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NGHlCN ClJU TRAO B 6 I CHIJYEN TtriRlJYM THU KDEN THUC DOW THUAN SANG HINH THANH PHAM CHAT VA NANG LU€ PHAT TRIEN, PHAT HUY GIA TRI BAN THAN • GS Vien sy PHAM MINH H^C Nghi quyet 29 cua Hoi nghi Ban c[.]
NGHlCN ClJU - TRAO B I CHIJYEN TtriRlJYM THU KDEN THUC DOW THUAN SANG HINH THANH PHAM CHAT VA NANG LU€: PHAT TRIEN, PHAT HUY GIA TRI BAN THAN • GS Vien sy PHAM MINH H^C Nghi quyet 29 cua Hoi nghi Ban chdp hanh Trung Udng Ddng ldn thii (10-2013) quyet dinh doi mdi can hdn vd todn dien nen gido due nUdc nhd theo hiidng chuyen tii truyen thu kien thiic ddn thudn sang hinh thdnh phdm chdt vd ndng lUc NhU vdy, nghia Id nhd trUdng ciing gia dinh vd xd hdi co trdch nhiem hinh thdnh, phdt triin vd phdt huy cho the he tre 'VlA TRI B'AN THAN" Bdi vHt ndy dScap vdn dedo H e thdng khai nilm gia tri hpc khang dinh, cdc "gia tri song", dGng hdng ddu la "gia tri ban than" Theo dd, "gid tri ban than" Id "gia tri ndi tai" bao gdm gid tri ca the, gid tri ca nhdn vd gia tri nhdn each Do vdy, "giao due ban than" ehinh Id gido due mang mdt hi gid tri thilt yeu cd sG mlnh giup ngGdi hpc hinh thdnh nen he gia tri cGa ehinh minh dl bao dam sU tdn tai cua ban than va ddng gdp eho gia finh, cdng ddng, xa hdi Gia tri bdn thdn - gia tri n0i tai "Gid tri bdn thdn" la gia tri d mdi ngUdi, ndi theo thuat ngfi cua gia tri hpc, la "gia tri ndi tai" ("intrinsic value") - ndi lUe cGa mdi ngUdi Nha tdm ly hpc Brentano (1838 - 1917), ngGdi dGde coi la tac gia dau tien dl ly thuylt Gid tri noi tai, cho rdng, "Gid tri bdn thdn" thudc pham trG the gidi tinh thdn vd "boat ddng tinh thdn Id ddi tGdng cua nhan bilt ben trong" "nhan bilt ndi tai", "npi tdm", "long ngGdi" Xuat phdt tG iudn diem "chu y" ndi tilng tam 26 TUYEN GlAO 568-2014 ly hpc, dng di din m^t phgjn tru quan trpng khdc la pham tru "f chi, mong mudn, Gdc mudn", dGpc xae dinh Id mdt cdi ^ dd dGpc chG the chap n h ^ hay tG chdi, rdi dl din mdt quylt dinh nao dd vd cd mdt sU nd lUc nhdt dinh dl thUc hi$n; nlu dGpc chG the chdp nhdn vd ylu thich, thi vUdn tdi chG dich, cdn nlu khdng chdp nhan cd thi dan den ghit, rdi tim cdch tranh thodt Theo dd, Brentano nhdn thdy gid tri hpc cd thi vkn dung sang dao dGc hpc Ong dGa pham tru "nghia vu" (requirement - cd thi dich Id "ddi hdi"); vi dy, " r ^ i a vy xa h^i" hay "tinh than trdch nhilm xa hdi" Id nhQng phIm chdt rat can hinh thdnh, phdt trien vd phdt huy "gid trj bdn than" d cac em hpc sinh, sinh vien Tdm l^i, (1)- Trong tdm 1^ ngUdi khdng phai chi chG f tdi mat 1^^ trf, md cdn phdi rdt coi trpng long "mong mudn", ndi rdng ra, "^ chf Id mong cdi ^ thi thdy cdi dd cd ^ nghia, tGc Id cd gia trj, rdi vUdn tdi (vGdn tdi nhilu phdi cd y chi, ngdy hay ndi "phdi vGpt qua bdn thdn" N(,Hli:NClJU-TRAO Ddi "vUpt qua chlnh minh") (2)- Ldng "mong ngGdi" ngudn gdc cua mpitienbd xa hdt Day mudn", "y chf phdi dat vdo pham tru "npi tai" ehinh Id tG tGdng cdt Idi cGa chG n g ^ nhdn van (intrinsic), tGc Id vdo pham tru "tinh thdn", "tdm thdi Cd dai, vd sau ndy, thdi Phuc hGng, thi ky If, "tinh cdm", nhG thudng ndi "tai tdm" hay "tG XVTI din cudi till k^ XVIII , idi nGa sau thi tdm", "ndi tdm", tG dd di dm khdi nilm "gid trj ky XX vd ngdy dang cd nhfii^ bUdc phdt npi t^i", mdt iGc bin - "ndi iGc" cGa tGng triln mdi nhU vdi ^ dp ldn, phd bioi todn cdu ngUdi, tGng ddn tpc "Gid tri bdn thdn" Id sGc cGc nhanh, dd vai trd cGa he gid trj ndi mginh tinh thdn, sdc manh tdm 1^ cGa tGng ehung, gid tri hdn thdn ndiriengdupe ddnh gid ngGdi md tdm ly hpc vd giao dye phai hGdng rdt cao "sGc manh mIm" cua tGng cdng tdi, vd cGa cd cdi^ ddng, ddn tpc, ngdy gpi ddi^ qudc gia - dan tdc, vd ed lodi ngGdi Id "sGc manh mim" \ ^ dyng vdotimhilu khai nilm "gid tri bdn Sau Brentano, mpt sd nhd gid tri hoc da phdt thdn", can ndi bdn diem triln 1^ thuylt "gid tri ndi tai", coi dd Id "gid tri ThUnhdt, coi gid tri hdn thdn bdn chdt" phdn dnh ddc trUng thi gjdi tdm ly TrUde hit 1dm eho epng ddng, xa hdi coi cGa ngUdi mang gid trj ay Tim 1^ eon ngUdi trpng ngGdi, vd mdi ngUdi phdi bilt gid tri phdn dnh thUe tiln khdeh quan, dd cd cua ehfnh bdn thdn mmh rdi trpng ngUdi khdc, "thGetilngid trj" ngGdi, cdng ddng, ddn trUdc hit Id hilu thdo gia dinh, rdi quan tde, lodi ngGdi xdy dGng nen Vk eon ngGdi vdi h^ tdt dep edng ddng, xa hdi "Ty trpng" til cdeh Id thdnh viln, td thdi dd (thfch edi ndy, mdi cd "tG tin" - bilt ddnh gid dung mmh dGng ghIt cdi kia, chpn gid tri ndy, lo^ gid trj Ida ), ngGdi, rdt tU tin nhGng ludn bilt khilm Idy gid trj ndy hay gid trj 1dm ddng iGc thGe nhGdng, trGde hit the hi|n d tmh tiidn phdn dly hdnh ddng nhdm dat dupc mdt gid tri ndo ddu ed "gid tri hdn thdn" de ngUdi khdc, cdng dd da lUa chpn 1dm muc dich phdn ddu ddng, xd hdi coi trpng mlnh ChGng ta chdng chG nghta ed nhdn, nhUng Ndi hdm cGa khdi ni$m "gid trj bdn thdn" thdi d^i cdch m^g thdng tin, kinh tl tri thGe, cdng nghilp hod theo hudng hi^n d^, hdi (Self value) nhdp qudc tl, rat can vd phdi ddnh gid diing vai "Gid tri hdn thdn" Id td hpp cdc gid tii cd till, ed nhdn vd nhdn cdch bao gdm "tdm lUc, tri lUc, trd cua cd nhdn, kl ed mdi quan h | giGa till lUc" - cde gid trj cGa tGng ngGdi ehfnh ngGdi qudn ly, lanh dao vdi cde thdnh viln, trln ngGdi dd hinh thdnh vd phdt trien, eung nhU sG tinh than cde thdnh vien gdn bd vdi tdp thi, dyng, phdt huy (tU thi hi^n, tU khdng dinh) tdc ngUdi cd y thGe xa hdi Co gid tri hdn tiidn mdi cd "chinh mlnh", mdi dung cudc sdng ciia chfnh mlnh DGPng nhiln, cdn phy thu^c vdo nhilu dilu kiln ben cd cdi gi dl thi hien minh hay tU khdng djnh ngodi thudn Ipi hay cdn trd, thu^ Ipi nhilu hay Coi trpng gid trj ban thdn Id Idp trUdng dl hinh thu^ Ipi it, cho phdt huy "gid tri bdn thdn" - tdithdnh vd phdt triln gid tri hdn thdn Coi trpng gid tri ban thdn bao ham ed trdch gpi Id mdi trGdng xd hdi, dd cd "mdi nhiem vdi chinh mlnh, cung nhU vdi cdng ddng, trGdng gid trj" Thigidi cdng vdn minh, xa hdi cdng ddn chG, xd hdi Cd trdch nhi?m vdi ban than, rdi trdch eon ngGdi cdng tG do, "gid tri hdn thdn" nhilm vdi gia dinh, thi mdi ed trdch nhiem vdi ngGdi cdng dGpc dl cao, dGpc coi Id gid tq ddc epng ddng, xa hdi, qudc gia - ddn tdc Day bi$t, din mGc khdng dinh "con ngUdi Id dilm chinh id bilu hi^n cGa nhdn cdeh, trdch nhi|m gdc cGa mpi tpa d$ gid tri cGa ddn t$c, cGa lodi xa hpi cdng cao, nhdn cdeh edng ldn T U Y £ N G I A S 8-2014 27 NGHIEN COU - TRAO DOI TTH? hai, hinh thdnh vd phdt triin gid tri bdn thdn Mudn cd y thGe tdn trpng gid tri hdn thdn dilm xudt phdt cGa tG y thGe, k h d i ^ ddn thuan Id 1dm cho the he tri ed y thGe dd thudn tu^ tren binh diln tinh than, ma dilu quan trpng hdn, cd y nghia quylt dinh Id cd cai ^ dItGtdn trpi^ vd dupc ngUdi khde tdn trpng Dd chinh Id "gid tri bdn thdn" md mdi ngUdi phdi hinh cho dupc Gid tri bdn thdn la bdn sdc cdz tGng ngUdi, cd sd de ngUdi ed cudc sdng ddc lap "ndi dung", tGc ^ chi cham chG vdo truy&i iditri thfic sdeh vd mdt each thudn tu^ hay qud' thiln v l 1^ thuylt Nhung hiin nay, phdi 1dm tG tri thGe hinh thdnh dUdc d ngGdi hpc nang iGc, gpi Id phGPi^ phap tiep cdn "nang iGc" hay "phdm chdt vd nang lye" (Gng xG dao dGc, ky nangtiiGchdnh) Hai phGPng phap tilp cam n ^ khdng mdu thuan t r o i ^ phGcfng phap sau cd phGdng phdp tilp cdn trGde, dem nhfli^ dilu hpc dupc thdng qua luyen tdp dUdi nhilu hinh thGe khdc Trong eac hodn canh khac Vdn de ehinh la lam phat huy dupe tilm nhau, trdi nghilm ndng, sau khac nhau, thdnh nang, tGc Id biln tilm nang thdnh kha nang, ky nang, thai dp, gia tri, tGc la nhdn each nang iGc dac b i l t Qud trinh ndy phu thupc \ ^ o cGa ngGdi hoat dpng cd fdi cho mlnh vd ^ IGa tudi, vdo tGng ngGdi (cd yeu td di truyin, hdi Khdc phuc loi day va hpc 161 thdi, dac biet nhUng quylt dinh Id d boat ddng - sU phan dau, chG trpng giup ngUdi hpc hieu sGc manh cGa rin luyin, nd lUe, kien tri, dam me ), ddng ndi iGc d ngUdi ndi chun^ d chfnh ban than thdi phy thudc vdo mdi trUdng xa hpL Nhin minh ndi rilng, chG trpng khdu thUc hdnh, vdn chung, boat ddng giao due va tU giao dye gifi dung tri thGe vko cudc sdng - dd chinh Id hinh vai trd quylt dinh giGp ngGdi biln tilm thdnh "gid tri hdn thdn" nang thdnh khd nang, thdnh cac ndng lUe Hinh thdnh, vgn dung vd phat triln "gid tri Mdy dilu trinh bdy tren mpt ldn nGa khang dinh kit lu^n: gid tri hdn thdn la tdng cac nang IGC ho?t ddr^ cGa tGng ngGdi, bao gdm tdm lUc, tii luc vd till luc Dilu thilt thGe Id moi ngGdi phdi hinh thdnh dio dGde ";^d tri bdn thdn"tidi cUc, d l a the ^ n tai vd phat triln hat cG dieu kien xa hdi ndo, khdng d l ddnh mdt (tha hod) nhdn each Cd "gid tri bdn than" tGc la ed nhdn cdch, sdng thUc vdi chinh bdn thdn Dd chinh la qua trinh ca t h i ngUdi trd tiidnh NGtTOl Vdi tG each la ea t h i ngUdi, eon ngUdi thGa hGdng cae gia trj lodi ngGdi thdnh gid tri ea thi, vdi tG each ca nhan, eon ngUdi tilp thu cac gia tri dan tpc tiianh gia tri cd nhdn Hai nhdm gia tri lam gia dd cho mdi ngUdi hinh thdnh "gid tri nhdn cdch" Cd chi hinh thdnh "gid tri bdn thdn" Id tGng "iGe" mpt ndi rieng, hay "tdng hoa" cae "iGc" ndi chung phdi qua trai nghiem vi "trai nghiem Id cd chi hinh thdnh gia tri" TrGde day, giao dye hpc thGdng van dyng phUdng phap tilp can 28 TUYENGlAOSfi 8-2014 bdn thdn" theo IGa tudi Id van d l phGc t^p Bdi t h i gidi npi tam ndi chung, qua trinh hinh thdnh, phdt triln, phdt huy "gid tri bdn thdn" noi rilng, trG rat it trGdng hdp, khdng diln theo dGdng thang, md quanh co khGc khuyu Qud trinh dd gpi Id qua trinh "vGpt qua chfnh minh" "vGpt qua bdn than", cung Id khac phuc "hoin cdnh", khac phuc khd khan, dam me, hang say hpc tap, lao dpng , den tudi trUdng thdnh, de md sdng, md chia si, ma quan tam, md ddng gdp hay cdng hien Van d l chiing tdi mudn nh£ui manh d ddy Id hinh thdnh gid trf bdn thdn bang giao dye vd tU giao due thdng qua gido due nhd trUdng, gido due gia dinh, giao due xa hdi, nhd trUdng vd ngodi nhd trUdng, trGdng hpc vd trGdng diA, If thuylt sdch vd vd bdi hpc thuc tien NIn cd sG hudng nghilp tG IGa tudi phd thdng cd sd (PTCS), phdi hudng nghiep d tudi cudi vd sau cdp hpc ndy, vi ddy Id IGa tudi "phan hoa phit triln n a i ^ lUe" khd rd, cdn to chGc "phdn l u d r ^ NGHIEN CIJU - TRAO »dl thGe hi|n hGdng hpc vd hUdng nghi^ (mdt em hoc sinhT ddutildng9-1945 chi ra: NIn giao hudng quan trpng cGa doi mdi ( ^ bdn \^ todn due cGa nUdc W t Nam ddc ]&p phdi 1dm di^n nIn gido dye nhG Nghj quylt 29 cGa Trung phdt triln dGdc cdc nang lUe sdn cd cGa cdc em Gdi^c^chi ra, dio phu hpp vdi tGng hpc sinh, NhG vty, dG bS cd hodn cdnh ndo, chi cd vft tGng gja dinh vd theo ylu cdu cGa thj trGdng sdi^ bdng cdc ^ tri Inb f ^ thi mdi sdi^ that lao dOng d dia phudi^ tGi^ vGng vd ed nUde, sdng vdi chinh minh ("sd«^rfi4f"d day (ft&fc/neu cd cd thigidL T i ^ theo Id hpc dUdc mdt nghi id s6ngbdngcdcffdtricdach{nhmir^)v&it&ck lao ddng, troi^ nhd trGdi^ tG trUdng cac sdc thdi xGc cdm, tinh cdm, I^ tri vd hdnh nghi din dai hpc de din tudi thdnh nien cd ddng theo hudngtidieye, ndi dGng hdn Id ngdy nhdn cdch hodn thien dan vk cd ngh^ ndi each edng tang tinhtichcUc, edng gjdm, edng ban chi khdc Id cd tay nghi vd dao dGc OGPI^ tdm) nghi tilu eye, tGc Id tai^tmbxahpL nghilp, tao l|p cudc sdi^ tG Idp cGa chinh minh Khi sdng that vdi minh vd vdi i ^ d i khd(i vdi vd gdp phdn vdo phdt triln i^udn nhdn iGe Qud cdi^ ddng, i ^ d i ta mdi ed thi tilm cdn vdi trhih chuyin hod thdnh ky ndng, thdnh hdnh vi, pham trG lUdng tdm - mdt ph^m tru rat phGc hdnh d$ng, hoat ddi^, nhdt Id ho^t ddng nghi tgip, ed the coi Id dinh dilm dao dGc tdm n g ^ ^ vd cudc sdng xa hdi, chinh Id qua trinh thGe, tror^ f thGe vd tG y thGe trii nghilm, biln cdc thG hpc thdnh kinh Nhu vdy, "gid tri hdn tlidn tich cUc" Id cdc gid tri ty mlnh tao ra, dl ty mlnh bdo ddm eho nghiem bao ^ m ky nai^ thdi dd vd gid trj Tdm lai, gid tri bdn titdn Id h^ gid tri cGa mdieude sdng tdt dep cGa bdn thdn vd gia dinh, ngGdi chinh i ^ d i dd hinh thdnh, vdi sU trp edng ddng, cd vdy mdi sdng th$t sdng th^t mdi giup cGa cdc iGc lUpng gido dye, bao gdm cd tdmed thi 1dm nhGng vi|e ed f t^hia thdt cho mlnh iGc, tri iGc vd till lUc Phdi cd "chf, cd *W vd vd cho xa h^i, dy mdi cd hanh phGc that sGc khol, dd Id "gid tri sdng" - "gid tri cdt loi" - Hanh phdc thdt Id 1dm dGpc vi^c gi cd y "gid trj gdc" cGa mdi ngUdi, gdp chui^ lai thdnh nghia tdt d^p cho bdn thdn, eho ngGdi khdc, gid trj tdng lye vd dem cdc gid trj dd vdo gidi cho gia (flnh, cho cdng ddng TG dd cd thi kit quylt cdc vdn dl cu0c ddi dat ra, dem lai Ipi ludn: "gid tri hdn thdn" chfnh Id bdn chdt cGa ich cho ehfnh mlnh, gia dinh vd xa hdi - dd Id ngGdi Ddng thdi cung cd thi ndi: gid tri hdn thdn cung vdi vl mdt gipng ndi, ddng di, myc dich ddi ngudi vdn tay, chG viet chfi ky Id bdn sdc cGa tGi^ Thti ha, phdt huy gid tri hdn thdn ngGdi (self-identity) Cd gid trj bdn thdn mdi Phdt huy "gid tri bdn thdn" hXe Id dem nhiJng gid trj cd dupe vdo cudc sdng, bdi^cdc cdng viec cd thi thyc sy tu thi hiin minh, tU khdng dinh cy thi, bdng lao ddng nghi nghiep, bang vdn minh - mdt gid trj tdm ly - tinh than rdt ddc trGng cua ngUdi Trong thang gid trj bdn l i ^ kinh nghilm - trdi i^;hi$m cGa chfnh minh, thdn, chGng tdi gpi gid tri ddng gdp (sharing), trUde hit bdo ddm sy tdn tai cGa chinh mlnh, cdng hiin (dedication, contribution) Id cdc gid trln Cd sd ban ddu Id Idng ty trpng chfnh gid tri tri d bde eao hdn gia tri "sdng edn" (survival), ngGdi minh, idi tG chdp nh^, h^ bdo vl, ty eung cao hdn bdc hdnh vi, hdnh ddng vdi dpi^ rGt kinh nghiem (ty phi, t\f ehi trich, tG phdn ed, myc tilu gan, chdng l^in, hpc cdt dl trd bdi, tinh, tG tG bd cdi lac hdu, sai trdi), ty VOm sodt,chi dl di thi, hay lao d^ng chi vi mUu sinh, hoat thfch nghi vd sdng t^o, tG Mp -Ndi cdch khdc Id ddng xa hdi chi troi^ vdng nghia vy, v.v Hai thihi^n gid trf bdn thdn vdo cudc sdi^ tG dd bdc gid trj "sdi^ cdn" vd gia tri "thi hi|n" minh, hGdng tdi nhGng myc dfeh If tUdng cGa c u ^ diu ed y nghia dang ke vdi cu$c sdng NhUng ddi ChG tjch Hd Chi Minh "ThU giii cdc T U Y £ N G I A S 8-2014 29 NGHIEN Ciiu - TRAO B6\ cdn mdt bdc cao hdn, dd Id gia tri "chia si", Lieh sii nGdc nha cung da due kit "Hiin tdi "ddng gdp", "edng Men" cho gia dinh, cdng Id i^uyln Idii qudc gia Nguyen manh thi ddng, ddn tdc, nhdn loai Nhdn cdch i ^ d i nUdc manh Nguyin suy thi the nGdc ylu tfnh theo do, edi ldn lao md binh dj cung d ^ y md tiidp hen" (Than Nhdn Trung, 1486), rdi ma ra! Ndc thang "cdng hiin" tot