NGHIEN CUfU TRAO DOI T A N G ClJiOiNG DAU Tl/CHO PHAT TRIEN GIAO DgC VUNGDANTQCTHIEUSO ThS TRAN QUANG TUAN 1 Nhdng nam qua, Ddng vd Chinh phu luon chu trpng ddn phdt tridn cdng tdc gido due, dde bidt[.]
NGHIEN CUfU-TRAO DOI TANG ClJiOiNG DAU Tl/CHO PHAT TRIEN GIAO DgC VUNGDANTQCTHIEUSO ThS TRAN QUANG TUAN Nhdng nam qua, Ddng vd Chinh phu luon chu trpng ddn phdt tridn cdng tdc gido due, dde bidt Id gido due d vung ddng bdo ddn tde thidu sd (DTTS) vd da thu duge nhflng kd't qua n h i t dinh Hd thd'ng gido due tO mam non ddn trung hpc phd thdng dugc cung cd' vd phdt trien, ddp Ong CO bdn nhu eiu hpc tdp cua eon em ddng bdo cde ddn tdc Hd thdng cdc trudng phd thdng dan tde ndi tru (PTDTNT) dugc chu trpng phdt tridn tO trung uong tdi dia phoong N i m hd thd'ng cdc trOdng phd thong cdng Idp cua ci nude, hd thdng trudng PTDTNT dugc xde dinh cd vi tri mui nhgn sU nghidp gido due d vung dan tdc vd miin nui, vide tao ngudn edn bd la ngudi ddn tdc Ndu nhu nam hpc 1997 -1998, trudng PTDTNT mdi cd d 39 tinh vdi 211 trudng va g i n 50 nghin hoe sinh; ndm hpc 2008 - 2009, ea node ed 285 trodng'PTDTNT, bap gdm: trOdng trung UOng, 47 trudng tinh, 231 trudng huyen vd cum xd vdi khoang 85 ngMn hpc sinh thi dd'n nay, d trung uong, dd cd 11 trudng, trung binh mSi ndm thu hut hon nghin hpc sinh; cdp tlnh ed 48 trudng, thu hut moi ndm khoang hon 20 nghin hpc sinh vd cdp huyen ed 268 trudng, thu hut khoing hon 60 nghin hpc sinh theo hpc Bgn eanh dd, nhilu dia phuong vung DTTS da sang tap hinh thde he thdng trudng bdn tru ddn nudi d bac thdng CO sd, dd la sU kg't hgp gida Nhd nudc vd nhdn ddn sil nghigp "trdng ngudi" vd da xay dgng dugc hon 700 trudng ban tru ddn nudi cum xa va ban trd xd, tidp nh^n hon 70 nghin hpc sinh theo hpc Hd thd'ng ede trudng dU hi dai hpc vd cdc khoa du hi dai hpc ddn tdc duge ph^t tridn cd vl quy md ddo tao v i co sd vat ehit Cdc chuong trinh day tidng ddn tpc cho hoc sinh DTTS bude diu duge quan tam Bd Gido due vd Ddo tao dd bidn soan mdt sd bd sdch gido khoa day ehfl vidt cho cie dan tdc Khmer, Mong, Mndng, Ba Na, flDd, Cham, Hoa Nhilu tinh da xay dung chuong trinh day song ngfl tidng phd thdng vd tidrig DTTS nhd trudng, nho: Sdc Trdng, Hdu Giang, Bac Lidu, Vinh Long, D i k Lik, Gia Lai, Ydn Bai, Lao Cai Chd dp at tuyen hpe sinh DTTS vao ede trudng dai hoc, eao ding, trung hoe chuyen nghigp dang dugc thuc hign vd dd dat kg't qui bode dau Vdi chinh sdch cS ' Bp Gido due vd Ddo Iqo TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NU(3C - S d 223 (8/2014) NGHIEN ClJfU - TRAO DPI tuydn, nhiiu DTTS l i n diu tidn ed eon em duge cd tuydn vdo ede trudng trung ca'p, cao ding, dai bgc, nhu cde ddn tdc: Hd Nhi, Co Lao, Pd Then, Khang, Xinh Mun, Bd Y, Lao Tuy nhidn, trudc ydu eiu phdt tridn cua d i t nudc thdi ky hdi nhdp khu vUe vd qud'c td', ddng thdi nham thUe Men ehlnh sdch "binh dang, dodn kdt, tdn trpng, giup dd eung phdt tridn gifla cde ddn tdc", xod d i n khoing cdch chdnb lech vl giao due gifla "miln nguge vd miln xudi", ddi hdi cong tde giao due d cac vung DTTS phai tid'p tuc dugc quan tdm, diu tu hdn nfla Tren thue te, sg ehgnh Igeh gifla vung ddng bdo dan tde thidu sd vd cdc dia phuong khdc trgn cd node cdn qud Idn, cdng tdc phdt t r i i n gido due d nhitng vung ddn tdc khd khdn v i n chua ddp Ong dugc ydu ciu, ty Id mu ehfl, tdi mu ehfl ding bdo DTTS cdn khd eao; ty Id ngudi ed trinh dp hpe v i n cap d mdt sd DTTS it ngudi nhu: Brau, Rd Mdm, Si La, Xinh Mun, Chiit r i t thip, tham cU cd nhflng ddn tde v i n ehUa ed ngudi di hoe dai hpc Vide phdt tridn mang ludi vd quy mo trudng PTDTNT chUa ddng diu gifla cdc dia phUdng, ehua ed sU chuin bi tot v l cdc dilu Mdn de nudi dudng, day hoe vd nang cao chat lugng gido due hoc sinh Mdt sd dia phuong chUa ed mang lodi trudng PTDTNT hodn ehinh ndn vide tao ngudn ddo tao cdn bd ngudi DTTS gdp nhilu khd khdn Ben canh dd, c h i t lugng tuydn sinh vao trudng PTDTNT d mot sd noi chua dat yeu ciu, nha't Id dd'i vdi cde dia phOdng dang thUc hidn phUdng thdc xdt tuydn Hoat ddng giao due day nghi trudng PTDTNT (bao gdm day nghd n g i n ban va day nghi truyin thd'ng) cdn md nhat, ro ndt Cdng tac lidn thdng dao tao be thd'ng trodng PTDTNT thge so hieu qui, ty le hpc sinh td't nghiep trung hpc co sd duge vap hpe trung hpc phd'thdng trudng PTDTNT chua cao; sd hoe sinh sau td't nghidp trung hpc CO sd vd trung hpc phd thdng khdng di hpe tid'p cdn cMdm ty Id ddng kd, d i n dd'n lang phi sg diu tU eua Nhd nudc Ndng luc cua mdt sd edn bd quin ly trudng PTDTNT eon han ehd, dac Met la vide quan ly cac hoat ddng giao due dae thu nha trudng Viee Ong dung edng nghd thdng tin qudn ly vd day hpc d nMlu trudng PTDTNT ehua thid't thge, Meu qua Mpt sd chinh sdch, ehd' dd ddi vdi trudng PTDTNT cham dugc nghien cOu, dilu chinh cho phu hgp vdi thuc tiin Cdng tdc tra, Mdm tra vl td chde vd hoat ddng gido due thidu thudng xuydn, ehUa Meu qui Trong nhflng ndm qua, sOc dp vl tao ngudn ddo tao nhdn Igc DTTS, quy md eua nMeu trudng PTDTNT da vugt qud dilu Men cd sd vat ehd't eua nhd trodng, d i n dd'n tinh trang thidu phdng ndi tru, phdng hpc, phdng chOc ndng, sdn eboi, bai tap, edng trinh phu trg, i n h hodng khdng nhd dd'n e h i t lugng day hoe, nudi dudng hpe sinh va cie boat ddng giao due cua nhd trudng Cdc hang muc cdng trinh eua nhilu trudng PTDTNT xdy dgng dd Idu ndn xud'ng ed'p, nhilu hang muc cdng trinh tam thdi, khdng du tidu chuin theo quy dinh TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NUdC - s d 223 (8/2014) 53 NGHIEN CUfU - TRAO Ddi Cdng tdc ddo tao cd tuydn eung cdn nhilu bat cap Vide di xuit ehi tigu cua cde dia phuong vd giao ehi tigu cua Bg Gido due vd Ddo tao h i n g ndm xac dinh rd vung cin duge Ou tidn, nhat id nhflng tinh cd nhilu xa dae bidt khd khan Co cau nganh, nghi dao tao ed tuydn eung ehUa phu hgp vdi nhu eiu phat tridn kinh td' xa hdi eua dia phuong Co ciu gifla cdc ddn tdc duge di hpe cd tuydn chOa ddng diu: dd'i togng vd dia bdn cd tuydn la hoc sinh ddn tdc sdng tai ede xd ddc bidt khd khdn, nhung d cac dia bdn trdn rd't it dd'i tugng du diiu Mdn eO tuydn, n h i t Id ddi vdi cdc DTTS rd't it ngudi, d i n ddn tinh trang p h i n Idn so' hpe sinh du tidu chuan dd xdt tuydn diu tap trung vdo cdc DTTS cd sd ddn dong nhd: Tdy, Nung, Thdi, Mudng (trong dd, cdc dan tdc khdc thig'u edn bp cin dugc ddo tao nhung lai khdng ed ngudn) Vi vdy Men cd su m i t can ddi dao tao cua cac DTTS, sd ngudi ed trinh dd dai hoc cua cac DTTS cdn r i t thip,'nhif: ddn tdc Raglei chi chid'm 0,1%; Xtidng: 0,1%; Kho Mu: 0,1%; Pa Thdn: 0,1%; Khdng: 0,1%; Mdng: 2%; Dao: 0,2%; Gia Rai: 0,2%; Ba Na: 0,2% Bdn eanh vide ndng d i n ty Id eon em ngodi DTTS duge ddo tao eao ddng, dai hpc thi vide ddo tao nghd doi vdi hpc sinh tdt nghidp trung hpc CO sd vd trung hpe phd tliong eung id vd'n d i edt loi cua cdng tdc phdt triin gido due d vung DTTS Thdi gian qua, Dang vd Nhd nude dd ed nhiiu chinh sach Uu tidn dd'i vdi eon em ddng bao cae dan tpc sU nghidp gido due, n h i t Id diu tU cho gido due phd thdng, nhung tinh trang hoe sinh 54 ngudi DTTS trudng khong bd tri duge vide idm, mdt so lai khdng mudn trd vl dia phuong edng tSe dang dat nhilu van dl lidn quan ddn CO chd', chinh sach, tam ly chung eua ddng bao Vi vay, e i n phai c6 nhflng gidi phdp ddng bp tM edng tie gido due d vung DTTS mdi ed t h i ddp dng dugc ydu ciu thdi ky day manh cdng nghiep hod, hidn dai hoi Cdc chinh sdch dd'i vdi nhd gido, ngudi lao ddng va edn bd qudn ly gido due tai miln nui, vung DTTS cOn nhilu b i t cap Tai Dilu Nghi dinh sd 61/2006/ND-C)P 20/6/2006 eua Chinh phu v i chlnh sach dd'i vdi nha gido, edn bd quan ly gido due cdng tdc d trodng ehuydn Met, d viing cd dilu Men Mnh td - xd hdi dde bidt khd khdn quy dinh thdi gian hudng phu eip thu hut khdng qud nam Vide quy dinh thdi gian nhu vdy chua thu hut duge nhflng gido vidn mudn edng Mdn lau ndm tai vimg cd dilu Men kinh td - xa hdi ddc bidt kh6 khdn Nhu vay, de ndng cao trinh dO hpe v i n cho ddng bdo DTTS, ddi hdi phai cd su quan tdm dde loidt cua Dang vd Nhd nUdc Ciii xde dinh, cdng tdc phdt tridn giao due phdi di trudc mdt budc, p h i i dugc diu tit mdt eich khoa hpe, t h o i dang Thdc Men td't cdng tdc ndy se tao diiu kidn cho ddng bao ede DTTS vuon Ign hoa nh§p cung ddng bao ei nUdc va thue hidn quyln binh ding ciia minh vl chlnh tri, kinh td, van hod, xd hdi, gdp p h i n vdo sU nghidp chung eua d i t uudc Do vay, de diy manh sU nghiep giao due d vung DTTS hidn nay, c i n tdp trung vdo nhflng v i n d l sau: TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NUdC - Sd 223 (8/2014) NGHIEN CUU - TRAO 001 Mdt la, tang ngudn diu tU eho edng tdc phdt trien gido due d vung bidn gidi, vung sau, vung xa, vung DTTS ed ddn so' it Phai ed sg phd'i hgp ddng bd gifla ehu truong, ehinh sach eua Dang vd Nhd nudc vdi boat dpng cua ngdnh giao due vd su ddng gdp cua todn dan cho su ngMdp gido due d vung ddng bdo DTTS, tlige Men xd hpi hod gido due Tig'p tuc eung ed vd hodn tMgn he thdng cdc trodng PTDTNT Xay'dgng cdc trudng cd e h i t lugng ddo tao khd trd thdnh trudng ehd't lugng cao; nang d i n ty Ig cde trudng trung binh Ign khd va tO yg'u Ign trung binh P h i n diu ddn ndm 2015, ea nude ed 317 trudng PTDTNT vdi khoang 85 ngMn hoe sinh, dat binh qudn 7% hpe sinh DTTS trung hpc co sd vd trung hpe phd thdng todn qudc duoc hpc trudng PTDTNT Ddng thdi, diu tu xdy dung ed sd vdt chit theo hodng trodng trung hpc dat chuin qude gia vd bao ddm ede dilu Men de nudi day hpc sinh npi tru P h i n diu den nam 2015, khoang 30% sd trudng PTDTNT dat ehuan qud'c gia Bdn canh dd, ndng cao ndng lUc ngMgp vu sU pham eho dpi ngu cdn bd quan ly, gido vign, ddp Ong ygu eiu ndng cao ehd't lugng day hpc, gido due vd quan ly tai cdc trudng ndy T i n g cUdng cde dilu Men ho trg hoat ddng giao due va edng tac quin ly Tang cudng co sd vat ehit, thid't hi trudng hoe Cac dia phUdng miln nui e i n md rdng quan he, khai thde cdc ngudn lOc tO cdc dia phOdng miln xudi vd cdc doanh nghigp n h i m huy ddng sU tham gia hd trg Mnh pM dd xdy dung va cung cd eo sd vat chat cho nha trudng Hai la, ehu trpng edng tde ed tuydn Dd cdng tdc ed tuyen phat huy Mdu qua, e i n tiep tuc cd su quan tam eua eip uy, cMnh quyin cdc cap, sg phd'i hgp chat che gifla sd gido due vd ddo tao vdi cdc don vi ddo tao vd sO dung Mdu qui luc lugng cdn bd dd dugc ddo tao thdng qua cO tuydn; ddng thdi, e i n ed sg quan tam chi dao sat cua Bd Giao due va Dao tao Theo dd, Bp Giao due va Dao tao nghidn edu dd md eae Idp dg hi n i m trudng phd thdng trung hpe dan toe ndi tru cap tinh nhdm tao ngudn cd tuyen Nghidn edu thay Mnh thdc cd tuydn Men b i n g xdt tuydn vdo hpe Idp du hi tai trudng phd thdng trung hpe ddn tdc ndi tru eip tinh H i n g nam, xdt sd hpe sinh nhflng em kha va giei dd cO di hoc dai hpc; sd edn lai vao hpc cao d i n g hoac cac trudng trung ed'p chuydn ngMdp tai dia phuong Tdng ehi tidu, bd sung ngdnh nghd ddo tao, md rdng ddi tugng va pham vi cd tuydn la bgc sinh ngudi DTTS song trdn dia ban cde xa thudc dien khd khdn (theo Quyg't dinh sd' 30/2007/QD-TTg ngdy 05/3/2007 eua Thu tudng Chinh phu) NgMdn edu, xem xet sOa ddi vide chi phi hS trg cho hpc sinh cd tuydn ngdn sdch dia phuong dam nhan b i n g ngan sach trung uong Bd sung cMnh sach trg eip xa hdi eho sinh vidn ngudi DTTS thodng tru tai ede xd bidn gidi, vung cao, hdi dio va cdc xa ed dilu Mdn kinh te - xa hdi khd khan va dac biet khd khan tM t h i n g vao eae trudng dai hoe, eao ding va sau dai hpc thudc he thd'ng gido due qudc ddn TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NUdC - s d 223 (8/2014) NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI Ba Id, CO ehinh sach UU tidn dac bidt, cham lo xay dgng ddi ngu giao vidn Tap trung dao tao ddi ngu giao vidn la ngudi DTTS tai chd cd trinh dp ea vl nghidp vu sU pham vd Mdn thdc cho tdng vung vd vdi ridng tOng dan tpc Ddi mdi co ehd, chinh sdch xdy dgng ddi ngu gido vidn phu hgp vdi dilu kidn dac thu cua tifng dia phoong; ddi mdi phuong thdc ddo tao, bdi dOdng, co ehd, chinh sdch sd dung vd ddi ngd gido vidn dd hp yen tdm edng tac Idu ddi, phuc vu ddng bdo DTTS Trang bi eho hp nhflng Mdn thOc CO ban vi khoa hpe, nghi ngMep theo tidu chuan chung cua tOng ed'p hpc; ddng thdi, trang hi cho bp nhflng kidn thOc cin thidt ve ngdn ngfl, vdn hod ddn tdc, tdm linh, tin ngudng cua mdt sd dan tpc d nhflng noi sd dd'n cdng tac Cung vdi vide day tid'ng phd thdng cho hpc sinh cac trodng ddn tde npi tru cap huydn, cin cd quy dinh cu thd dd gido vidn hoc tid'ng DTTS.' Tid'p tue k h i o sat, nghidn cOu, dl xuit, dilu cMnh, bd sung hoan thidn eae ehinh sach ho trg can bd quin ly giao due va eo sd gido due d miin nui, vung DTTS Nhanh ehdng hodn thien thu tuc dd trinh Chinh phu ban hdnh Nghi dinh sda ddi, bd sung mdt sd' dilu quy dinh tai Nghi dinh so 61/2006/ND-CP ngdy 20/6/2006; dl nghi dilu chinh mdt sd diiu khodn Nghi dinh sd 61/2006/ ND-CP: edn bd, gido vidn cac khoa dU hi dai hpc cac trudng dai hpe duge hudng chd dd phu ed'p nho cdn bp gido vidn cdc trodng bi dai hpc; gido vidn day tidng dan tde d ede vung 1, duge hudng phu eip nhu gido vidn day tid'ng dan tde d vung Thue Mdn chinh sdch ludn ehuyin gido vidn d l bio d i m c h i t lugng gido due eung nhu thge hidn cdng bing ddo tao vd sd dung Cd ehinh sdch Uu tien, khuyg'n khich dd thu hut gido vign v i giang day tai cdc co sd ddo tao trung cap chuygn nghigp vk day nghi d miln nui, vung dan tde Bdn Id, x&y dUng chudng trinh, sdch gido khoa vd phuong phdp day hpc phu hgp vdi dd'i tOdng hpc eua tdng ddn tide, tOng vung trgn co sd tidng, ehfl vid't phd thdng vd tidng, ehfl vid't ridng cua tdng ddn tpc Nghidn cOu xdy dUng chuong trinh ddo tao phu hgp vdi hpe sinh DTTS, bio dam khdi lugng kidn thdc co bdn vd kidn thdc vdn dung c i n thidt, phi hgp vdi diiu kidn cua tOng dia phuong, vung dan tdc, dd, dac bidt ehd y ddn ngdn ngfl vd phong tuc tap qudn, tam ly, van hoa cac dSn tpc Tuy ydu ciu eua tdng Unh vgc, tdng mang Mdn thOe md xde dinh thdi lugng phu hgp vdi tOng eboong trinh, tilng mon hoc Ndm la, cd chinh sdch ddc thii ddi vdi eon em ddng bdo cdc ddn tde sau td't nghidp phd thdng trung hpc, ndu khdng thi dugc vao cae trudng trung cap, eao ding, dai hpe thi bd tri eho di hpc n g h i Cd cd ehd, chinh sach khuyg'n khlch eon em cac ddn tdc sau td't nghiep dai hpe, trung hpe ehuydn nghiep, hpe n g h i trd vl dia phuong cdng tdc Ddy ehinh Id ngudn nhdn lue, lUe lugng edt Idi, efl sd eho sU phdt tridn vung ddn tpc thdi ky d i t nUdc ddi mdi, hdi nhdp qude td'G TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NUdC - Sd 223 (8/2014) ... thdi, trang hi cho bp nhflng kidn thOc cin thidt ve ngdn ngfl, vdn hod ddn tdc, tdm linh, tin ngudng cua mdt sd dan tpc d nhflng noi sd dd''n cdng tac Cung vdi vide day tid''ng phd thdng cho hpc sinh... Men cd sd vat ehd''t eua nhd trodng, d i n dd''n tinh trang thidu phdng ndi tru, phdng hpc, phdng chOc ndng, sdn eboi, bai tap, edng trinh phu trg, i n h hodng khdng nhd dd''n e h i t lugng day hoe,... nhu eiu phat tridn kinh td'' xa hdi eua dia phuong Co ciu gifla cdc ddn tdc duge di hpe cd tuydn chOa ddng diu: dd''i togng vd dia bdn cd tuydn la hoc sinh ddn tdc sdng tai ede xd ddc bidt khd khdn,