NGHIEA ctm & NUOl DirfiNG VA XA LANH Y NGHIA CUA JAM NGff HOC TRONG DOC HIEU VAN CHUDNG I Dat van d l Tdi Viet bdi ndy vdi cdm nhdn th I t vpng v l hudng di nguy h i lm cCia nh in loai dang vd tinh nh[.]
NGHIEA ctm & NUOl DirfiNG VA XA LANH Y NGHIA CUA JAM NGff HOC TRONG DOC HIEU VAN CHUDNG GS.TS NGUYiN THANH HUNG I Dat van d l Tdi Viet bdi ndy vdi cdm nhdn t h I t vpng v l hudng di nguy h i l m cCia n h i n loai dang vd tinh n h I m tdi su hCiy diet su sdng bdng tri t u l mSn t i l p eOa nguOi Hal sdn p h l m duac sCing bdi vd theo dudi d l y khdt vpng tai ed sUc phd hoai kinh hodng n h l t Id vu hat n h i n vd nhOmg hoe t h u y l t mdi ldm cho ngudi ngdy cdng xa rdi b i n c h i t n h i n vj vd sinh tdn cDa nd Mpt nhCmg hpc t h u y l t di dpc hieu ndi chung Id tam ngU hpc (tdm tf ngdn ngCr hpc) Bdi v i l t ndy chi gldl han viec p h l n tlch tdc ddng tlch eUc va tidu cue cda ngdn ngU hpc tdm li dpc hieu vdn chuong LI tinh vd su hpp ti cua nhan loai khdng phdi td v i n de triet hpc triru tupng dupc uu t i l n nghien cUu the kl C i p thiet nhat van td v i n de cau hdi den tU Ham-let "tdn tai hay khdng ton tai" Tdn tai hay Id t u huy diet "Tdi tU Id tdi tdn tai" (Dl-cdc) dT nhien Id the vl ngudi la ngUdi tri nang ma ehii yeu Id di trf (truyen tai trf khdn, k i l n thUc b i n g hpc vin) nhung neu ngudi cd tf tinh, neu tinh hpp tf tao thdnh eo sd chung cho y thUe ngudi thi h l y c h l m dUt nhung gl phi If d l ngudi khdng chi ton tai md cdn mang bdn minh hanh phuc cua quyen ngudl dupc t u phdt t r i l n ndng luc todn didn phu hpp vdi bdn sic cd nhdn d m tinh, tri gidc btmg h i l u (insight) xuc cdm d i m say v l d i dep trdo, tinh k h i l t vd t u vd hUdng thien eung nhdng silu edm xa rpng v l d i tuydt ddi md cd n h i n s i n g tao cudc sdng t i m hdn Dd td bi mdt thuc su cda bdn thdn tdn tai Vin d l ddt Id hay di chuyin la bdn nghldn ciru khoa hpc chp hdi hda gida ^ chi kidu ngao d i tao t h i gidi vd t h I l dd khoan dung hda hpp vdi t h i gidi dang cung sdng, gida khdch t h i vd chCi t h i , gida b i l n ehUng tdgfe vd bidn chtjmg tdm hdn, gida II tinh vd su h i i n minh, gida ddn ngd vd t i l m ngp Khdng nen chd trUOng mdt cdi gl trudc ngodi viec d n phdi khdm phd t h i gidi cang nhilu thi d n g t d t Tit ed moi hpc t h u y l t li luan d l u Id b i t xdc djnh, ta edm nghiem chung vdi su hodi nghi (suspense) Od la su m d dudng cho nhdng tim k i l m sing sudt b i n g cdch he m d ednh cCra cho nhCmg d i l u chua biet vd phdi thtra nhdn ed khd ndng sai t i m nao nghidn cUu khoa hpc Neu mpt mUc quyet dinh k i t t u l n rdi, thi khdng gidi quyet dUdc v i n d l II Con ngUdI la m o t bi an den mi^c nao? Ddt ngudi vdo gidi han cCia tdn tai khae vdi vide xem xet nd nhu mpt khIi niem khoa hpc v l ngudi nhu trilt hpc da khdi qudt "eon ngudi thdnh dao" "con ngudi lao t i c " "con ngudi thich Ung" "con ngudi tdng hda d c mdi quan hd x l hpi" "con ngucri tri khdn", "con ngudi chfnh tri", "con ngudi choi" (Homo Ludens) Dly Id ngudi dupc quan sdt tU Ljch sCr n h i n thUc eOa n h i n loai vd Ijch sU cOa b i n ngodi chO' chua phdi la ngudi t u " m d khda" nhthig chuyen ngdnh khoa hpc khdc d l u mdi vao ban thdn Sutdn tai cCia ngudi noi dddy Id md tim chdn II va su t h I t Dd td thdnh tuu cda tri ngudi dang v i n ddng, bien ddi ttmg thdi khIc tud ti tinh Nhung chan ti Id cdng vide cOa cdi d l u hidn sinh eCia nd Cung tire Id ndi d i n sUtdn tal sdu xa vd bd dc, cOa trf t u l khd khan Chan If Id mde gldl khdng de n h i n thUe hiA li tri cua ngUcri Con ngudi dupc thtra nhdn Ijch sCr, cdn sU that lai Id mdt t u hilu minh, mdt khd nang bf mdt chua the biet Vay khodng trdng d phia trudc dang chd thay the bdi se khdm phd bl I n ay? Phdi chIng dd td ngUdi mdt c h i n ti khdc Chdn If la thUphdl k i l m tim, nhUng npi tdm, b i n ndng, tdn tnir mdt khdi lupng Idn nhidt chan tf khdng ed bf mat vl nd Id sdn pham cOa t u d u y didn, thdng tin d l truyin nhidt tinh vd d m hutig md tudn van ddng vd sinh Nd cd tfnh chat tam ngudi ta gpi dd td sy nhan thUc huyIn bi vd thiing thdi, tuong ddi, n i m ngodi thdi gian nhung den ldc ildng cda khd ndng lap trinh vd gill m l cCia bd dc silu ndo d l y lai bj thdi gian vupt mat vd phu djnh Vi t h i v i l t Cung chIng cd gl khd hieu v l su huyIn bf l y bdi mdi xuat hidn hinh hpc phi Ocotit tf t h u y l t phdn hat hay tudng tupng d i l u ngd ngan n h l t cd t h i Hay vd If t h u y l t tuong dot (Retativstheorie) Trong dd dat nhdng muc dieh phi thyc t l mpt d e h khdng hidn tupng cudc sdng Id ddi tupng nhdn thCifc cdn tudng vd sau d d t i l y suy nghTthUctlvl vide ngudi mh mit khdn cCing Bin canh trf ndng, ngudi cdn ed t h i dat dupc nhting d i l u dd b i n g d e h ndo, bdi vl phdi dua vdo dudng n g h i l m sinh true gidc khdng cd gl Id khdng t h i d ddi vdi eon ngudi D l y td Sfi80-TNANG5/201Z>7 ffll NGHllNCdrU- mdt tia hi vpng Ai eOng ed ngudn edm hUng cCia ndng minh Cdm hUng sinh n i l m tin v l sUc manh ta md ta khdng h i n h i n minh cd Nd giiip ta phdt huy tot n h l t khd ndng cOa minh Tit nhiln, cung khdng t h i chi duci vdo edm tinh vd k h i t vpng, bdn ning, khdng cdn tin cdy tuydt ddi vdo If tfnh vd sy cd mdt cda t u d u y g i n tiln vdi ngdn ngU luc nhilu phuong thUc nhdn thUe t h i gidi cda ngUdi chd truang vd ngdn - "ndi I t td khdng trdng" Tuy v$y, cdm tinh, tryc gidc sy nghidm sinh ehl trdthdnh phuOng phdp chinh xdc nhCmg gl x u l t hien nd trdthdnh m^t tU tudng minh bqich, thdnh hdnh dpng dU(yc tU vd hinh dnh tri nh|n dupe Tinh c h i t khdng tin c^y dUpccCia ngdn ngU d m n h | n vd b i l u hi^n, n h i n thUe vd phdn dnh t h i gidi hi^n thyc td mpt trd trdu trdn dudng tim k i l m c h i n II cCia ngUdi d mpi tinh vyc Vdy md Heidegger vd Witgenstein cd chung xu hudng gidi quyet t i t cd v i n d l hieu biet ciing s\f li g l l i gidi t y nhidn vd xd hdi quan he vdi ngydi bdng hinh thUc sdng ddng cda ngdn ngU Hp cho rdng trf tud cOa eon ngUdi ed Ijch sU hdng ngan n i m dupc nhdn loai sdng Ipc tich tuy, due k i t c h i n tlvd te phdi bdn than ngdn ngU "Ngdn ngd I I ngdi nhd cda tdn tai" (Heidegger) Ton tai, theo dng Id mpt the gidi g i l dinh cCia ngudi dupc t h i hien bdng nhCmg d i l n mao khdc tiiy thudc vdo vide ngudi suy t u vd phdt ngdn v l nd nhu t h i ndo Cdi t r i l t II hiing manh cua eon ngUc^ khdng phdi t y xem minh td van ndng md ndn h i l u ngudi tdn tai vdi vd vdn d u hdi d l rdi bong nhan g i l tri tdn tao cOa thU t r i l t If that thda ddng ddi vdi tdn tai ngudi td sy khdng hieu b i l t y nghia mpi thU t r i n ddi Sy t i l n b$ mudn trd thdnh hl^n thyc chfnh td nhd t r i l t If ly Anghen da v i l t "Khoa hpc khdng cdn gl Id khoa hpc nira vl khoa hpc ehua nghidn cdu chlnh d l m l chdng ta khdng b i l t " (Lich sUphip bi^n chC^g, Tdp IV, NXB Chlnh tri Qudc gia, trang 587, H.1998) "Ngdn ngU I I ngdi nhd eua t d n tai"Id mdt p h i t ngdn t r i l t hpc Nd k l u gpi m0t d e h thudn li d n dp dung nhCmg phuong phdp ndo d l y khie vdi cde phuong phdp n h i n thUe khoa hpc di gidi d i p hi$u q u i v i n d l n g h i l n cUu Phuong p h i p n h i n t h d t khoa hpc gdm hai b i l n thdi cCia nd M$t Id t i l p cdn tare t i l p vdi khdch t h i b i n g ndng tuc quan sdt Hal td dudng k i l n tao tri thCrc ^ d n g qua t i p tudn, chutig minh Ngdy nay, phuong phdp tuln cOa khoa hpc hidn dai Widng t h i khdng b i l t d i n mOt loai k i l n thuTc ttiy ba dupc gpi td tri thUc c h i n II thu n h i n dupc qua su t u nhan thyc 8*KHOAK9CGUaDVC bdn t h i n , nhu Id cupe d e h mang n^i t i m , vd nhusy "minh xdc hidn tupng t u l n " Tinh minh xdc ndy khdng mang n$i dung cda sy quan sdt phi chO quan md t h i m n h u l n tinh t l ndi dung eOa s U t h I nghiem sdng, Ndi cdch khdc n l u ddc d i l m sinh m i n h , sinh ton, hi$n sinh cOa eon ngudi bj gat bd bdng dudng p h l n tich If tinh lanh tiing vd gidi thich thudn khoa hpc thi d d chinh td sy phCi djnh t h i l u sing sufit sy hi^n tdn cCia eon ngUdi vd d6t try! tudn d ngdi nhd tdn tai eOa nd Id ngdn ngU D i n ddy d n g thIy Xdeordt vT dai vdi bidt tri t i l n tri t i m cd khdng sdnh ndi vdi c h l m ngdn: "Con ngUdI hdy t y b i l t bdn thin mlnh"Theo d d nhd tf t u l n phd binh k i l m nhd thoOiic J.BIsa d l phdt t r i l n y todng thidn tdi cCia Xdeordt de ddnh g i l mpt nhd t h o W vi td ngudl "cd khd ndng biln bdn thdn minh thdnh ddi tupng phdn dnh" Tai chung ta lal khdng chinh phuc dUpc bdn t h i n minh d l din not triet hpc lai mpt t i n nira keu Idn bdi hodi v l " b i kjch cCia ton tai ngudl' Cd Id ngudi ta d l phdt hidn r i n g d site manh tri n i n g vd nhUng hoc t h u y l t Idn lao n h l t cung khdng dem theo ben n d b i t eU sy chi ddn minh bach nao v l vide sCr dyng ehiing vl Ipi ich ciJa ngudi, thdnh tyu khoa hpc ft tryc t i l p day bdo ngUdi ta dieu tdt dep va d i l u x l u xa tdi 161 Dd chinh td dieu da dupc ednh bdo nguy eo d phan dat v i n de: nguy c o v l ngudi v l ngUdi Mpi thdi dai di qua, ngudi d l h i t minh g i n g sUc de h i l u thau ddo y nghia cudc ddi, mdt y nghia ndo day ed t h i dua todn bd sy v l t eho hdnh ddng cua chung ta thi tuc l y sure manh to Idn cOa ngudi se dupe khai thdng Cho n I n r l t nhilu d u trd Idi da dupc chia sd v l y nghTa cOa n>pi thil ddi nhung chung tai r l t xa Ndi d i n tdn tal Id dung d l u vdi m l 1$ b i n t h i tuln Con dudng k h i minh v l b i l n chCmg cOa tdn tal cd t r i l n vpng hon d td phdn ticli t i m tf hpc vd phln tfch tri thUe t u l n (Iplstlmologle) nhung d d l y tim tf hpc se ddng vai trd kh^rt d i l m vl hoat ddng khoa hpc Id mpt sy Idm sach, sy t i m hoac n h u r\gUiJ\ ta ndi Id sy Ipc (Katharsls) ddc ddo vd sy b i l n c h u y i n tfch eye tdm tf cda ngyc^ Con ngudl phdn Ung vdi nhCmg gl dien xung quanh vd tdc ddng l l n minh khdng chi b i n g hoat ddng li luan, m l trudc t i l n Id b i n g xuc cdm, n h l t I I tri t u ^ xik d m LVUgdtxki eho r i n g t u ngdn ngOrj? nghTa khdng phdi td d i l m t i n cung cOa todn bd qui trlnh V nghia khdng phdi dupc n l y sinh tir ^ nghia khdc m l tir tTnh vyc dpng eo cCia nhdn Xh