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54 ^ 304 2013 DUt^t^f^ A> Luan ban ve uU va nhifofc diem cua mot so'''' phUGfng phap day va hoc Tieng Anh hien nay ThS TA TH! THANH H 6 A NGUYEN THJ UYEN Trudng Trung cap Cdnh sat Nhdn ddn 1 Tom tat Tron[.]
54 _ ^ 304-2013 DUt^t^f^ A> Luan ban ve uU va nhifofc diem cua mot so' phUGfng phap day va hoc Tieng Anh hien ThS.TA TH! THANH H A - NGUYEN THJ UYEN Trudng Trung cap Cdnh sat Nhdn ddn Tom tat Trong dgy vd hpe Tieng Anh, lU vgng Id mpt ba Ihdnh id tgo thdnh hg thdng kien thQc ngon ngQ va ddng vai trd Id phuong tidn, dieu kidn hinh thdnh vd phdt trien ky ndng giao tiep, Trong bat ky mdt ngon ngQ ndo, vai trd eiJa tQ vgng eung het sQc quan trgng Co the thay mgt ngon ngO Id mSt tdp hpp cua cdc Id vgng Khdng the hieu ngdn ngQ md khdng hilu biet tu vgng, hoac qua cdc dOn vj IQ vgng, Nhung dieu dd khong ddng nghTa vdi vi^c chl hieu cdc ddn vj iQ vgng rieng Id, dpe Igp vdi md ehl ed the nam vQng dupe ngdn ngQ thong qua mdi quan hg bign chQng giQa cdc dOn vj tQ vgng, Nhu vay vi$c hge IQ vgng vd ren luypn kT nang sQ dyng IQ vgng la y l u id hang dau vigc truyen thg vd tilp thu mgt ngon ngQ noi chung vd Tieng Anh ndi rieng VI iQ vyng la mpt don vi ngon ngQ nen nd dUpe the hign dudi hai hinh thUe: Ldi noi vd chQ viel, Mudn sCf dgng dugc ngon ngQ dd, IQe Id phdi ndm vCrng hinh IhQe bieu dgt eua IQ blng ldi noi vd chO viel Song eo mdi lien quan cua IQ vyng vdi cdc yeu td khac ngon ngQ (ngQ phdp, ngQ am, ngd digu.,.) hodc llnh hudng giao Hep Nhieu nhd nghien cUu eho rdng de xdy ndn mpt bUe tudng ngdn ngQ thi tQ vgng Id "nhQng vien ggch" cdn ngQ phdp vd cdc cau true cau la "nhQng mgch vQa" d l gdn kit nhQng vien ggch tgo nen bQc tudng ngdn ngQ, Nlu khong cd mpl vdn IQ vgng can thiet thi ngudi hpe khdng the sis dgng ede cau true cdu va eac chQe nang ngdn ngQ Irong giao Hep, Tuy nhien, cdc quan diem dgy vd hgc tQ vgng Tiing Anh khong ngQng bien doi dan den cac phUPng phdp dgy vd hpe tUvyngcQng dacd nhieu ddi thay, Ljch sQ dgy vd hpe IQ vgng Tieng Anh da trdi qua nhieu phUPng phap khde nhu phUPng phap NgQ phdp-Djeh, phQOng phdp Nghe-Nhin, phuong phap Nghe - Noi, phUOng phdp Giao Hep, v.v Quan diem thU nhat theo trUdng phdi NgtJT phdp Djch Cd ten gpi "Grammar - Translation Method' hay ggi Id phuong phdp Truyen thdng dupe dp dgng mgnh me d Vigt Nam vdo nhQng ndm 1970 cho den tdn nhQng ndm 1990, Phgpng phdp ndy coi mgc dich ehu yeu eua dgy vd hpe Tieng Anh Id eung cap eho ngudi hpe h^ thdng iQ vyng ngQ phdp Tiing Anh de phdt triln k^ ndng dgc hieu, hpe thudc Idng tU vyng, dich vdn bdn, dgc cde tde phim vdn hgc, vilt lugn {composition) vd phan tich ngdn ngQ (hgc d l nim chSc quy tic ngon ngQ) chQ khdng tdp trung vao ky nang giao tiep D l dgc hieu cac vdn ban bang Tieng Anh, ngudi hgc dupc trang bj mgt lupng tQ vyng vd hd thdng ngO phdp van bdn tUdng ddi Idn dudi dgng bdng lidt ke kem theo nghTa bang tiing mg de cua ngudi hgc PhUOng phdp yeu cau hgc sinh hgc bat ki tQ mdi ndo miln lam hilu vd djch dupe ngi dung bdl dgc Gido vien khuyen khich ngudi hpe sQ dgng tQdiln dgc vdi mye dich nhd tQ, Tren ldp, giao vien ddng vai tro tmng tdm Vide dgy lU vgng ehl ldp trung vao nghTa ciia lis Quy Irlnh thye hipn: Cde bai khda {texts) duge bien sogn vd chia thdnh IQng dogn ngan Vide giang giai quy lac ngon ngQ Id cd bdn De kiem tra sg thdng hilu ve ndi dung bdi khda (ndi dung van hda, dat nudc hpe noi ehung) va cao quy lie ngdn ngQ, ngudi hpe bit bude phdi dich eac bdi khoa sang tiing mg d l , Ngudi hgc khong dupe phep mde loi ngon ngQ, neu co phai sQa Phuong phdp NgQ phap - Dich da du^c sis dyng phd bien nude ta mpt thdi gian khd ddi vd nd dd cd nhQng i/u diem khong the phu nhgn D6 la: • Ngudi hpe dupe ren luygn rat kyve ngQ phdp vd tilp thu lupng tu vgng khd Idn, - Ngudi hgc n l m dupe tuong ddi nhilu cdc cau trde cdu cd ban, thugc Idng cdc dogn vdn hay hodc bdi khda mSu - Ngudi hgc co the dpe hieu nhanh cac van bdn Tuy nhien, vdi xu hudng phdt triln cua dat nudc vd Ihdi dgi, mgc dfeh cQa ngudi hgc Tiing Anh cung cd thay doi ddi hdi phuong phdp dgy vd hpe Tieng Anh ndi chung vd IQ vgng ndi rieng eung khong t h i mdi nhu cu NgUcfi ta d i n dan nhgn nhiJTng hgn c h l cCia phUOng phap NgQ phdp-Djeh Id; - Khdng glQp ngudi hgc "giao tilp" dupe Hogl ddng eh£i yeu Idp Id ngudi thay; nghTa la ngudi thay gidng gidi, mii nhilu, hgc sinh thg ddng ngdi nghe vd ghi chep, khdng cd ? kien phdn hdi hodc khong tham gia giao tiep (ndi) vdi thdy vd bgn bd - Hogt ddng dgy hpe chl dien mdt chieu - ngudi hgc DatfyaHpC s6* hodn todn b| iJOng, khdng c6 co hdi thgc hdnh giao tilp Idp; khd nang sdng tgo vd d$c bidt 1^ ndng ndi cCia ngudi hgc b| hgn c h l nhilu PhUdng phdp Nghe - Ndi {Audiolingual Method or AudioOral Method) nhan mgnh vdo vl#c dgy k? nang ndi va k? ndng nghe XnSdc ky ndng dpc vd ky ndng viel Khac vdi phuong phdp NgQ phdp - Djch, phuong phdp ddp Qng dQng mye tidu c i n dgt cCia ngudl hgc td hinh thdnh va phat triln cd bdn ky' ndng, nhung uu tien phdt triln ndi, nghe trudc dgc va vilt Vi^c cung d p kiln thUe ng6n ngQ (ngQ dm, tQ vyng, ngO phdp) dugc thgc hign xen ldng qud trinh dgy hge, PhUdng phdp Nghe-Ndi khdng eho phdp viec dung tiing mg d l Idp; khuyin khich ldi da dQng Tieng Anh qud trinh dgy hpe Khi thgc hidn, ngudi ta nhan mgnh vige phdt triln hai k^ ndng ndi vd nghe la ehQ yeu Vige day hgc thdng qua thgc hdnh edu true edu (structures) vd qua eac bdl tdp Qng dgng, ngudi hpe tg phat hign va tim hilu nhQng diem gidng (so vdi tiing mg dd) v l cau true edu, cdch phdt ngdn vd dua ede qui tac ngdn ngQ Yeu edu ngudi hge bat trude mau ngudi dgy cung cap, vi dy: cde bdi/mau ddi thogi mau {dialogues) cd chQa cau trUe cdu ho§c hign tugng ng6n ngQ can truyln dgt NgUdi hgc luydn tdp mlu dd thgc chdl Id hinh mdt thdi quen ngOn ngQ theo cde hinh thUc nhu hdi vd trd ldi ve bdi ddi thogi mdu, thgc hanh them mpt sd bdi tdp edu trCie (thay Ihl, bd sung, chuyen doi,-) Doi ngudl hpo tdp trung vdo phat trien ky ndng ngha vd ndi thdng qua ede bdl hdi thogi cd sQ dyng tU vd cau tnJc ngQ phap giao tilp hdng ngdy, Gido vien dQng ede vdi lh§t, hinh ve, ci!r chr hay edeh gidl thich blng ehinh Tieng Anh de gidi thi^u tQ mdi, Phuong phdp ndy cQng nhan mgnh tdi phdl dm chfnh xdc tu vdi hi vgng ngudi hpe ndi Tieng Anh nhu ngudi bdn ngQ Vi$c dgy IQ vgng trgc tiep khdng qua tiing mg de vd chl chu trpng vdo cdc tinh hudng giao tilp eg I h l Id cO sd giup ngudi hgc md rdng nhanh von IQ Ndi t6m Igi, phUOng phap Nghe - Ndi cd nhQng Uu dilm Id- 55 Phuong phap giao tilp {Communicative Approach) dUQc xem nhu phuong phap dgy hpe ngogi ngQ bien nhat va hldu qua nhat hidn Hlu het cdc gido trinh, sdeh gido khoa phi thdng Tieng Anh tren I h l gkii vd Vi#t Nam hidn deu duge bien sogn dya theo quan diem cua phuong phdp Qua do, coi mgc tieu cudi eung cua dgy hpe ngogi ngQ la phat triln ky nang giao tiep/lq' nang ngdn ngQ {linguistk: skills), nang iyc giao tiep {communicalive competence) De giao tiep dupc, phuong phdp ddi hoi phdi Hnh din phuong didn xa hpi, van hda eua ngdn ngQ, cae _dieu kien xa hdi eua qud Irlnh sdn sinh ngdn ngQ, vd tinh din ngdn ngQ duge dung cudc sdng hdng ngay, Ngodi ra, phUdng phdp Giao lilp edn ehu y tdi phuong dien nghla cua ngdn ngQ, hay ndi mdt cdch khde can luu y ldi y djnh giao liep {intention of communication] Khdi niem ndy v l sau ode nha ngdn ngO gpi id chUe ndng ngdn ngQ {language iunctiorif Nhuvay, theo PhUdng phap Giao tilp ngdn ngQ khdng chi Id phuang tign dien dgt tU ma cdn Id phubng Hgn giao liep Mye dieh cudi cung cQa ngudi hpe IQ vyng khdng chf biet dupe each dpc, edeh viel vd nghTa cQa tU md can phai dgt dupe nang Ige (khd ndng) giao Hep; tdc Id phdt trien dupe lat ea ky nang ngdn ngQ (nghe, noi, dgc, vilt) vd sQ dyng dupc IQ vgng dd d l giao tiep, VI vdy, cac tdi lieu dgy hge hidn deu hudng den giup ngudi hgc cd the thgo hien duge cdc chdc ndng ngdn ngQ khde „ Hdn nQa, de giao tiep higu qua, ngUdl hge can phdi sQ dyng cae IQ vgng ihfch hpp vdi linh hudng giao liep {situations) dd yeu cau ngudi Iham gia giao Hep phdi t h i hidn dupc y dinh giao liep (intention) thong qua vige thgc hi^n cdc nhigm vg khde (tasks) Vdi quan diem lay ndng lyc giao tiep cua ngudi hgc Idm trung tam thi tU vyng dupe eoi Id mpt ba thdnh t6 lam Ihdnh edng ey hay phuong tign de hinh thdnh vd phal men ede ky nang ngdn ngQ Ndi cdch khde Id IQ vyng dupc dgy ldng gpp vdi ngQ phdp vd ngQ am, thong qua vd blng luydn tdp cdc ky nang giao Hep vd theo nhu eau giao tilp nghe, ndi, dgc, Vilt nghTa la qud Irlnh giao tiep can nhij'ng tU gl vd sd lupng Id bao nhieu thi dgy eho ngudi hpe tUng dd, d day, chQng la can hieu rd mpl sd khai nigm v l IQ vgng vipe dgy va hge Tieng Anh noi chung Thd nhat, mdl myc IQ Ihudng cd hai mdt, nghla cua tU va each sQ dy ng NghTa eua tU vd each ehung dupc dung nhu the ndo la hai van de khde nhau.Cd nhieu trudng hpp tra IQ dien Chung la cd the hieu dupe nghTa cilia tU, song khong phai nhuvay Id da biel cdch sis dyng IQ dd, Cach sQ dgng eua mgt tis phy thupc vdo ehUc nang cua tu edu, ngQ ednh, thdi quen eua ngUdi sQ dyng vd ode mdi quan hg eua hp vdi mdi Irudng vdn hda vd xa hdi Sau day la nhQng thu thudt ldm rd nghTa IQ; - Cd hidu qud d l i vdi nhQng ngudi mdi hge, ddc bigt la hgc sinh lilu hge hodc hge sinh d dau cap THCS, Ngudi hge cam thdy phdn khdi vd tg tin dupe nghe vd tgp bal chude theo gido vidn, vt dy: Ngudi hpe lam theo Ignh eua giao vien hoac hdt cdc bdi hdt Tiing Anh ddn gian Tuy nhidn phUOng phdp ndy Igi cd nhQng hgn ehe nhu sau: - Ddi vdi ngudi hpe cd trinh dp ngogi ngQ eao thi rd'l de nhdm ehdn vdi phUdng phdp ndy neu khdng eo sy dilu chfnh phuong Hide dgy hge ein thiel - NgUdi hgc dp dgng nhQng gl da duge ITnh hdi Irong Idp hpe vdo thgc tiln giao tilp ngdn ngQ la kho, Ngudi hge khdng a/ Dung tryc quan nhU: vgl thai tren Idp, tranh Inh, thi v$n dgng cdc hinh thUc ngdn ngQ (cdc mau Idl ndi) dupc hinh ve phdc hog (hinh que), hinh cat dan tU tgp chi, cis chl luyin tdp Irdn ldp mdt edeh ty nhien vl hgc sinh cd kha didu bd v.v ndng nghe hilu, nhd vd bit ehude (ndi theo) tgi chd ldp hgc, song cdc em eOng rIt chdng qudn vd cdm thdy b/ Dung ngdn ngO da hgcbi l i e " gdp tinh hulng tuong tg giao Hep thgc Dilu - Djnh nghTa, mieu t l ; ndy ndi ISn ring m$c dQ ngudi hpo cd I h l nhic Igi tQ mpt each - Dung IQ ddng nghTa, Irdi nghla; hodn hdo xong hg khdng hllu rd nghTa eCta tU vd khdng eo - Oga vdo cde quy tic hinh thdnh tU, tgo tU; khd ndng sis dgng tQ Irong nhQng ngQ ednh khde vdi dieu dd - Tgo tinh hudng; dupc hgc; tUe Id thgc t l khdng diln dgt dupc nhQng gl dinh - Dodn nghTa eua IQ ngQ ednh ndi mde dii sau mdt thdi gian ddi hpe tdp, c) Djch sang tiing mg dd Thdhai, thdng thudng mdt bdi hgc sd ludn ludn ed tQ PhUdng phdp giao ti^p 56, mdi Song khdng p^^li IQ mdi ndo cung c i n dua vao dgy nhu Do dd vi^c lya chgn tQ d l dgy la nhi$m vg quan trgng ddi vdi gido vien Vi$c iga chgn tQ trudc hit phy thugc vdo tan suat tQ dd dugc SLf dyng giao Hep, phy thupc vdo kha ndng iQ dd thay the cde IQ khde hay phy thudc vao nhu eau va mgc tieu cija ngudi hgc Ngudi giao vien phdi biel lya chgn, xde djnh IQ tfch eye, chu ddng qud trinh d l giang dgy va cd gang phdt huy hit kha nang ty hpe hdi cua hge sinh ddi vdi nhQng logi IQ khong tich eye Ben canh dd gido vien edn phai bill sip xep cac IQ vyng se dgy bai theo mdt trinh tg hdp ly, hoac igo eac ldi ddn gpi md theo chu dilm bdi hgc, Khi iga ehpn tQ de day, gido vien can xem xet cae cau hdi sau: a) TU ehu ddng hay IQ bi ddng? - TQ chu dpng {active/productive vocabulary) Id nhQng tU ngudl hge hieu, nhdn bie't vd sis dyng duge giao tiep ndi vd Viet, - TQ bj ddng {passive/ receptive vocabulary) la nhOng tQ ngQdi hpe ehi hieu vd nhgn b i l l dUpc nghe vd dpc, Cdch day hai loai tQ cd khac nhau, TQ ehu ddng lien quan d i n ea ky ndng nghe, ndi, dpc, viet, can dau tU thdi gian de gidi thieu vd luygn tap nhieu hon, dac biel la eaeh sis dgng Vdi IQ bj dgng, giao vien cd the chf dUng lai d mUc nhan biet, khong can dau tu thdi gian vao cde hogt dgng Qng dgng Giao vien can xac dinh xem se dgy tQ nao nhu mdt tu bi ddng vd IQ ndo nhu mdt IQ ehQ ddng Vdi IQ bi ddng, giao vien cd the khuyen khfch ngudi hgc ty Hm hieu nghTa IQ (vf dy: tra lU dien), hodc doan IQ qua ngQ ednh b) Ngudi hpe da bill IQ ndy chua? Giao vien can xac djnh rd iQ minh dinh day cd thyc sg Id IQcandgy hay khdng, Vdn tu cua ngudi hpe ludn ludndi';)c md rpng blng nhieu eon dudng, vd cung cd the bi quen bang nhieu [y khac De trdnh tinh trang gidi thieu nhQng iQ khdng can thiet vd mat thdi gian, gido vien cd t h i dung nhQng thu thudt nhim phat hien xem cdc em da b i l l nhQng IQ dd chua vd biet den ddu Gido vien cd the dung ede thu thudt nhu eliciting; brainstorming; hoac ed the hdi tnjc Hep hpe sinh nhQng IQ nao la IQ mdi va khd bai Vipe dgy vd hgc tQ vyng theo phudng phdp giao Hep dupc luan theo nhQng nguyen tde sau; - Dgy vd hpe tQ thdng qua luyen tap ode kTnang giao Hep Viee hpe IQ thdng qua qua cdc kT ndng giao Hep giup ngudi hpe hieu nghTa IQdl dang hdn vi eac kTnang giao liep ludn mang ngQ canh giao liep cy the va sinh ddng Mat khde viee hpe tU thdng qua eac kT nang giao liep kich thieh nhu cdu sQ dyng IQ mdi nhu mgt cdng cy phal trien cae kT nang, Ngoai ra, giao vien can tgo dieu kien cho ngudi hgc phat trien vdn tUvgng nglu nhien {incidental learning) thdng qua dgc rdng {extensive reading) va nghe rdng {extensive listening) Dieu ndy giup ngudi hpe IQ mdi vi ode iQ ndy dupc dgt ngQ ednh eg the - Dgy va hgc IQ cd tan sudt sis dyng cao Tieng Anh cQng gidng bat ki ngdn ngQ ndo deu cd mpl sd IQ dupc sis dyng nhieu ngQ canh khde {highIrequency word), mdl sd tQ khde ed mQe dd sQ dyng hgn ehe hdn (low-trequency word) Vigc chpn cac IQ cd tan suat sQ dgng cao d l dgy se giup vige hpe IQ dgt hldu q u i cao hon vi nhQng IQ dd duge ngudi hgc sQ dgng thudng xuydn s o 4-2013 oay^M' nhieu tinh hu6ng giao tilp khdo - Dgy vd hgc tQ mdt each tdng t h i Chung ta deu bilt hge tQ md ch? chu