12 13 Tong stf nude v i tll«(%) 0 J •• b 0 1 7 11 (0,5%) 32(16%) O^tuA 18 _ ' 0 11 12 30 29 13 15 _L 0 0 124(62%) -0 42(21%) , (0,5%) Tjngsjnudc : vitll«(%) i (0,5%) 10(5%) i 24(12%) 17(8,5%) 200(100%) OtemtiiptraaalU KHOA Hgc tliO DVC 22(11%) i 46(23%) 41 (20,5%) 21 (10,5%) i 14(7%) _ i 4(2%) \ \ Q NGHI£N cum _ - Cd hUng thu vd khuynh hUOng chpn nghi ddng din Kit luan: PhIt triln ehuong trinh GD theo hUdng tilp c$n ning lUc ngUOi hpc Id mpt xu t h i khd ndi trpi, dupe nhilu nUde chd y vdn dung Trong khudn khd eCia mdt bdi bdo, tdc gil d l trinh bdy nhutig ^ tUdng ca bdn vd dua nhUng n^i dung vd myc tilu eOa m$t chuong trinh GDHN dUpc xly dyng theo deh tilp c|n mdi VI vly, di gdp phln ning eao chit tUpng vd hilu qui ciia GDHN nhd truOng phd thdng eIn nghidn cdu v l v|n dyng nhuYig II ttiuylt phdt triln chuong trinh theo hUdng ning lye d l ed t h i xdy dyng dypc mdt chyong trinh GDHN hodn chlnh gilo dye phIt triln gidng day 1980 S Fletcher, Designing Competence-Base Training, Kogan Page Ltd, London 1991 P Kearns & Associates, Competency-Based Approach to training- Overview, Australia, 1992 Nguyen DCfc Tri, Ddo tao dUa tdn ndng li/c thi/e hi^n - Khdi ni^m vd nhirng dde trung ea bdn Tap chf Phdt triln Gido due sd 6/1995 Di dn ddi mdi chuang trlnh, sdeh gido khoa GDPT sau 2015 (dy thdo lln 12) SUMMARY This article discusses the issues sunounding development of competency-based TVET curriculu The writer presents some key theoretical rationale In favor of competency-based TVBT curriculum TAI Lieu THAM KHAO / Phdt triin hi thdng ehuang trlnh vd gidngapproach; provides an analysis of current status o day SCID, Trung tim Gilo dye vd Ddo t^o tao d^ng, TVET curriculum; and suggests process and conten Dai hpc Bang Ohio, 1990 v l Rowntree, D Cdng ngh$ the competency-based TVET curriculum UIIIIIIIUIUIIIllllUlllltllllllMUIIMlMIIIUIIIIMIIMMIlllllllllllllllltllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllirMIIIIIIIIIMNIII^ x u THE PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC PHO THONG anptheo trang 14) 2009, GDTHCS (ISCED 2) Id mdt phln ciia GD bit chC^g chidi tao dilu kiln thuIn Ipi cho ngydi hoc budc tai 80,4% cdc qudc gia tren t h i gidi; vd GD bit cd t h i ehuyin ddi phii hpp vdi ndng tyc vd hodn bupc hidn cdn dupc t h i ehl hda, bao gdm d ednh cCia minh GDTHPT (ISCED 3) tai 21,6% d c qudc gia trdn todn TAI Lieu THAM KHAO CHfNH the gidi Tuy nhidn, thye t l , ti Id tdt nghiep OECD (2010), Education at a Glance tilu hpc vdTHCS hau hit tal d c qude gia dlu chua UNESCO (2011), Revision of the international dat tdi 100% (cao nhat khoing 81%), vl vly, phdi chIng sU dyng thult ngU'phd cdp'GD tilu hpc vd standards elassification of education (ISCED) Pa THCS nhu d Vilt Nam cd v l thye t l hon, so vOi "GD 05 Sep 2011 CO bin" UNESCO (2006), Teacher and educational Kit luan quality:Monitoring global needs for2015.MonXeXTi Kit qui phln tfch trdn cho thIy, xu t h i phdt UNESCO Institute for Statistics, triln HT GDPT hidn trdn t h i gidi phd biln Id 12 United Nation (UN) (1948), Universal ndm theo co d u : ndm GD tiiu hpe (dd tudi nhdp Declaration on humanrights httpy/untreaty.un.org/ hoc Id tudi) + ndm GD THCS (dd tudl nhIp hpc cod/av/ha/udhr/udhr.htm/ Id 12 tudi) + ndm GD THPT (dp tudl nhdp hpc Id United Nation (UN) (1989), Convention on the 15 tudl); vd dp tudi hpc sinh t6t nghiep GDPT fiodn rights of the child wfww2,ohehr.org/enghlish/aw/ ehinh phd biin I118 tudl ere.htm GD bit budc phd biln Id 09 ndm, ehCi ylu td vdl SUMMARY GD CO bdn (tilu hpc v l THCS) Bdn canh dd, GDTHPT chi Id GD bit budc tai mdt sd qudc gia, vd phln Idn According to the author, the current trends in hpc sinh tdt nghidpTHPTdlu theo hpc ehuong trinh development of general education In the world are commonly structured into 12 years with years THPT duac thilt til di tilp tuc hpc dai hoe Cudi ciing, di dim bdo lidn thdng v l phln for primary education, years for lower secondary tudng glu'a HT GDPT vdi cdc hd thdng khde die education and another years for upper secondar bidt II tid thdng day nghe va GD thudng xuyIn, d n education; and the common age for graduating froni thyc hidn khung ehuang trlnh qude gia va hi thdng a complete cycle of general education being IByea tiiu chf tuang dUdng vi ndi dung vd/hay vdn bdng ofage 22 •KHDAHQCGlAODVC ... theo quy djnh tiiu hpc+ ndm THCS'' Id phd biin nhdt cua qudc gia m^t sd qude gia, GD bit budc chi Xu th£ phdt trl^n gilo due b i t bu$c Bilu dd cho thIy thdi luang cda GD bdt budcbao gdm GD tilu... nghi ddng din Kit luan: PhIt triln ehuong trinh GD theo hUdng tilp c$n ning lUc ngUOi hpc Id mpt xu t h i khd ndi trpi, dupe nhilu nUde chd y vdn dung Trong khudn khd eCia mdt bdi bdo, tdc gil... educational Kit luan quality:Monitoring global needs for2015.MonXeXTi Kit qui phln tfch trdn cho thIy, xu t h i phdt UNESCO Institute for Statistics, triln HT GDPT hidn trdn t h i gidi phd biln Id 12