Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Ngpc Thuy THIET KE VA SLf DyNG THI NGHIEM HOA HQC KICH THICH Tir DUY N H A M GAY H U N G THU TRONG DAY HQC H 6 A HQC (3 TRUONG PHO THONG PHAM NGOC THOY '''' TOM TAT Thi n[.]
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Phgm Ngpc Thuy THIET KE VA SLf DyNG THI NGHIEM HOA HQC KICH THICH Tir DUY N H A M GAY H U N G THU TRONG DAY HQC H A HQC (3 TRUONG PHO THONG PHAM NGOC T H O Y ' TOM TAT Thi nghifm hoa hpe co y nghTa to l&n vd giu vai tro ca hdn vifc Ihi^c hifn nhUng nhifm vu eua dgy hpe Hoa hpc & truang thdng NI'U gido vien biit thiit ki vd sir dung thi nghlfm hoa hpc kich thich tu mat cdch hi('u qud se giup hpe sinh them thu hoe tap vd them yeu thieh bp mon han Tir khda: hda hpc, thi nghi?m kich thich tu duy, thu, day hpc hoa hpc d trudng thong ABSTRACT Designing and utilizing thought-stimulating chemical experiments to inspire students in learning chemistry in high schools Laboratory work holds a significant impact and plays an important role in performing chemistry teaching tasks in high schools Effective designing and utilizing thought-stimulating chemical experiments will inspire students to learn and arouse their interest in the subject Keywords: Chemistry, thought-stimulating chemical experiment, inspire, teaching chemistry in high school Khai niem Hien nay, vdn de hiing thii da dupe nhieu nhd tdm li hpc nghien ciiu Qua eac tai lieu [I] [2], [3], [4], [5] cd thi rut khd nhieu quan diem khde ve hiing thii Tuy nhien, mpt each tdng qudt, chung ta ed the quan niem rdng hiing thu la thai dp eua ca nhdn ddi vdi mpt ddi tuong hay qud trinh nao da dem lai nhung khodi edm, thich thii va kich thieh manh me den tinh tich cue ea nhan, ddi hoi hp ed the huy ddng sinh lyc mdt cdch trpn ven de thue hien Gay hiing thii dgy hpe la qud trinh ngudi gido vien sir dung ede bien phdp tde dpng vdo " ThS, Tru'6'ng Oai hpc S u pham TPHCM npi dung, mdi trudng hpc tap, giiip hpc sinh thich thii, quan tdm den chiing tir ham thich tim hieu de ty bo sung kien thue, ndng cao trinh dp Viec lam la mpt dieu rat quan trpng, nd gdp phdn giiip cho qud trinh dgy vd hpc dgt dupe hieu qua cao Theo Dgi tii dien Tieng Viet, kieh thich CO the hieu theo hai y: mpt la "tde dpng vdo ea quan xiie gide hode than kinh" va hai la "lam eho hang hdi, thue day hoat dpng mgnh me ban" [6, tr.841]; eon tu la "nhdn thue ban chat va phat hien tinh quy luat cua sy vat bang nhirng hinh thirc nhu bieu tuang, khdi niem, phan dodn, suy li" [6, tr.l703] Theo chiing toi, thi nghiem hda hpe kieh 67 Tgp chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM thich tu Id nhttng thi nghipm sd dyng nhthig kien thite ve hda hpc nhdm thue day ho^it dpng nhdn thue ban chdt vd phdt hi$n tinh quy ludt cua sy vdt mpt edeh m^inh mS hon Gdy hdng thu bdng thi nghi$m hda hpc kich thich tu djiy hpc Id su dyng thi nghiem hda hpc kieh thich tu du\ giup hpc sinh chii y, quan tdm den chung, lir dd ham thich lim hieu de ty bd sung kiC'n thue, ndng cao trinh dp 2, Ddc diem Irong d^iy hpc hda hpc, thi nghipm hda hpc cd y nghTa to Idn, nd giiJ vai trd CO bdn vipc thyc hipn nhirng nhipm vy cua vi?c day hpc hda hpc d trudng phd thdng Thi nghipm hda hpc Id d^ng tryc quan chu yeu, cd vai trd quyet djnh day hpc hda hpe do: Thi nghipm giiip hpc sinh hieu bdi sdu sdc Thi nghiem giiip ndng cao long tin cua hpc sinh vdo khoa hpc vd phdt trien tu cua hpc sinh Thi nghiem gido vien Idm vdi edc thao tdc rat chudn mye sg Id khudn mau cho hpe sinh hpc tap bdt chude tu hinh thdnh kT ndng thi nghipm cho cac em mpt cdch chinh xdc Thi nghipm ndng cao himg thu hpe tap mdn hda hpc cho hpc sinh Thi nghipm kich thich tu ngodi nhung vai trd tren, nd cdn gay sy thich thu, ldi cudn hpc sinh bdng nhiing hipn tupng mdi la, hdp dan Thi nghipm hda hpc kich thich tu cdn cd sy lien quan vdi nhung kien thue co bdn md hpc sinh can ndm vilng Cac thi nghiem khdng nhimg gay himg thu, bdt ngd cho hpc 68 sinh md cdn kich thich cdc em vjn dyng cdc diJu dd hpc dd gidi thich hipn tupng Vdi thi nghi?m hda hpc kich thich tu dupc xdy dyng tu nhChig kien thue ndng cao, mdi I? si gay sy ehii y, td md cho hpc sinh Khi ty minh tim ldi giai, cac em s5 thich thu, say me tim hi^u tri thiic de md rpng tam hieu biet va cung Id djp lii cde em eung cA, khde sdu kien thue (ia> thu bdng thi nghipm hda hpc kich thieh tu khdng nhihig t?D dupe himg thu cho hpc sinh md cdn tin luypn cho cdc em kT ndng thi nghiem co bdn, khd ndng van dyng kien thue dd biet, tim tdi kien thirc mdi de tim ban chat sy vdt, hipn tupng NhOng thi nghipm hda hpc kieh thieh tu dupc su dyng tiet d?iy khdng nhat thiet Id phdi cd npi dung lien quan den trpng tdm bdi gidng ma chi can nd kich thich dupc hpe sinh, gdy himg thu de cdc em cd the sdn sdng tiep thu nhimg kijn thue mdi Khi gay thu bdng viee su dyng thi nghiem hda hpc, gido v ien cdn ket hpp nhimg lin ddn lam khoi ddy tri td md, ham hieu biet cua hpc sinh Giao \ ien can dan ddt hpc sinh quan sdt nhiing hipn tupng ddc biet \ a huting dan cdc em gidi thich, tim hieu nguyen nhdn Cdc hinh thiie gay thii bdng thi nghiem kieh thieh tir Vipe gdy thu bdng thi nghiem hda hpc kich thich tu cd thi dupc phdn lo^i theo nhieu each day, chung tdi phdn hai hinh thue la: 3.1 Gdy thii bdng thi nghiem hda hgc kich Ihich tu giao viln bieu dien T?p chl KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Vipe bieu diln thi nghipm cda gido vien ed tdc dyng rat Idn gdy hdng thu cho hpe sinh qud trinh d^y hpc hda hpc Khi gido vien bilu diln thi nghipm hda hpe kieh thich tu sS phdt huy dupc nhiing uu diem nhu: ton it thdi gian; ed thi thye hipn dupc vdi nhthig thi nghipm phuc tap, cd diing chat no, ehat dpe hay nhihig thi nghipm ddi hdi mdt lupng Idn hda chdt thi mdi eho ket qud ddng tin cdy Nhihig thi nghipm hda hpc kich thieh tu gido vien bieu diln cd the tdng hpp nhilu kien thue, nhieu hipn tupng hap dan, li thu se kich thich cdc em suy nghT de gidi thich hipn tupng Vdi nhirng thu phdp tam li kh^o lep ket hpp bieu dien thi nghipm, gido vien se giup hpc trd cua minh di tim tri thiic sy himg thu va tu dd se yeu thieh mdn hpc hon 3,2 Gay thd bdng thi nghifm hda hgc kich Ihich tu hgc sinh Ihuc hien Xu hudng day hpe hipn Id "hudng vao ngucri hpe" Vi vdy, viec gdy hdng thu bdng nhihig thi nghiem hda hpc kich thieh tu ddng vai trd to Idn day hpc hda hpc Thi nghiem hpc sinh ty lam nghien euu tdi lieu mdi cung nhu cung cd, hodn thien, van dyng kien thue cd y nghTa to Idn day hpc Dieu ndy giup cho hpc sinh hinh he thdng cdc khdi niem hda hpe, cd each thde tu hpp li, hodn thien nhiing kiln thue da ITnh hpi, ren i luyen dc ddc ldp suy nghT vd lam viec; , phdt triln cdc kT ndng, kT xao thi nghiem Tuy nhien, gido vien cdn lim y khdng td ehiie cho hpc sinh thyc hien nhirng thi Phgm Ngpc Thiiy nghifm gdy chdy, no vd sd dyng cdc hda ch4t dpe h^i Thi nghiem hpc sinh ty ldm cd edc d^ng: thi nghiem dong lo^t, thi nghipm thyc hdnh (d ldp), thi nghiem ngo^i khda, thi nghiem d nhd Khi gdy thu cho hpe sinh bdng thi nghipm hda hpc kich thich tu duy, chdng ta cd thi su dyng tat ed edc d^mg ndy Ddc bipt, vi thdi gian tren ldp cdn eo hpp, chiing ta cd the khai thde d ^ g thi nghiem d nhd Hpc sinh sS ty tim hieu, xdy dyng thi nghipm cua minh dya tren yeu cau vd nhOng kilft thue dd hpc md ede em cdn tim hilu Gido vien cd thi chia theo nhdm hodc cho hpc sinh ty tim hilu them d nhd, sau dd cae em s€ chia se vdi ca ldp Cdch thiet klva sii dung D I thi nghiem hda hpe kich thich tu dem lai hieu qud cao, ngudi gido vien cdn chudn bi vd nghien ciiu cdn thdn trudc su dyng Trudc hit, gido vien cdn tim hilu dl thilt kl cdc thi nghiem Cdng viec ndy cd the thye hipn theo cde budc sau: Budc 1: Xdc dinh npi dung kiln thiic bai hpc ed thi xay dyng thi nghipm kich thich tu duy; gido vien lya chpn, ket hpp nhihig ndi dung cd the thilt kl dupc thi nghipm Budc 2: Xdc dinh ddi tupng thye hien thi nghiem: thi nghiem se ddnh cho giao vien hay hpc sinh Nlu thi nghiem bilu diln cua gido vien thi miic dp khd vd nguy hilm cd the eao hon Cdn thi nghiem hpc sinh thue Men cdn don gidn, it dpe hai va de thyc hien Budc 3: Thilt kl thi nghiem hda hpe kieh thich tu Dilu ndy edn rdt 69 S6 39 nim 2012 T?p chl KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM nhilu thdi gian vd cdng sde cda gido vien NhOng thi nghiem ndy ngodi tdc dyng kich thich tu duy, gdy himg thu cho hpc sinh cOng cdn phdi ddng dyng cy, hda chdt dl tim dl cd thi thyc hi$n thi nghipm dupc nhilu idn - Budc 4: Ldm thd thi nghiem vd kiem tra nhttng ySu cdu su ph?m vl kT thudt thyc hipn va khd ndng thdnh cdng, tm todn, hien tupng rd, dpp - Budc 5: Thyc hipn thi nghiem theo ke ho^ch Gido vien cd thi su dyng nhihig thi nghiem ndy vdo bdi gidng tren Idp hodc nhiing budi ngogi khda, vui hda hpc hay eho hpe sinh thyc hipn Tiiy vdo timg trudng hpp cy thi md gido vien su dyng va dieu ehinh npi dung thi nghipm cho hpp li: Khi su dyng thi nghipm hda hpc kich thich tu tren ldp, gido vien can khai thde nguon kiln thue hda hpc cho phu hpp vdi thi nghiem, giup hpc sinh khoi day sy thu cua hpe sinh vdo npi dung bai hpc Lupng hda chdt su dyng cdn vda phdi, trdnh gay ngpt ngjt khdng ldp hpc sS Idm phdn tdc dyng cua thi nghipm Ngodi ra, gido vien cdn khai thac cde phuong phdp i^y hpc, nhihig boat dpng day hpc vd thu phdp vl tdm li de thi nghipm ed thi mang din kit qua cao hon Khi sir dyng thi nghipm nhirng budi ngoai khda, vui hda hpe, gido vien cd the dung lupng hda chdt Idn de thyc hien thi nghiem vi khdng gian rpng rdi, thodng ddng Gido vien cdn luu y vl dyng eu thich hpp dl eho hipn tupng rd, dep va dl quan sdt NIU gido vien bilt kit hpp nhiing thu phdp tdm li gdy bat ngd vd cdch td chdc ho?t dpng tot cd kim cdu hdi vd phdn thudng thi hpc sinh s8 hiing thd vdi thi nghiem dupc xem va tham gia gidi thich nhthig hi^n tupng hoa hpe dd Khi cho hpc sinh ty thyc hipn thi nghiem, cdc cm sS rdt thich thu vl dupc ty minh tim hilu, khdm phd Tuy nhiSn, edc em cdn chua cd nhilu kinh nghi^ xu li ed sy c6 xdy Do dd, chpn thi nghipm ddnh cho hpc sinh, gido vien edn thilt kl nhttng thi nghipm vdi miic dp khd vira phai, it nguy hiem Thi nghiem nen vjin dyng nhihig kiln thue ma cdc em dd bilt Neu kien thue qud khd thi cdc era rdt de gdy chdn ndn, khdng himg thu tim hilu Mpt so vi dy minh hpa J 1, Thi nghlfm hda hgc kich thich Iu giio vien biSu dien: Thi nghiem TRA CHANH BI YEM BIJA (Bai "Luyfn tap: Nhdm halogen ", ldp 10) a) Muc dich Nhdn ni^nh tinh chat cua lot v^ cdch nhdn biet Gay hiing thu, kich thich sy td mo, tim hieu cdch giai thich hipn tupng b) Md td hifn lufng Khi rdt nude trd chanh vdo coc dd, sau khuay deu La thay, nude tra chanh mdi edc cd mau khdng giong chut ndo, Phdi chdng chai trd chanh ndy dd bj yem bua? c) Cdch tiin hdnh Hda tan tinh the iot vd natri iotua vao nude de ed mdu nau nhat gidng nude tra chanh Tgp chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Lay coc thiiy tinh vd lan lupt cho vdo timg coc cdc chat sau: + Cdc I:tinhthiNa2S203; + Coc 2: tinh bpt; + Cdc3:ddAgN03; + Cde 4: khdng cd gi Rdt trd chanh vdo timg coc vd Idc deu Trong cae e6e, nude trd chanh s6 bien thdnh nhihig mdu khde nhau: + Cde I: khdng mdu; + Cde2: xanh den; + Cde 3: vdng nhgt; + Cde 4: nau nhgt d) Mpt so ldi ddn gp^i y tien hdnh thi nghifm Gido vien Idy hai chai nu&c: chai "Trd chanh khong dp " vd chai nu&c suoi dd bi rdch ldp gidy ddn (trong co ve cU vd xdu) Trdi ndng biic that ddy, ed cd hai chai nude, cdc em thich udng chai ndo? Hdu het hpc sinh trd lai thich uong chai "Trd chanh khong dp" Gido vien cdm chai "Trd chanh khong dp" len ngdm Chd, ed mdt chai nude md nhieu em deu thich udng De thdy/cd rdt cdc, chiing ta cimg uong nhe! Gido vien rot Idn lu0 vdo cde thuy tinh dd duac chudn bi sdn: - (Rot ede 1) Y trdi, mdu nude trd bi mat tieu roi Khdng biet phdi hang gid khong ddy (Rot sang cde 2) Trdi ddt, xanh den thui vdy ne? (Rpt sang cdc 3) Cha chd lai CO ket tiia vdng nhgt nira chii, eai gidng tra sua ghe Phqm Ngpc ThAy Vgy khdng biit coc ndy s6 biin thdnh mdu gl ddy? (Rot vdo cdc 4)K\ hi khdng doi mdu gi hit Sao ki v§y ta Ai dd yim biia chai trd chanh ndy nhi? Bgn ndo cd thi gidi thieh giup ca ldp dupc khdng? Cac em hdy chii y den mdu sde ciia chai trd chanh vd nhOng ehiec coc, Sau d6 lien h? mdu sdc ciia edc chiec coc vdi nhau, xem chiing cd "hp hdng" khdng nh^? Sau giup hpc sinh gidi thich cdc hifn depmg tren Gido vien ket ludn: Chiing ta can can thgn vdi nhiing thiic dn, uong khdng rO nguon gdc vd cung nen kiem tra kT dd dyng (li, chen, dia) CO dinh ban khong nhe! Cdn thdy/cd se udng chai nude ndy (cdm chai nuae suoi len) Day Id nude thay/c6 nau vd vdo ddy, sang e) Gidi thich Trong cac cdc cd sy thay ddi mdu Id do: + Coc I: iot da tham gia phan img: NajSjOa +12"^ Na2S406 + Nai + Coc 2: iot tao mdu vdi ho tinh bdt + Coc 3: mau vdng nhat cua ket bia Agl tgo thdnh tir phdn ling: AgNOa + Nai ^ Agl 4- + NaNOj + C6e 4: khdng ed phdn ling xdy f) Nhihig diiu cdn chu y vd kinh nghifm de thi nghifm thdnh cong Dk iot cd the hoa tan dupe nhieu nude, nen cho hda tan mot it tinh thi NaT trudc rdi mdi hda tan tir tir iot de dupc mdu trd chanh nhu y Cd thi thay Nai bdng Kl T9P chl KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Dyng dung dich "trd chanh" vda pha vdo vd chai cd sdn trSn thj trudng dl tdng ylu t6 bdt ngd, thd vj 5.2 Till nghiem hda hgc kich Ihich Iu hgc sinh IhifV hi^n: Thi nghi4m TIM Hiiu, K1£M TRA CHAT LU'QNG THUdC IOT (Bdt "Luyfn tdp: Nhdm halogen", ldp 10) a) Myc dich Giup hpc sinh ty tim hilu, khdm phd vl hda hpc vd thilt kl thi nghiem dya yen kiln thde md cdc em von cd De hpe sinh ty tim hilu vl thyc tc thdng qua nhttng kiln thue dd hpc Diing thi nghipm ndy de d?y bdi "Flo - Brom - lot" hay bdi "Luyen tdp: Nhdm halogen" - ldp 10 b) Cdc budc Ihifc hifn Budc 1: Chia nhdm hpc sinh, hojc giao nhipm vy eho edc em vl nhd ldm - Budc 2: Dua de tdi: "Em hdy tim hieu cdng dyng vd thilt kl phuong phdp kiem tra chat lupng thuoc iot hipn dang dung", vdi tieu ehi: don gidn, de lam, khdng nguy hiem Budc 3: Djnh thdi gian suy nghT, len kl hoach vd hpc sinh trinh bay Uude Idp ve y tudng cua ed nhdn, nhdm U-ong budi hpc sau c) Du kiin phdn lich Tim hieu cdng dyng cua thuoc dya tren hudng dan, chi djnh vd luu y eua nhd sdn xudt Thuoc iot ed nhieu tae dyng vipc sdt trimg, ddc bipt Id tri vit thuong, dd cdn that cdn than trudc dung Nen kilm tra chdt lupng thudc trudc - Kiem tra bdng each dya tren tinh chdt ddc trung cua iot la tdc dyng vdi hd 72 So 39 ndm iUli tinh b$t t?o thdnh hpp chat mdu xanl den d) Gftly cich tiin hdnh Cho h6 tinh bpt vdo chdn nhd Hi tinh b$t cd thi Id cam, chdo, khoai.,, (nhung nSn chpn lojii mdu trdng de de so sdnh, phdn bi^t) Nhd vdi gipt thuoc iot vdo hd tinh bpt Quan sdt hipn tupng Nlu ho tinh bpt chuyin sang xanh den, chimg td thuoc cd nhilu lot Cdn neu ho tinh bpt chuyen sang xanh nhsit hodc khdng cd mdu xanh thi chimg td iot ed it hodc khdng cd e) Nhihig dieu cin chiy • Cho hpc sinh trinh bdy, ehia se y kiln vl cdng dyng ciia thudc iot md cdc em bilt vdi ca \6p vd cimg bd sung, trao dlL Luu y phan biet mau sdc iot liic trudc vd sau nhd vdo hd tinh bpL T h ^ nghifm Chung (di da tien hdnh thye nghipm su phsim nhiing thi nghipm kich thich tu d^y hpc chuong "Bdng ntan hodn cdc nguyen td hda hpe v a dinh luat tuan hodn" cua chucmg trinh hda hpc Idp 10, tren Idp thyc nghipm d cac trudng THPT t?u thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh (M?c DTnh Chi, Tenloman, Trudng Chinh) Dimg phdn mem xu li thdng ke SPSS for windows 16.0 de phdn tich dtt lipu djnh lupng qua phep kiem dinh tnmg binh t (tren kit qud kiem tra tiet tap tnmg cOa trudng) Kit qua thu dupc rdt khd quan, cdc ldp thyc nghiem diu cd sy tien triSn vl diim kiem tra tiet (so vdi ldp doi chimg) Trong dd, cd 6/7 lap cd sir khac ve diem trung binh vai lap cloi chimg tucmg ung mangy nghia thdng ki- Tgp chl KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Phfm Ngpc Thiy Bang L Ket qud kiim tra chucmg sau phdn tich bdng phdn mim SPSS Trirdng Bilm Diim Sig Ldp Nh^n xH THPT trung binh chSnh Ifeh (2-tailed) lOAl-TN 7,193 1,038 0,002 Cd tdc dyng Mge 10A3-DC 6,155 DTnh lOAll-TN 6,217 Chi 0,887 0,002 Cd tdc dyng lOBll-DC 5,330 Tenloman Trudng Chinh lOAlO-TN 3,691 lOAS-DC 3,041 10A14-TN 3,594 10A6-DC 2,990 10A15-TN 5,616 10A7-DC 3,217 10A16-TN 3,718 10A8-DC 3,135 10AI4-TN 6,010 10A4-BC 5,932 Ngodi ra, chiing tdi cdn tien hanh thyc nghiem su pham va phat philu tham dd y kiln 194 hpc sinh tai ldp 10 (chuong - Nhdm Halogen) vd ldp 11 (budi ngoai khda) d cdc trudng THPT tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (Maricurie, 0,65 0,02 Cd tdc dyng 0,604 0,023 Cd tae dyng 2,399 0,00 Rdt cd tde dung 0,583 0,038 Cd tde dyng 0,078 0,789 Chua cd tdc dung Hoang Hoa Thdm, Gd Vdp) Sau dd, chiing tdi phdt "Phieu thdm dd y kiln" 194 hpe sinh d cdc ldp thue nghiem va thu dupc ket qud 159/194 hgc sinh yeu thich mdn hda hgc han (chiem 81,96%) Bdng Tinh cdm cita hgc sinh sau qud trinh thirc nghiem STT Tinh cam Rat thich Thich hon Binh thudng Ghet Tong so phieu 28 131 35 Tl If % 14,43 67,53 18,04 73 Tgp chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Dya vdo kit qud nhdn dupe, chung tdi nhdn thdy vifc sii dyng nhttng thi nghifm kich thich tu dl gdy thu Id rdt khd thi vd cd hifu qud d?y hpc hda hpc d trudng phi thdng Kit lu^n Himg thu ed vai trd rdt quan trpng vifc ndng cao hifu qud cua qud trinh d^y hpc Hda hpe Id mdn khoa hpc HO SV nam iuir, thyc nghiem nSn vifc khai thde th nghifm kich thich tu gdy thi gdp phdn ddng kl vifc ndng cao hifu qud d?y hpc Chinh vi y?y, ngudi gido viSn cdn lya chpn, thiet ke nhflng thi nghifm kieh thich tu giup hpc sinh thu hpc t?p vd yeu thich hi) mon hda hpc hon TAlLIfll THAM KHAO Phjim Minh H?c, Ph?m Hodng Gia, Trdn Trpng Thuy, Nguyen Quang Uan (1997), Tdm ii hgc, Nxb Gido dye, Hd Ndi L6 Vdn Hong, Le Ngpc Lan, Nguyen Vdn Thdng (1998), 7am // hgc lira ludi va Idm li hgc sir phgm, Nxb Dgi hpc Quoc gia Hd Npi Geoffrey Petty (2003), Dgy hgc ngdy nay, Nxb Stanley Thomes, Anh Qudc Su-ki-na (1971) (Nguyen Vdn Dien djch), Vdn de hiing thu nhgn thue khoa hgc gido due, Nxb Gido dye, Moskva L.X Xd-ld-vdy-trich (Le Khanh Trucmg djch - 1975) 7i> himg thd den ldi ndng, Nxb Phy nu Ha Npi Nguyin Nhu Y (chu bien), Nguyen Vdn Khang, Phan Xudn Thdnh (2008), Dgi lit dien tieng Vi^t, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia TPHCM (Ngiy Tda soan nhin dirqc bii 29-12-2011: ngiy phin biin dinh gii 12-01-2012 ngiy chip nh$n ding 19-6-2012) ... nghiem ngo^i khda, thi nghiem d nhd Khi gdy thu cho hpe sinh bdng thi nghipm hda hpc kich thich tu duy, chdng ta cd thi su dyng tat ed edc d^mg ndy Ddc bipt, vi thdi gian tren ldp cdn eo hpp, chiing... budc sau: Budc 1: Xdc dinh npi dung kiln thiic bai hpc ed thi xay dyng thi nghipm kich thich tu duy; gido vien lya chpn, ket hpp nhihig ndi dung cd the thilt kl dupc thi nghipm Budc 2: Xdc dinh... TPHCM nhilu thdi gian vd cdng sde cda gido vien NhOng thi nghiem ndy ngodi tdc dyng kich thich tu duy, gdy himg thu cho hpc sinh cOng cdn phdi ddng dyng cy, hda chdt dl tim dl cd thi thyc hi$n thi