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lOOOCCliASINflVlEN YEDTOCO BAN NOAM NANG CAO C O A T I U H H G DAD TAD COA CAC TOOONG OAI NOG THEO HOC CHE TiN C N I TS PHAN BICH NGOC* 1 Ban chat cua viec tu hoc Thue chat, tuhpc la mdt qui trinh hpe[.]
lOOOCCliASINflVlEN-YEDTOCO BAN NOAM NANG CAO COATIUHHG DAD TAD COA CAC TOOONG OAI NOG THEO HOC CHE TiN CNI TS PHAN BICH N G O C * Ban chat cua viec tu hoc Thue chat, tuhpc la mdt qui trinh hpe tap, mdt qui trinh nhin thdc khdng tore tiep cd thay giio Od la "lao ddng khoa hpe" vi'tva hon nhieu so vdi qua trinh hpe tap cd ngudi day, bdi ngudi hpe phai tu xiy dung eho minh each hpc vasu dt/ng hqp li cae dieu kien, hinh thdc, phuong tien hpc tap dedat duoc ket qua mong mud'n Cdthe ndi: "Ban chat cua cdng viee tuhpc eua sinh vien (SV) daihpe (OH) laqui trinh nhan thifc mdt cich tt/ giac, tieh cue, tu luc khdng ed su tham gia hudng din tn/c tiep cua giio vien nhim dat duqc m uc dieh, nhiem vu day hpe" (1 ).Ti/hpc vda mang y nghia edng cd, trau doi tri thdc va ed y nghia md rdng hieu biet Tu hpe ed nghia l i SV phai dde lap, ti/xay dung ke hoach, phuang phap hpc tip cho minh, tt/ ning ddng tim tdi, phin tieh nhifng kien thdc sich vd, tii lieu detien tdi lam chu tri thdc ki ning, kixao Ban chateuaquitrinhti/hpc la khdng edsi/hudng din cua giang vien nen tit ye'u ddi hdi nd luc, tich cue hoi hoatddng nhin thdc cua SV St/tukiem che dd'i vdi nhiing anh hudng ngoai canh hay nhiing ude mud'ti khdng hpfp le tu tudng la dieu kien eari thiet dd'i vdi qua trinh tu hpc Neu thieu tu kiem che, kien tri, nhdng yeu eau cao, st/ nghiem tue dd'i vdi ban than thi SV khdng bao gidthuc hien dupfc ke'hoach hpc tap ehinh minh dat Day eung l i dieu kien giup SV tifng budc nang cao chi't lupfng hpe tip cua ban than va eung dd, cae tn/dng OH cung se ning eao dupe chiit lupfng dao tao (OT), hoan td't m IJC tieu giao due neu td'ehde ed hieu qua edng viec tuhpc cho SV Tin chi va OT hoc che tin ch? (HCTC) Tin chi l i dai lutjng khd'i lupfng lao ddng hpe tip trung binh cua ngudi hpc, tdc la toin bd thd[gian m i mpt ngudi hpc binh thudng phai sddung dehpe mdt mdn hpc bao gom: thdi gian hpc tap tren Idp, thdi gian hpe tap phdng thi nghiem, tht/e tap hoac lam cac phan viec khie da ductc quy djnh d de cuong mdn hpc, thdi gian dinh eho viec tt/ hpc ngoai Idp nhu: dpe sich, nghien eifu, giai quyet van de hoic ehui'n bj bii Khie vdi DT nien che, OT theo H CTC khdng gidi han thdi gian hpc SV se phai chii ddng xay di/ng Id trinh hpe tap eua rieng minh, tii lua chpn mdn hpe den thdi gian hpe tap, thim ehi It/a chpn ea GV, eho phu hop nhi't vdi ning lue, sd thieh, sife khoe va tinh hinh tii ehinh eua ban than Cd nghia la rat ddng SV hpe nhung khdng hpe gid'ng ca Mdi ngudi tt/ xiy dung mdt chuong trinh hpc phii hpfp vdi rieng ca nhan minh SV ed the hpe lien nganh, tieh luy kien thdc ve nhieu linh vuc ciing luc bing each ding ki nhieu mdn khie Tham ehi, mdt SV hpe khd'i tu nhien eung ed the dang ki hpe mdn xa hdi neu thi'y can thie't hoic yeu thieh SV cung ed quyen tudo lua chpn giao vien giang day Vi the ma ehinh GV eung phai hoin thien ehuyen mdn de'"ha'p dan, Idi eudn dupe SV den vdi gid hpc cua minh." Vdi HCTC, ehi ed 1/3 thdi gian tren Idp dupe GV hudng din, cdn lai 2/3 thdi gian SV phai tt/hpe, tu nghien eifu tai nha Tuy nhien, da phan SV vin quen vdi hinh thifc "dpe chep" tif thdi phd'thdng nen chic chin se gap ra't nhieu khd khan neu phai tu nghien eifu tii lieu Vi the, viec td'ehde tuhpc eho SV duqc dat cap thiet Chung ta quan tim den DT theo HCTC vi: - Quy trinh OT mem deo (li'y ngudi hpc lim trung tam); • Chuang trinh OT mem deo (dap dng nhu cau da dang cua ngudi hpe); - Danh gii chit che (dinh gia qui trinh; dinh gii sach); - Tiet kiem, hieu qua; Thuan Ipfi viee cdng nhan cie ndi dung DT din den xue tien qui trinh hdi nhap va qud'e te giao ducDH Vi the, yeu eau hang dau luc la phai dd'i mdi phuong phip day va hpe Day bang hinh thue td'ehde hoat ddng tu hpe eho SV OT theo HCTC dip dng ducfc nhifng yeu eau tren Y nghia cua tu hpc DT theo HCTC Trong OT theo HCTC, vi'n de ti/hpe eda SV dupe dit v i trd mdt nhung vi'n de then chdt clio hinh thdc OT niy Chinh tu hpc eua SV la ehia khoi cho su cdng khdng chi eho ehinh ban than SV ma cdn gdp phan thuc hien edng dd'i 'Soman Tam li - Giao iluc, Tnrting Oai hoc ngoai ngiT - DHQG Ha Noi Tap ehi Gido due so 325 (kil-1/2014) 39 mdi phuong thifc DT eiia nha trudng Vi the, tu hpe tap toin khoi, ke hoach hpe tip tirng hpc ki theo gpi y DT theo HCTC ed y nghia het sde quan trpng: cua nha trudng, de td't nghiep theo dung thdi gian Tu hpc DT theo HTTC de thi/e hien hoa chua'n eua chuong trinh sdm ban Nhifng SV binh triet li giao due "lay ngudi hpc lam trung tam", phat huy thudng va ye'u ed the keo dai thdi gian hpc tap eao dp tinh ehu ddng, sang tao cua S V thdng qua van trudng v i tdt nghiep mudn hon Vi the, SV phai biet de nhin thdc, lap kehoach hpe tip ehung, tiep can he cich ti/ hpe eho phu hpp vdi nang It/c va dieu kien cu thd'ng li luan, ren luyen eac kinang ti/hpe, ti/ren luyen the eiia ban than dudi su giup dd eua giio vien bp eac ki ning day hpe, giio due, tt/ kiem soit va dinh mdn hay cd van hpe tip De tuhpc cua SV dat hieu qua, GV phai tien hanh gia viee hpe eua ehinh minh Tao su phu hop eao nhait giifa ning lue hpc boat ddng day each tuhpc eho S V deSV ed kha ning tap, tii chinh eung cic dieu kien khac eua SV vdi tien hinh v i hoin thien caba mat: kien thdc, kinang dp v i eudng dp hpe tip eho viec hpc dien va thii dp - Vekien thuc:Sy phai nim bit kien thirc, hethd'ng nlianh nhait, hieu qua nha't vdi ehi phi thap nha't CIJ the, la thehien dupe ning lue su pham, chdng tddupe li luan, cic nguyen tie day hpe va giio due, ddng thdi van dijng chiing vio thi/c tien hpe tap v i nghe nghiep ban Iinh nghe nghiep • Vekinang:M\QC thue hien cae laien phip day hpc -DT theo HCTC mang den eho SV hinh thdc hpe tap mem deo, linh hoat Ngoai nguon tri thife eo ban cua G V se hinh v i phat trie'n d SV he thd'ng ki tieh luy dupe tren Idp, SV phai chu ddng va ed kha ning hpe tap, day hpe vagiio due TdddSV phit huy ning co ddng tu hpe, cung ed, trau doi them tri loan bd eic pha'm chaining lue, tri tue de hinh thdc td cac ngudn tii lieu khac nhau, bao dam lien ket, phuang phip tu hpc, tu ren luyen de cd the hpe tap lien he d l ding cic linh vt/e kien thue khac nhau, chu ddng, linh boat, mpi lue, mpi noi, bao dam kha phijcvu qua trinh tuhpc, lam cho tri thtie, kining giao nang hpe tap sudt ddi, thieh ifng va phit trie'n nghe due them phong phii, ddng thdi khang djnh tinh nhay nghiep tuong lai ben va thieh ifng vdi yeu eau nghiep vu su pham - Ve thaidq:lhot\q qua cac bien phap day hpc Trong xu the toin eau hoi, GV phai la nha tu eua GV, hinh thinh cho SV y tudng sd'ng td't dep, cd van, td'ehde cic hoatddng day hpe, giio due Do dd, phi'm chit dao due nhi giio sing, ed tinh yeu tt/ hpc DT theo HCTC ia co hdi de SV tu minh dd'i vdi nghe day hpe, phin di'u het minh vi su ngtiiep nang eao trinh dp nghiep VIJ SU pham theo kha ning giao dtJC bdi "nghe day hpc l i nghe cao quy bae nhat eua tifng c i nhan de phuc vu mdi trudng giio cic nghe cao quy", hay nghe day hpc la nghe sang tao bae nhiit cae nghe sang tao vi nd "sang due thdi ki dd'i mdi, dip dng xu the hdi nhap Dae diem eua OT theo tin ehi l i si/ li/a chpn "md' tao nhung ngudi sang tao" nen tt/ hpc theo OT tin chi la dieu kien eho SV phat Tdm lai, tu hpe la mpt nhin tdquan trpng dd'i vdi huy dupfc kha ning tri tue, nang li/c ea nhan, dechiem qui trinh linh hdi tri thdc Tu hpe d nha ehinh la lan Iinh tri thdc va ren luyen tay "nghe" day hpe eua minh thd hai [fnh hdi tri thdc eua ngudi hpc, dd l i linh hpi mpt cich tudo, sang tao Chinh vi the chic chin s§ bing su tii tao cua ban than SV Budc tai tao edsi/phin tang trinh dp cua SV SV nao khdng giup SV nim chic ban dieu da duoc hpc, hoan ed y thdc tu hpc mdt each cd ke hoach cdn nhifng chd khd, he thd'ng hoi lai bii hpc tren Idp, ngoi tren ghenhatmdng se din den vieexa rdi li luan nhd dd trinh dugc "hpc vet", hpe ma khdng hieu giio due, li luan day hpe va se ri't lung tung, tham chi Trong tht/e te, viee tu hpc cdn giup SV md mang tri khdng cdng edng tie giang day sau niy thdc, linh hdi tri thdc mdi, ren luyen kining van dung Chinh dieu dd dit yeu eau tu hpe vdi SV tri thdc vao cudc sd'ng detu rut kinh nghiem eho Yeu cau cua OT theo HCTC vol nang luc tu chinh minh nhi't l i theo hinh thdc tin ehi Oieu quan trpng la viec tuhpc cdn phit trie'n dSV kha nang doc hpc cua SV Trong OT theo hpe phan - nien che, SV phai hpc lap, sang tao linh hdi tri thdc va hoat theo tat ea nhiing gi ma nha trudng sip dit, khdng ddng Khi ti/ hpe, SV lim quen vdi nhieu thuat ngd, phin biet SV ed dieu kien, ning lue td't, hay SV cd nhieu each de cap den mdt van de, vi vay hp se trd hoin canh khd khan, ning lue ye'u Ngupc lai, DT nen ning ddng hon.tuchu hon viec tiep thu tri theo he thd'ng tin ehi eho phep SV cd the' chu ddng thdc Cd the ndi, tt/ hpe khdng chi la mdt nhan td hpe theo dieu kien v i ning li/e cua minh Nhi/ng SV quan trpng Iinh hdi tri thdc m i cdn cd y nghia gidi cdthe hpe theo dung hoic hpe vuot ke'hoach hpe 40 Tap chi Gido due so 325 (Xem tiep trang 43) (kil-1/2014) hanchetrong 10 nam (1976-1986) xaydung vaphat trien dat nudc" Gin vdi bii tap, G V cung cap eho IHS nhiing tieu ehi danh gii cuthe nham giiip HSed the tu dinh gii ve ket qua hpe tap cua minh, biet minh nim vi/ng kien thifc d m ifc dp nao, ren luyen v i phat trie'n cie kining rasao Bang tieu chi hudng din HS tt/dinh gii: \ M U c (Jat Gi6i(g-10ililm) Khd (7 - di^m) - Trinh bdy du, chinh xic nhiJng thdnh ti/u, khd khan, han cUi phdt tri^n kinh t^, vdn hod, gido due, y - Trinh bay du, chinh xac nhang thdnh tUu, kho khan, hgn ch4 phat trien kinh te, vdn hoa gido due, yte - Neu va phdn tich duoc nguygn nhdn cua nhiJng khd khdn han ch6 10 ndm xdy dUng, phdt trien d^t nudc (1976-1985) nhUng khflng c6 lign h€ vdi thUc tien 66\ mdi Ck nudc hi^n Tieu chi \ s NOI dung ki^n thJc - N6u vd phdn tich v^ nguyen nhdn cua nhiJng khd khtin h^n ch^ 10 ndm xdy difng, phdt triln 6k nUdc (1976-1985); li€n h$ vdi thuc ti^n a6\ mdi Sii nUdc hi$n ve nha phai dam bao viia dii, vua sife vdi HS, edyeu eau, hudng din eg the va st/ hd trp can thiet eua G V, ban be; 4j Thudng xuyen kiem tra bai lam d nha eua HS, ddng thdi, giiip HS biet cich tu kiem tra de ed ea sd thg'c tetudinh gii ket qua hpc tap, thue di'y hoat ddng hpe eua minh di len; 5) GV phai hieu ro dd'i tupng HS; biet khoi goi niem say me, hifng thii hpe tip, kip thdi ehia se khd Khflng dat (4 diem trd Trung binh (5 - dilm) khan, ddng vien sund xuong) lue edging eiia cae em - Trinh bdy chiJa du nhiJng - Khong trinh bay dUOc thdnh ti/u khd kh3n, han che nhflng tuu, khd qui trinh hpe tip phat trien kinh te vdn khdn, han che va nguyen hod, gido due, yte nhan cua nhiing khd khdn nhieu hon nifa Q - Neu nhifng chua phdn tich dUdc nguygn nhdn cua nhiJng khd khan, han c h i 10 ndmxdydUng, phai triln d^t nudc (1976-1985) han che 10 nam (1976-1985) xdy di/ng vd phdt tnen ddt nudc Tai li^u tham khao Phan Ngoc Lien (tdng chi bien) Liehsu' 12 NXB Gido due, H 2009 Trinh bdy khoa hpc, cd ludn Cd luan dilm song cdc ludn Trinh bdy chifa khoa hoc, Khong cd ludn diem, Iuan Phan Ngoc Lien (chii 6\im ludn ciJ rd rdng ciJI trinh bay chUa that rd sdp xep cac ludn diem, ludn ciJ rd rang, chua biet sdp Bdcgc bien) Phuong phap rdng cLi CO chd chifa hop li xep kien thiJc logic Chd vi^t sach, dep, rd rdng, ChO viit rd rang, khdng cd ChiJ vi^l rd rdng, song cdn ChU viet khflng rdrang, cd day hpc Lich sur, tap 1, nhilu l5i chinh td, gach khdng cd l6i chinh td l5i chinh td siJa chaa, gach xod Hinh thijfc NXB Dai hoc su xod, siJa chOa nhieu pham, H 2002 Viec ren ning lue tukiem tra, danh gii LScho HS NguySn Thi Coi Cac eon diro'ng, bien phip nSng d nhi bing each cd tie dgng ra't Idn viec cao day hpc Lich sir a trirei'ng phd thong NXB Dai cung CO, hoin thien kien thdc, ren luyen ki nang, ki hpc supham, H 2006 Thai Duy Tuyen Phmmg phap day hpe tniySn xao va phit trien tu cho HS Tu hpe d nhi cua HS rait da dang, phong phu tha'ng va doi miH NXB Gido due Viit Nam, H 2010 Detd chuc hoatddng tuhpc /.Sdnhacho HS cac tinh mien nui phia Bic cd hieu qua, GV can luu y den cic yeu cau sau: / ; G V phai giup HS cdthaidpdung vay thdc dupfc mge dieh, nhiem vg eua edng viec tuhpc d nha; 2)GV phai hudng din HS xay dung ke'hoach tu hpc, xic djnh rd ndi dung can phai hpe, hpc cai gi l i etiinh, cdtinh thie't tht/c; 3j Khd'i luong bai hpe, bii lam TV hoc cua sinh vien (Tiep theo trang 40) tP Idn viec hinh nhin each SV, nhi't l i S V su pham - thay, cd giio tuong lai • - Cd nhi^u sai sdt v^ ki^n thiJc SUMMARY Leam at home byoneseft is one ofimportant pari ofteachingand learning On the basis of analysising the theory and the practice, the writer suggested some ways to guide the pupils to leam at home by themseft to improve the quality of teaching history at the highschool in Northern mountain area lap vdi sach cua sinh vien Trudng Dai hpc ngoai ngO DHQG Ha Npi" DS tai ca'p DHQG (Ma s6' QNO5.07) Tran Anh Tua'n "VSn dS tu hpc cQa sinh vien tir goe dp danh gia cha't lupng kl nang nghd nghiep" Tap chi Nghiin ciiu gido due, sO' 5/1996; tr 18 SUMMARY "Self-Study plays a very important role in the learning process of undergraduates Self-study which aims at developing students'awareness of being hard-working, self-consciousness, capacity of reading books and doing research, is to "turn training process into selflearning process among students" Thus, thoughtTai lieu tham khao ful organizations of self-study, which help to boost Ha Thj Diic "VS boat dOng tu hpc cua sinh vien su training quality of universities and colleges in genpham" Tap chi Nghiin ciiu gido due, sO' 4/1992; tr 23 eral, credit-training pedagogy universities in particu2 Phan Bich Ngpe "Nghien ciru kT nang lam viec dOc lar, are essential" (1) NguySn Ky "Bi€n qua U-inh day hpc qua trinh tu hpc" T?p chi Nghiin ciiu gido due, s6' 4/1992 (2) BO GD-DT (juy chSdao tao dai hpc va cao dang he chinh quy theo he the'ng tin chi, ban hanh kem theo Quyftdjnh s6'43/2007/QD-BGDDT 15/8/2007 (kil-1/2014) Tap ehi Gido due so 325 43 ... toin khoi, ke hoach hpe tip tirng hpc ki theo gpi y DT theo HCTC ed y nghia het sde quan trpng: cua nha trudng, de td''t nghiep theo dung thdi gian Tu hpc DT theo HTTC de thi/e hien hoa chua''n eua... hpc DT theo HCTC ia co hdi de SV tu minh dd''i vdi nghe day hpe, phin di''u het minh vi su ngtiiep nang eao trinh dp nghiep VIJ SU pham theo kha ning giao dtJC bdi "nghe day hpc l i nghe cao quy... eho Yeu cau cua OT theo HCTC vol nang luc tu chinh minh nhi''t l i theo hinh thdc tin ehi Oieu quan trpng la viec tuhpc cdn phit trie''n dSV kha nang doc hpc cua SV Trong OT theo hpe phan - nien