Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Vdn Son Tir NHlTNG KHO KHAN CUA SINH VIEN MCH TOT NGHIEP NHIN VE MOT SO KI NANG MEM N H A M CHUAN BJ THICH iTNG NGHE HUYNH VAN SQN* TOM TAT Bdi viet de cap nhimg khd[.]
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Vdn Son Tir NHlTNG KHO KHAN CUA SINH VIEN MCH TOT NGHIEP NHIN VE MOT SO KI NANG MEM N H A M CHUAN BJ THICH iTNG NGHE HUYNH VAN SQN* TOM TAT Bdi viet de cap nhimg khd khdn ciia sinh vien (SV) mdi trudng qud trinh tim vice vd lam viec Cd the thdy rdng mdi quan he it, thieu kinh nghiem vd nhihig kT ndng mem cdn thiet la nhirng khd khdn l&n nhdt ciia SV mdi trudng Tren ca sd dd bdi viet cung de cap nhung ki ndng mem cdn thiet cho SV nhdm chudn bi thich ung nghi nhu KT ndng viet li lich bdn than vd phdng vdn, kT ndng qudn li thdi gian, kT ndng thiiyit trinh truac ddm ddng, kT ndng giao tiep, kTndng lam viec nhdm Tie khda: kl nang mem, sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep, thich iing nghe ABSTRACT From the difficulties of newly graduated students looking for some soft skills to prepare job adaptation The article refers to the difficulties of newly graduated students in the job application process and working It can be observed that the lack of relationships, experience and necessary soft skills poses the most difficults to newly graduated students In light of this fact, the article discusses soft skills essential for students to prepare for job adaptation including skills of CV writing, interview, time management, public presentation, communication, teamwork Keywords: soft skill, newly graduated student, job adaptation Dat vSn dl Nhung nam gan day, tinh hinh kinh te the gidi ndi chung va Viet Nam ndi rieng cd nhiiu thay ddi Hang-ngan doanh nghiep lam vao tinh trang giai the hoae thu hep quy md Vi thi, nhu c^u tuyen dung cang giam, viec lam mdi cang "it, lam cho sue canh tranh vl nguon nhan lire cang manh Diiu gay khdng it khd khan cho t4ng Idp lao dgng tri dc, dd kho khan hon ca la nhiing SV mdi tdt nghiep hay nhiing tan eii nhan Trong thue tien, de duge cae nha tuyin dung mdi vao lam viec thi SV can ' PGS TS, Tru'dng Dgi hpc Su pham TPHCM phai the hien dugc kha nang ciia minh chi trorig vai phut it di tiep xiie vdi ngudi phdng van Day that su khdng phai la diiu dl dang ddi vdi SV Mat khac, nhiiu SV xih duge viec nhung lai khdng thi thich iing vdi mdi trudng ciia doanh nghiep va gap rat nhieu khd khan Rd rang, nhung kiln thiic chuyen mdn, kT nang nghiep vu ma SV tiep thu dugc Vttn giang dudng dai hpc ddng mot vai trd quan trpng tim viec va lam viec tai eac doanh nghiep Song, cd the thay rang, kien thuc chuyen mon ehi la mgt yeu td qua trinh tuyen dung Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 60 nam 2014 2.1 Nhirng khd khdn cua sinh vien mdi tot nghiep hien qua trinh xin viec vd lam viec 2.1.1 Nhirng khd khdn cua sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep hien qud trinh xin viec KSt qua khao sat vS nhiing kho ichan ciia SV mai t6t nghiep Men dugc thuc hien tren 200 SV da truong a trucmg: Dai hoc Ma TPHCIVI, Dai hgc Kinh \h TPHCM va Dai hoc Cong nghe Sai Gon dugc trinh bay bang sau day: Bdng I Nhimg kho khdn cua SV mdi lot nghiep hien qud trinh xin viec Khong Co Thii Tan Tilf Tin Tile Noi dung tuso (%) s6 (%) 24,44 68 75,56 22 Moi quan he it 52,24 47,76 47 43 Xep ioai tot nghiep khong cao 11 T2,22 79 87,78 Khong tot nghiep truong cong lap CO kT nang viet li lich ban than (CV: \ Chua 73 18,89 81,11 17 curriculum vitae) va tim viec Chua CO tam the di lam 44 48,89 46 51,11 Thieu kT nang phong van 12,22 79 87,78 11 chii khong phai la tit ca Chia ichoa giup SV mo canh ciia cong va vugt qua nhung ung vien khac chinh la ki nang mjm, kT nang se giup SV phat huy hSt nhung kien thuc chuyen mon va kl nang nghiep vu dl nha tuyen dung thay ring ho xilng dang dugc tuySn dung Do do, tir nhiing kho khan cua SV mcri truong hien qua trinh xin viec va lam viec, thi viec xac lap he thong kT nang m§m nham chuan bi cho SV thich ling nghi la mgt dieu het siic can thiet Not dung Bang cho thay nhiing kho khiin lan nhat ciia SV qua trinh xin viec hien la: SV mai tot nghiep chua co kinh nghiem phong van (87,78%), kT nang viit CV (81,11%), tim viec va cac moi quan he it (75,56%) Ca kho khan deu dat ti le tren V^ mau Dau tien, mot thuc te de dang nhan thay la nhieu SV truang thit nghiep khong phai vi kem hay thilu kinh nghiem lam viec, ma vi mgt 11 kha ph6 biin la thilu kl nang phong van CV co thi ggi la hoaii hao, vugt qua vong ho so mgt each de dang, nhung buoc vao vong phong van thi ''nhu ga mac toe" [phong vin] Day la mgt tro ngai lon cua SV hien qua trinh xin viec (87,78%) Thu hai, sau truang, nhiiu SV cam thiy nhoc nhSn viit li lich ban than gioi thieu minh trudc nha tuyin dung (81,11%) That su, CV chinh la ciu noi dau tien giiia iing vien va nha tuyen dung Thong qua noi dung va each trinh bay CV, nha tuyin dung co the nam dugc thong tin cua iing vien Do do, cac CV in tugng va noi bat thucmg dl dang nhan dugc sir chil y ciia nha tuyin dung Tuy nhien, co the nhan thay cac truang dai hgc, cao ding it quan tam din viec hinh cho SV kT nang viit CV va each Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Huynh Van S&n lua chgn nhiing thdng tin tuyen dung phii Nhieu tim dugc mdt cdng viec phii hgp SV thudng bi bdi roi va day chinh la hgp tren web, nhung den cong ti nop mpt nhiing khd khan lam can budc hd so mdi biet la thue te cong ti khdng cd SV qua trinh hpi nhap qudc tl dgt tuyin dung Neu cd duge nhiiu mdi [phdng vin] quan he thi SV se de dang han qua Thii 3, mdi quan he it (75,56%) la trinh xin viec van dl ma hau het SV mdi trudng diu 2.1.2 Nhung khd khdn ciia SV mdi tdt gap phai Mdi trudng, ngudi quen than nghiep hien qud trinh lam viec it, ban be ciing da sd la SV, dl tiip can Cd the ndi, xin viec da khd, lam vdi eo hpi viec lam rat khd khan Thong dupe viec lai cang khd han Cd r^t nhiiu thudng, SV se phai theo doi muc tuyin SV da khdng kip thich iing giai dung tren cac bao Ngay nay, mang doan va de roi vao tinh trang m4t can internet da trd nen phd bien thi SV mdi bang Sau day la mgt sd khd khan eua SV trudng cd the tim viec tren nhimg trang mdi tdt nghiep qua trinh lam viec web nhu Vietnamwork, Careerlink dupe ghi nhan qua cudc khao sat neu tren Tuy nhien, mpi viec khong hi dl dang (xem bang 2) Bdng Nhimg kho khdn cua SV mdi tdt nghiep hien qud trinh Idm vice ThiiI Noi dung Tan so Giao tiep chua hieu qua 82 Sap xep thoi gian chua hgp li, khoa hgc, hieu qua 46Chua CO kT nang thuyet trinh truac dam dong 47 Chua biet tiet che tinh each, cai toi 66 11 • Chua CO tam the di lam Chua CO kinh nghiem 68 Bang eho thay, SV budc chan vao mdi trudng lam viec, mpt nhirng khd khan ldn nhat ciia SV la van de giao tiep chua hieu qua (91,11%) Chinh vi vay, pong viec hay nhiing mdi quan he voi ddng nghiep, SV mdi trudng thudng gap phai nhung bat ddng nhiing mau thuan giao tiep phat sinh NIU trudc day, SV; duge tu va thoai mai gid gi^e thi di lam, SV phai thuc hien diing ndi quy ciia cdng ti, dae biet diing gio la yeu cau ddu tien Co Tile 91,11 51,11 52,24 77,33 1232 75,56 Khong Tan Tile , so 8,89 44 48,89^ 43 47,76 24 22,67 79 87,78 22,44 22 Nhiing thay ddi se lam thay ddi thdi quen sinh hoat, dd nhieu SV se cam thay het siie khd khan (51,11%) Chia se ve van de nay, chi Nguyen Thi Ng, cuu SV Trudng Dai hpc Md cho biet: "Khi cdn la SV, tdi ed the thoai mai ve mat thdi gian, den hay khdng den trudng eung khdng quan trpng Tuy nhien, lam viec d cdng ti, tdi phai den dung gid de quet the, neu khdng se bj phe binh va trir luong Thdi gian dau lam viec ddi vdi tdi la mpt khd khan ldn" Ben canh dd, viec tiep xiic vdi mpt 15 Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM mdi trudng mdi mot van hda mdi, mdt phong each lam viec mdi se lam cho SV cam thSy bd ngd va khdng the hoa nhap Nhiiu SV hien ludn mudn khang djnh ban than, the hien eai tdi ciia minh Diiu khong han la tdt mdi trudng cdng sd Chua biet tiet ehe tinh each (77,33%) chinh la mgt nhiing nguyen nhan gay "va cham"' vdi ddng nghiep, lam ran mit cac mdi quan he Ngoai ra, mot sd SV mdi tit nghiep cam thay sg set phai trinh bay mpt van de nao trudc nhieu ngudi Khi trinh bay, dien dat lai mac nhieu Idi va khdng thu hut dupe ngudi nghe Dieu da phan lam cho SV mdi trudng bi danh gia thdp (52,24%) Hien nay, hau het cac cong viec dn djnh hoac che dp dai ngd cao thudng ddi hdi nhiing ngudi cd kinh nghiem Cd nhieu nai cdn ghi rd "Khdng tuyin SV mdi trudng" Khi dupe tuyen dung, sir thieu kinh'nghiem lam eho SV cam thay hut hang va khong hoan tdt cdng viec dugc giao Tii day, nhieu iing vien cam thiy tu ti, khdng chju dugc ap luc cua cong viec va tir dd xin nghi viec (75,56%) 2.2 Mot sd ki nang mim cdn thiit cho sinh vien qud trinh xin viec vd lam viec chuan bi thich irng nghi 2.2.1 KT ndng viet CV vd phdng vdn Li lich ban than la mgt can cii quan trgng de nha tuyen dung quylt dinh ed tien hanh cudc phdng \kn hay khong Nhin vao ban li Heh, nha tuyin dung ed thi danh gia dupe nang luc, trinh dp tham chi tinh each ciia iing vien Bdi vi ngudi can than, nghiem tuc hay ciu tha, dl dai cung CO thi nhan biet dugc qua each ma So 60 ndm 2014 hp trinh bay li lich ciia minh Do vay, de tao duge ^n tupng tdt dep tir phiit ban dau vdi nha tuyen dung, SV can phai d^u tu cong siic de viit ban li Heh mgt each chin chu Cd nhieu bi quyet viet li lich de dat dugc muc dich ciia minh Do dd kT nang viet CV la mgt kl nang c^n thiet cho SV mdi trudng Thong thudng, mgt cudc phdng van ma nha tuyen dung tien hanh de tuyen chpn nhan vien keo dai khoang 20 - 30 phut Day la thdi gian de nha tuy£n dung tiep xiie true tiep, quan sat hinh dang, tudng mao, phong each, kT nang, thai dp ciia iing vien Nha tuyen dung cung se dat nhiing eau hdi de tim hieu nang luc chuyen mon, kha nang giao tiep ciing nhu tinh each eua iing vien de tim ngudi phd hgp cd the dap irng cac yeu cau ciia hp Vi vay, de tao in tugng tot dep vdi nha tuyen dung, mdi ung vien can phai ehuan bi that kT ludng de cd thi dupe tuyen chpn vao vi tri ma minh mong mudn KT nang phdng van ddi hdi cac img vien can phai chii y din khau chuSn bi va phong each tra Idi ve cae npi dung nhu sau: Tim hieu thdng tin vl cdng ti; Xac dinh nang luc cua ban than; Nhan dien nhiing tich va kinh nghiem eiia ban than [phdng van] 2.2.2 KT ndng qudn li thai gian "Thdi gian la vang", khong ed the niu giir hoae keo dai quy thdi gian ciia minh Vi vay, viec quan Ii thdi gian hieu qua la v^n de dang luu tam ciia mdi SV sau trudng Nd ddi hoi phai ed su cd gang va kien tri dl ed the lam chii duge thdi gian eua minh va hoan Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM tdt cac muc tieu da dl KT nang ddi hdi SV phai: Hieu dugc vai trd va quy trinh cua cdng tac quan li thdi gian; Biet duge cac nguyen tac cot idi va quan trgng viec quan li thdi gian hieu qua Nam dugc quy trinh va phuang phap quan H thdi gian cong viec; Hieu va biit each van dung eac cdng eu, kT thuat quan li thdi gian dl tdi uu hda hieu qua cdng viec 2.2.3 Ki ndng thuyet trinh truac ddm ddng Vdi hau het cac nhdm cdng viec hien dai, bat eii nao nhan vien mong mudn trinh bay ke hoach, y kien ea nhan trudc dam ddng thi kT nang thuylt trinh cung la mpt kT nang mau chdt can cd Thuyet trinh khdng cdn la "trinh bay, thuyet minh", ma da trd mpt nghe thuat dugc sii dung viec thu phuc nhan tam, tao dgng lire cho nhiing ngudi xung quanh KT nang trang bi each thirc trinh bay y tudng mgt each mach lae, ro rang, thu hiit va truyen cam himg cho ngudi nghe; trang bi nhiing kT thuat de kiem soat tam tri hoi hop trude thdi diem thuyet trinh; ehuan bi npi dung thuyet trinh cong bang each ket cau cae diem chinh vao mdt khung sudn chat che, chii trpng vao viec diiu chinh ngii dieu, tde dp, ngon ngir hinh the, anh mat, eii chi, su bieu cam de xay dung lien he tich cue vdi ngudi nghe Ngoai ra, kT nang thuyet trinh cdn giup SV vugt qua su hdi hop, lo lang ciing nhu nhiing nhan to gay phan tan luc thuyet trinh; thu hiit va tri sir quan tam chu y eua Huynh Vdn San ngudi nghe bang cae kT thuat tuong tac va sir dung cac kT thuat tuong tac de xac dinh va giai quyet cac cau hoi 2.2.4 KT ndng xir li xung dot Xung dot la qua trinh ma dd mpt ben nhan rang quyen lgi cua minh hoac ddi lap hoac bi anh hudng tieu cue bdi mpt ben khac Xung dot cd the mang den nhirng ket qua tieu cue hoae tich cue, phu thupc vao ban chat va cudng cua xung dot, va vao each giai quyet xung dot Neu dupe giai quyet tdt, xung dot se dem lai cac diem tich cue nhu: nang cao sir hieu biet va su tdn trpng lan giiia cae vien nhdm, nang cao kha nang phdi hgp nhdm thdng qua viec thao luan, thuang thao giai quyet mau thuan, nang eao hieu biet cua timg vien ve cae muc tieu ciia minh, biet duge dau la nhiing muc tieu quan trpng nhat Ngugc lai, xung dot khong dupe xir 11 tdt se gay nhiing hau qua ldn nhu: mau thuan cong viec de dang chuyen mau thuan ca nhan, tinh than lam viec nhdm tan ra, tai nguyen bi lang phi KT nang xir li xung dot mgt mat se giup cho SV lam viec cd the tranh dugc nhimg xung dot khdng dang cd Mat khac, SV cd the de dang giai quylt dupe nhiing xung dot gap phai 2.2.5 IG: ndng lam viec nhdm Nhiing nha tuyen dung ludn mudn tim nhimg nhan vien cd kha nang lam viec theo nhdm hieu qua KT nang lam viec nhdm la kT nang tuang tac giiia cae vien mpt nhdm, nham thuc day hieu qua cdng viec, phat trien tiem nang eiia tat ea eac vien Mpt muc tieu ldn thudng doi hdi nhieu ngudi lam Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM viec voi nhau, vi the lam viec nhom tro mgt yeu cau quan trgng to chiic ciing nhu cugc song Trong thoi dai nay, khoa hgc kl thuat cang phat trien thi yeu cau lam viec theo nhom la can thiet hon bao gio het Don gian vi khong la hoan hao, lam viec theo nhom se tap trung nhung mat manh cua timg nguoi va bo sung cho Hon nua, chang co the cang dang het mgi viec nen lam viec nhom tro yeu cau can thiet Do do, viec trang bi cho SV kT nang lam viec nhom ia v6 cung can thiit KT nang doi hoi SV can co tinh each hoa dong, ton trgng thoi han cong viec va sin sang giiip nhiing vien lai nhom de kip tiin cho cong viec vi mot muc dich chung ciia to chiic [5] 2.2.6 KTndng giao tiep KT nang giao tiep la yeu t6 mo duong, quyet dinh cho su cong hay that bai mgi moi quan he Va dii vai doanh nghiep, tinh chuyen nghiep giao tiep (qua loi noi, cii chi, hanh dgng, each iing xii ) cua mSi ca nhan, tu cap quan li din nhan vien, cang cin thiet va quan trgng han Chinh diiu se djnh vi nen hinh anh, thuong hieu va dang cip ciia doanh nghiep Dac biet, xu huong hgi nhap toan ciu hoa hien nay, khoang each vl chit lugng san pham va dich vu giOa cac cong ti So 60 ndm 2014 dang nit ngan lai, thi chinh su chuyen nghiep giao tiep ciia dgi ngu nhan vien se gop phSn quan trgng cho hieu qua hoat dgng cua cong ti KT nang giao tiep doi hoi SV phai: Hieu va biet each xac dinh cac yiu to can thiet cung nhu huang den thai tich cue giao tiep hieu qua; Tang cuong kha nang giao tiip cugc song ca nhan n6i chung va cong viec, kinh doanh noi rieng; Nang cao kT nang va nghe thuat giao tiep, ciing tihu hoan toan co kha nang tu tin truac bat cii tinh huong nao cugc song ca nhan va cong viec cu thi nhu: ling nghe, diiu tiet cam xuc [3] Kit luan Trong giai doan nin kinh tl dang gap nhiiu kho khan nhu hien nay, SV moi trudng muon co dugc viec lam In dinh va phu hgp vol nang luc cua minh, doi hoi phai trang bj cho minh nhiing kien thilc chuyen mon, va nhit la nhirng kT nang mem cin thiit Do la hanh trang v6 eung cin thiit thai dai hien Ngoai ra, cac co quan, t l chiic co thim quyin cin co nhiing chinh sach, nhiing ca chi phii hgp de khuyin khich, trg SV moi truong hoa nhap moi trucmg moi mgt each tot nhit Do se la tien de quan trgng giup ngu6i Viet Nam, dit nuoc Viet Nam hoa nhap voi cong ding thi gioi giai doan hgi nhap quoc te hien (Xem tiep trang 33) ... HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 60 nam 2014 2.1 Nhirng khd khdn cua sinh vien mdi tot nghiep hien qua trinh xin viec vd lam viec 2.1.1 Nhirng khd khdn cua sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep hien qud trinh xin viec KSt... he voi ddng nghiep, SV mdi trudng thudng gap phai nhung bat ddng nhiing mau thuan giao tiep phat sinh NIU trudc day, SV; duge tu va thoai mai gid gi^e thi di lam, SV phai thuc hien diing ndi quy... so 8,89 44 48,89^ 43 47,76 24 22,67 79 87,78 22,44 22 Nhiing thay ddi se lam thay ddi thdi quen sinh hoat, dd nhieu SV se cam thay het siie khd khan (51,11%) Chia se ve van de nay, chi Nguyen