42»B@ 3'''''''' , Xm J B T V Si S64 2012 DemHoc Xac djnh mo hinh va each tiep can phu hgfp trong viec day hpc mon Van hoc Anh, IVIy cho sinh vien chuyen nganh Ngdn ngtir Anh Gf Trirofng Dai hpc Pham Van Don[.]
42»B@ 3'' ,:Xm J B T V Si S64.2012 DemHoc Xac djnh mo hinh va each tiep can phu hgfp viec day hpc mon Van hoc Anh, IVIy cho sinh vien chuyen nganh Ngdn ngtir Anh Gf Trirofng Dai hpc Pham Van Dong TS TRAN THJ MAI DAO TrUdng Dai hpc Phpm Vdn Ding Trong bii viit niy, tic gii trinh biy sa Idgc m^t si md hinh, each tiip cin phi biin viic d^y vi hgc mdn Vin hgc Anh, My cho ngudi hgc tiing Anh nhd ngdn ngd thd hai hoic ngo^i ngd vi nhin xit vi cich biin so^n mdt si giio trinh giing day Vin hgc Anh, My d mdt si trudng dai hgc d Viit Nam Trin ca sd dd, tic gii di xuit ve md hinh thd vi nhdng ho^t ddng d^y hgc hd trg nham phat huy tlnh tich ctfc cda sinh viin hgc tip mdn hgc niy d Idp dai hgc chuyin nginh tiing Anh t^i Trudng Dai hgc Pham Vin Ddng DAT VAN DE Van hpc gom ede t h l lopi truydn, thd, kjch dupe ddnh gia cd gia trj nghp thudt chO khdng eh? ed gid trj gidi tri (theo djnh nghTa cua 10 d i l n The Macmillan English Dictionary [Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2003]: literature (noun): stories, poems, and plays, especially those that are considered to have value as art and not just entertainment) Ndi dung mdn Van hpc nude ngodi (vdn hpc Anh, My) dupe gidi thieu eho sinh vidn dpi hpc chuydn ngdnh tieng Anh bao gdm vipc tim hieu mdt vdi tdc phIm tidu bilu thude eac the loai da ndu TrUdc hit, sinh vidn dupe ydu cau xdc djnh dung k i l n thOc v l vdn hpc sO, t i i u sO tdc gid, cdc trdo luu van hpc,„Sau dd, ngodi nhOng ydu d u vOa hodn thipn nhOng ky ndng ngdn ngO sinh vidn cdn p h i i xdc djnh dope gid trj nhdn vdn tOng tdc phlm D l dpt dope nhOng ydu d u ndy sinh vidn p h l l dpc, thio ludn, thuyet trinh, d l dUa nhan djnh, phd phdn, dya trdn kien thOe n i n vd kinh nghidm s i n g v l n cd, tO dd d l ddng giai ma nhOng y nghTa da tang cua tdc phIm vdn hpc KJr ndng viet cung dupe dp dyng nhIm khuyin khfch sinh vidn d i l n dpi lai nhOng cam nhdn cua b i n thdn sau hpc xong mpi tac pham (doan trieh), Tuy nhien, xet ve thdi lUpng mdn hpc, trinh dp sinh vien, ehdng tdi thIy can p h i i lya chpn md hinh vd cdch tiep can phu hpp vide day hpc mdn Vdn hpc Anh, My eho sinh vien chuyen ngdnh Ngdn ngO Anh tai TrOdng Dai hpc Phpm Van Dong nhIm ddp Ong dope nhOng ydu cau ve kien thOe, ky nang da d l NOI DUNG M^t s6 md hinh vd cdch ti^p c$n gilng dpy vdn hpc 1.1 Cdc md hinh gilng day vdn hpc Carier & Long, Lazar (1991) cho ring cd md hinh (model) khdc gilng day vdn hpc cho ngudi hpc tiing Anh nho Id ngdn ngO thO hai hodc Id ngoai ngO (ESL/EFL) 1.1.1 Md hinh Vin hoi (The Cultural Model) Vdn hpc chfnh Id nguIn sy kidn hodc thdng tin vd vl thl vide dpc tdc phIm ed khuynh hudng dya trdn vide nim bit thdng tin Vdi md hinh ndy, ngudi day se chuyin t i i kiln thdc vd thdng tin d i n eho ngudi hpc Md hinh vdn hod xem vdn b i n vdn chUdng (literary text) nhu Id mdt sdn phlm D i l u ndy cd nghTa Id vdn bdn van chUdng dupe nhln nhdn nhu mdt thdng tin v l nen vdn hoa dfch (target culture) Md hinh vdn hod cd nhidm vy xem xet b l i cinh xd hdi, chfnh trj vd Ijch sO cd tdc ddng d i n tdc phlm, cdc trdo luu vdn hpc vd t h l lopi Md hinh ndy khdng yeu clu v l nghidn cOu ngdn ngO cua tdc phlm Cdch tilp d n md hinh ndy xdc djnh ngudi day Id trung tdm (teacher-centred) 1.1.2 Md hinh Ngdn ngd (The Language Model) Md hinh ndy tim d i n mpt sy tich hpp g i n gui hdn gida ngdn ngO vd vdn hpc NgOdi hpc cd t h l ndng cao ky nang ngdn ngO bing vide sO dyng vdn hpc nhu id mdt nguon tai nguydn cda vide hpc ngdn ngO Md hinh ngdn ngO hudng d i n myc dfch d$t trpng tdm vdo ngudi hpc Khi ngudi hpc tilp c$n vdn b i n vdn chUdng thi hp ehd •)/ d i n cdch thdc ngdn ngO dupe sd dyng Trong md hinh ndy ngUdi dpy ed the lya chpn de dat trpng tdm vdo ngQ phap vd ngdn ngO (theo cdch da dupe trinh bay cdc gido trinh day v l ngdn ngO) ho§c sis dyng vide phdn tfch v l phong each (stylistic analysis) Vide phdn tfch v l phong each lien quan d i n vide nghidn cdu cdc d^c trUdng v l ngdn ngd cCia van ban eho phdp ngudi hpc chuyin dich y nghTa eiJa vdn bin - dilu ndy gidp cho ngudi hpc dpc vd nghidn cOu van hpc thdnh thpo hdn 1.1.3 Md hinh phit triin nhin each (The Personal Growth Model) Md hinh ndy tpo cd hdi eho ngudi hpc lidn hp vd Ong xif Dauvi , 'aH(}C NGAy NAY 4-2012 • _ _ _ _ _ trode nhOng van de lien quan bang cdch lien hd vdi ddi song eua b i n thdn Vi vay sy phdt triln v l ngdn ngO, tlnh d m vd nhdn cdch deu ciing dupe quan tdm Md hinh cung Id cdch tilp can dya trdn qud trinh (a process-based approach) va co gang hudng d i n ngOdi hpc Md hinh ndy khuyen khfch ngudi hpc bpc Ip quan dilm, d m xdc vd nhOng kinh nghiem cda b i n thdn Nd hodng d i n sy tOdng tdc giOa van b i n vd ngodi hpc bang tieng Anh khiln cho ngdn ngO trd nen d l dang ghi nhd hdn NgOdi hpc dupe khuyin khfch bien van b i n thdnh cda minh ("make the text their own") Md hinh ndy nhan thay dupe nguon nang lupng vd tdn md van hpc cd the cd de thay doi ngudi Ddy Id Uu dilm cua md hinh ndy Trong ba md hinh ma Carter and Long (1991) dUa nhu da trinh bdy tren ddy thl md hinh ngdn ngO vd md hinh phdt trien nhdn cdch phy thupe l l n C l hai md hinh d i u dat trpng tdm ehinh vdo ngudi hpc 1.2 Cac each tiep cdn g i l n g day van hpc Moody (1983:23) gili thfch ring t i m quan trpng eua cdch tiep can Id "cung d p mdt edi khung, hodc mdt chuli nhOng hopt ddng dupe sO dyng chung ta b i t tay vdo cdng vide" ("provide a framework, or sequence of operations to be used when we come to actualities") Whitehead (1968) de cdp d i n mdt nhdn to Id phll Idm de khuyen khfch sinh vien dpc suit ddi Theo dng dd chfnh Id chpn each tilp epn ndo d l dpy ngudi hpc van hpc Cd nhieu cdch tiep can khde cd the Ong dung vide day van hpc, nhien cd cdch tieu bleu sau: cdch tiep can dya tren thdng tin, each tilp can dya tren ngdn ngO, each tiep can hudng Ong ed nhdn, cdch tiep can diln gili, cdch tilp can dao dOe - trill hpc vd each tiep can phong d c h hpc Them vdo dd, Richards and Rodgers (1986) lam rd them rang cdch xO ly khdc d mdi d p dp cua cdch tiep can ed t h l dupe phln anh qua nhOng kieu loai hoat ddng khde vd nhOng cdch sO dung rieng biet doi vdi tOng kieu hoat ddng Ve van d l ndy, Duppenthaler (1987) djnh nghTa mdt hoat ddng (an activity) Id "bat cO vide gl dupe thilt ke de Idm tang ddng ed hpc tap, sy tham gia vdo qua trinh hpc tap vd sy tOdng tdc giOa nhOng ngodi hpc vdi nhau" ("anything that is designed to increase students' motivation, participation in the learning process and the interaction between learners") Whitehead (1968) eho ring mdt nhOng y i u to ed bin eua mdt chUdng trinh van hpc thdnh edng Id ngOdi dpy phll quen vdi cae kieu ky thudt khde eung nhOng hoat ddng de khuyin khfch vd phat huy niem dam me vd kiln thOe ve van hpc eua ngudi hpc Cd the trinh bdy cdch tiep can nhu da neu nhu sau: 1.2.1 Cich tiep can dtfa tren thdng tin (Information-based Approach) Carter (1988) cho ring cdch tilp can dya tren thdng tin Id each day kiln thOe ve van hpc Ong eho rang van hpc Id ndi cung d p thdng tin eho ngudi hpc Vi vpy, vdi viec dat trpng tdm vdo ngudi dpy nhu Lazar (1993) ch? thl vdi lieu diem ddt vdo ndi dung ngudi hpc se dupe yeu d u xem xet d i n yeu to ljeh sd vd nhOng dac diem eua cdc trao luu van hpc tO gdc nhln ve van hod, xa hdi, ehinh trj, ljeh sO cd tdc dpng den van bin VI t h l lupng kiln thOe dau vao cua ngUdi dpy phii rat phong phu NhOng hopt ddng tO each tiep can ndy cd the Id nhOng bai thuyet gilng, gili thich, dpc nhOng ghi chd vd nhOng binh pham sdch gido khoa hoac ngudi dpy cung d p NhOng hoat ddng ndy thudng de phyc vy nhOng ky kilm tra 43 (Carters McRae, 1996) 1.2.2 Cich tiip cin dtfa vio ngdn ngd (Language-based Approach) Md hinh ngdn ngO nhIm dpt d i n sy thong nhit giOa ngdn ngO vd van hpc Carter (1988) khIng djnh rang each tiep can dya vdo ngdn ngO giup ngodi hpc ehd y vdo cdch sd dyng ngdn ngO eua tdc gii Lazar (1993) ch? ring cdch tilp can dya vdo ngdn ngO xem ede vdn b i n van hpc nhu la nguon tai nguydn cung d p eho vide rdn luydn ngdn ngO thdng qua hdng lopt cdc hopt ddng ngdn ngO hdn Id nghidn cOu van hpc vdi myc dfch thu nhdn sy kidn vd thdng tin Cdch tilp can xem ngUdi hpc Id trung tdm vd vl t h l cdc hopt ddng nho dy dodn (prediction), diln khuylt (cloze), sip xIp thO bdc (ranking tasks), phdn vai (role play), ngam thd (poetry recital), diln ddn (forum), thao ludn cd t h l dupe sO dyng de tpo cd hpi sOdyng ngdn ngOtrong Idp hpc (Carter, 1996; Rosli, 1995) 1.2.3 Cich tiip can hudng dng ci nhin (Personal Response Approach) Dilm nhln cua cdch tilp cdn hudng Ong ca nhdn la khdi gpi dupe sy hudng Ong eua ngudi hpc doi vdi van ban Rosli (1995) xdc djnh ring ly eua diem nhan dd la thuc day va khuyin khfch ngudi hpc dpc bang each tpo sy kit noi giOa chu de eCia van ban vdi ddi song vd kinh nghiem eua ban thdn ngudi hpc Hin/ela (1996) giai thfch rang sy hOdng Ong ch? mang tfnh ed nhdn bdi le nd lien quan den d m xuc va quan diem cua ngUdi hpc v l van ban van ehUdng Cdch tiep can ndy tap trung vao cae hoat dpng nhu Id thdo luan eac van de (question-discussions) (Rosli, 1995), nhOng hoat dpng ddng kjch dya tren quang d n h va quan diem eua van ban (Hin/ela, 1996) va hoat dpng dpng nao (brainstorming), tudng tupng theo hudng d i n (guided fantasy), thao ludn theo nhdm nho (small group discussions), khdm pha phan Ong cua ngudi hpc dya vdo doan viet ngan hope bai bao (journal) (Lazar, 1993) 1.2.4 Cich tiep can diin giai (Paraphrastic Approach) Cach tiep can diln giai lien quan den y nghTa be mat eua van b i n NgOdi day dp dyng each tiep can se diln gili hoac ke lai cdu chuyen bang nhOng ngdn tO ddn giln hdn va tham chf dieh cdu chuyen sang nhOng ngdn ngO khde Rosli (1995) eho rang cdch tiep can thfch hpp cho nhOng ngodi mdi bat dau hpc ngdn ngO dieh bdi vl nd ed vai trd nho nhOng nac thang viec trinh bdy ehinh xac nhOng gid djnh nguyen ban cda tdc pham, cua tac gia ndo dd Cdch tilp can dupe dp dyng doi tupng ngudi hpc cd trinh dp ngoai ngO cdn thd'p Vi t h l , cdch tiep can cd t h l dope dung vipc h i trp ngudi hpc hilu hdn ve van ban NhOng hopt dpng dung cdch tiep can ndy ed the bao gom viec ngudi day ke lai edu chuypn hope bdi thd bang ngdn 10 ddn gian hdn, djch van ban sang tiing me de vd dpc ban djch da dope diln gili hope ngudi dpy cung cd'p nhOng ghi chu sdch bdi tap 1.2.5 Cich tiip can dao ddc - triit hgc (Moral-philosophical Aapproach) Cdch tilp can dao dOe - triet hpc bat nguon 10 mdt nhOng vai trd eua van hpc Id khac sdu nhOng gia trj dao dOe thdng qua viec gilng ve dao ly Trpng tam eua each tiep can ndy Id tim kiem nhOng gid trj dao dOc dpc mdt van ban van chUdng cy t h l ndo dd Sy nhdn thOc ve nhOng gid trj cua ngUdi hpc se ho trp eho vide hilu nhOng chu de eua nhOng van ban khdc Vi vdy, ngUdi hpc se cd the phan dnh edi hp dupe hpc dya vdo viec dpc mdt van bin van ehUdng cu the Theo Rosli (1995), each tiep can tuyen bo ve tinh chat quan trpng eua 44 ^mjmm 364-2012 Dmiya^K •y'fi-lf fri'fh'ii'r nhOng lya chpn ciia nhOng gid trj dpo dOc vd strilt l'^ in sau nhOng vdn bin NhOng hopt ddng dupe dp dyng cd thi kit hpp nhOng gid trj dpo dOc vdo culi cua nhOng bdi hpc vdn hpc, nhOng bull suy ngim, ydu d u ngudi hpc llm kilm nhdng gid trj dpc (Wang, 2003) vd khdi gpi sy ddnh gid cCia ngudi hpc v l nhOng vide hp ndn ho$c khdng ndn Idm cdn cO trdn nhOng vdn bin hpc dd dpc (Panwathy et al., 2004) 1.2.6 Cdch tilp cdn phong cdch hpc (Stylistics Approach) Cdch tilp cdn phong cdch hpc hudng din ngudi hpc hilu vd ddnh gid vdn bin vdn hpc td't hdn bing cdch kit hpp vide phdn tich ngdn ngO vd phd binh vdn hpc (Lazar, 1993) Diiu ndy cd nghTa Id ngUdi hpc dupe dpy cdch xem xdt hinh thOc ngdn ngO (linguistic forms) vdn bin vdn hpc chuyin til thdng didp din cho dde gll nhu thl ndo Lazar (1993) tuydn b l ring cdch tilp c$n ndy ed myc tidu Trudc hit, nd gidp ngudi hpc thlu hilu "^ nghTa cda vdn bin Myc tidu ndy cho phdp ngudi hpc thodt khdi nghTa b l mdt cda vdn bin ("to look beyond the surface meaning of the text") ThO hai, nd gidp ngudi hpc md rdng kiln thOc vd nh$n thOe v l ngdn ngO Lazar (1993) d l xult cdc hoat ddng nhU Id ydu clu ngudi hpc xem xdt ky ludng mdt vdn bin vdn hpc bing d c h ddnh diu nhOng ndt d$e trung v l m$t ngdn ngO, trfeh nhOng diu mli cd thl gidp fch cho qud trinh hilu ^ nghTa v l Idm sdng td vdn bin (Carter, 1996) Cd thl tdm tit nhdng ndi dung vd cdc hoat ddng tOng cdch tilp e$n gilng day vdn hpc nhu sau: Yr'iucAii(C) HOAT DQNG (A) / I ('dch licji cdn Jira Iren tlu'm^ lin Cl: Khai g