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16; so 5 2014 DaifyaHpc DIEN PAN DAY VA HOC '''' KT nang lam de thi dai hoc mon Van CO dang bai so sanh van hpc TS N G U Y E N M I N H H O A T Trudng Dpi hpc Tay Nguyen I DAT VAN DE Trong nhQng nam gSn d[.]
so 5-2014 DaifyaHpc 16; DIEN PAN DAY VA HOC ' KT nang lam de thi dai hoc mon Van CO dang bai so sanh van hpc TS N G U Y E N M I N H H O A T Trudng Dpi hpc Tay Nguyen I DAT VAN DE Trong nhQng nam gSn day (tQ nam 2004 den nam 2013) cac d l thi dpi hpc mdn Van khoi C va khoi D (d cau dilm) thUdng cd kilu bai so sanh (SS) van hpc, nhu: SS hai hai bai thd ngan; SS hai dopn thd; SS hai dopn van xudi; SS hai ehi lilt; SS hai hinh anh; SS hai ^ kiln nhan xet ve mot nhan vat Day la mpt kieu bai chua dUdc cy the hda mpt bai hpc riang chUdng trinh NgQ van bac Trung hpc Pho thong (THPT), dd da anh hudng d i n chat luyng bai lam cQa hpe sinh (HS) cung nhU qua trinh dinh hUdng on tap eho HS tQ phfa giao vien (GV) Nhilu thf sinh lam bai thi dpi hpe hau nhu ehUa biet each tnen khai eac '^ de SS van hpc Mpt sd em viet bai lam: phan tfch ddi tuyng sau dd viet bai lam phan lich ddi luyng chfl khdng he cd thao tae SS De gdp phan thao gd nhOng khd khan tren, bai vilt dUa mpt sd vSn de ve li luan va thyc tiin tQ dd gdi y nhQng kTnang lam de thi dpi hpc men Van cd dpng bai SS van hpc d l cQng dong nghi#p tham khao va glQp HS c6 djnh hudng on tap dat k i t q u i cao ki thi dpi hpc, II NOI DUNG So sanh va so sanh van hpc Trong the gidi khach quan, nhieu sy vpt, hiSn tUdng cd nhQng diem chung va hen quan mat thiet vdi nhau, nhUng v l n cd nhQng net rieng Bdi vay, qua trinh nhan thQc, ngUdl ta thudng SS de tim nhQng diem gidng va khae giQa cac ddi tUdng d l cd duyc nhQng nhan xet, danh gia chinh xac v l chung SS la phQdng phap nhan thQe, Inang dd dat sy vat bSn cpnh mdt hay nhilu sy vat khae de ddi chilu, xem xet nham hieu sy vpt mdt each loan dien, kl iQdng, rd net va sau slic hdn, Trong thyc t l ddi sdng SS trd mot thao tao phd biln, thdng dung nham dap Qng nhu cau nhan thQc, danh gia cCia ngudi nhieu ITnh vyc va hoan canh SS cung la thao tac "nhin vao cai ma xem xet cai d l thay sy gidng nhau, khac hoac sy hdn kem" [8; tr.830] Mudn nhan bill rd hdn dpe diem va gia trj cua mdl sy vat, hien tU(?ng ngUdi ta thUdng dung phep SS, Khi viet van nghj luan ngudi viet cung dQng SS de lam sang to, lam vQng chac them luan diem cQa minh "Myc dfch cua SS la lam sang rd ddi tUdng dang nghien cQu tUOng quan vdi ddi tu^ng khac SS dung, lam cho bai van nghj luan sang to, cy the, sinh dpng va cd sQc thuyet phye Khi SS, phai dat cac ddi tUdng vao eung mot binh dien, danh gia tren ciing mpt Weu chi mdi thay dUde sU gidng va khac giQa chQng ddng thdi phai neu rd y' kien, quan dilm cQa ngUdi ndi, (ngudi vilt)" [1;lr 80] Vdi phan mdn Lam van nha trUdng phd thdng, SS la mpt nhQng thao tac chfnh cua van nghi luan bSn cpnh cac thao tac phan tfeh binh luan bac bd, Y i u clu oQa thao tac la chi net gidng va khac cua cac doi tuyng SS Vi thi, nd gan vdi hai lopi: SS de lam noi bat nhQng net gidng gpi la SS tUdng ddng, SS de ch? sy khac biet gpi la SS tUdng ph&n Trong nghj luan van hpc, SS la m6t thao tac quan trpng dUpe sQ dyng rSt rdng rai Thdng thUdng, lap luan SS Irong van hpc la ddi ehieu hai hay nhilu tac gia, van ban, hinh tUdng, ehl tilt ngh^ thuat de thay dUdc nhQng diem gidng va khac nhau; IQdd thay ro gia trj cQa cac ddi tuyng dUdc phan tfch, danh gia, Khai niem SS van hpc can duyc hieu theo ba Idp nghia khac nhau: ThU nhat: SS la mot bien phap tu tQ (c6n gpi la t? dy, ben cpnh cac bian phap tu tQ, nhu: an du hoan dy ) la "phUdng IhQc bieu dat bang ng6n tQ mot each hinh tUdng dya trSn cd s5 ddi ehieu hai hien tUdng ed nhQng dIu hieu lUdng ddng, nham lam ndi bat dpc diem thupc tinh ciJa hien tUdng qua dpc diem, thudc Ifnh cua hien tUdng khac" [6; tr.190], ThCf hai SS dUpe xem nhU "mdl thao tac lap luan (ben cpnh cae thao tac lap luan nhU: giai thfch, ehQng minh, phan tfeh, bac bo, binh luan - ngUdi viet nhi'n manh) nham ddi chilu hai hay nhilu sy vpt, hoac la cac mpt eQng sy vpt" [2; tr 155-156], ThU ba, SS dQdc xem nhu mpt phUdng phap, mpt each IhQc trinh bay v i l t bai nghi luan van hpc, TQ earn thy gia trj npi dung va nghS thuat cDa cac ddi tUdng den binh luan, danh gia nhQng diem tUdng ddng va khac biet cQa cac ddi tuyng Qua dd th£y duye nhQng ddng gdp dac sae chung va rieng eua cac tac gia, cac tac pham ddi vdi n l n van hpc va ddi sdng xa hdi, Trong bai vilt nay, chQng tdi tap trung phan tfch, II giai kieO bai SS van hpc theo Idp nghTa IhQ ba Day dUdc xem la kieu bai tdng hdp, vl ngoai nhQng thao tac ehung cua ki^u bai nghj luan van hpc nd edn c6 each thQc trinh bay cac ^ d l dpt myc dich va npi dung SS Mae dQ chQOng trinh NgQ van THPT da trinh bay cae thao tac lap luan, dd cd thao tac lap lulin SS [1; lr,80], nhUng ehua cd mpt bai dpc lap ve kilu SS v ^ hpc theo Idp nghTa thQ ba VI the ngudi dpy va ngudi hpc kha JJg'/ffJfey so 5-2014 mmm^i^^:!^:if'ms9 17 - BANG TONG Hgp H B E THI OAI HQC MON VAN KHOI C VA KHOI D (CAU DIEM) Til NAM 2004 DEN NAM 2013 TT Nam 10 11 2004 2005 2008 2009 2010 2010 2010 2012 2012 2013 2013 Khm c c c c c c D c D C D Cau/ chufrng trinh H / chua phan ban 11 / chua phan ban 11 / Chung ca ban Illb / NSng cao llla/ChuSn Illb / Nang cao nib/NSng cao nib / Nan^ cao lllb / Chuan Illb / Nang cao ]Ilb / NSng cao IQng tijng dpy va hpc lam van theo kilu d l nay, Vi chUa cd npi dung djnh hUdng, lam tieu chi danh gia SGK, nen eac dap an cCia d l thi dpi hpc khoi C, khoi D d cae dpng d l SS van Pipe cung ehUa nhat quan v l ygu eau trinh bay, dien dpt cae S", Dilu eang phQc tpp va khd khan eho HS hpc va luyen thi mdn Van khoi C, khoi D mudn dat diem cao (hdp vdi cacj' cQa dap an), Tuy r^ng mdt nhQng yeu c^u ci^ia viet van la phai sang tpo, khdng the ed mpt khu6n mau nhat dinh, nhUng ddi vdi d l thi va Cham thi mdn Van, cung nhU eac mdn hpe khae can phai cd eae lieu chi cy the duyc bilu hien dap an, Cae tiau ehf eua dap an cung can dUa tren nhQng cd sd nhat djnh ve ehUdng trinh, kiln thUc._ giQp ngUdi dpy va ngudi di thi cd the djnh hudng, nham phat huy no IQe tdi da cua minh d l dpt kit qua nhU mong mudn Cd nhu vay mdi bao dam tinh khach quan, dan chQ, edng bang thi cQ Do vay, tQ viec lam rd npi ham khai niem, myc dfch, yeu cau kieu bai SS van hpe,,., de xae djnh cae kT nang giup HS lam de thi dpi hpc co dpng bai SS van hpc la mot yau c l u c£tp thilt Cac dpng de thi va yeu cau ciia dap an SS van hpe ajVedethi: Tdng hyp 20 de thi dpi hpc m6n Van khoi C va khdi D (cau dilm) tQ nam 2004 den nam 2013, oho thay: cd 11/20 cau dang de SS van hpe: cy the: Bang tdng hyp 11 d l thi dpi hpc mdn Van khdi C va khdi D (eau diem) tU nam 2004 d i n nam 2013 (xem bang tren) Qua bang tren, ehQng-ta tha'y d l thi dpi hpc (cau diem) dpng SS van hpc c6 t? le kha cao, nhat la eae nam 2010: 3/4 eau; nam 2012:2/4 eau, 2013:2/4 cau, Trong dd, ti le eac cau dpng d khdi C: 8/11; khdi D: 3/11 TU nam 2009 de thi dpi hpc ehia phIn theo chUdng trinh Chuan va Nang cao, dd chUdng trinh Nang cao cd eac cau SS van hpc: 6/8 cau; ehUdng trinh ChuSn 2/8 cau Trong npi dung SS van hpc, SS hai dopn thd trdng hai bai Ihd chilm 1? I& cao nhat: 5/11 cau; sau dd den SS hai y kien nhan xet ve mpt nhan vat mpt tac pham: 2/11 eau; edn lpi la cac dpng: SS hai tac pham la hai bai thd ngan 1/11 cau, SS hai dopn van xudi 1/11 cau; SS hai chi tiet 1/11 cau; SS hai hinh anh 1/11 cau b) Veyeucaucuadithlvadapkn: Phan loai eae dpng d l SS van hpc, yeu clu cua de thi va dap an duyc dat nhu sau: - D^ng di SS hai trich doan thd hai bii thd, d l thi cac nam: 2005,2008, 2009,2016, 2012, yeu cau eiia d l thi va npi dung chinh cua dap an, Bd GD&DT dUa ra: *2005, khdi C, cau II De yeu cau: Phan tich hai trich dopn thd (trfch dopn thd cau Ben song Duong - Hoang Cam: Ben sdng DuSng giay diip; Irlch dopn thd 10 cau Npi dung SS vdn hQC - hai bai the nggn - trich doan tha bai tha - trich doan tha bai tha - trich doan tha bai tha - trich dogn tha bai tha - doan van xu6i tac pham - chi tidt tac pham - trich doan tho bai tha - hinh anh tac pham -2}f kien nh xet ve m^t nhan vat - y kien nh xet v^ mOt nhan vat Dat nUdc - Nguyin Khoa Dilm: NhUng ngUdi vd nhd ching., mot loi song ong cha), ch? nhQng net ehung va rieng each earn nhan ve que hUdng, dat nQde eCia eac tac gia Dap an: + Gidi thieu ehung ve de tai va tae pham (0,5 diem) •*• Phan tfeh hai trfeh dopn thd (3,5 diem) + SS each cam nhan v l que hQdng, dat nUdc Irong hai trfeh dopn thd (1 diem), '2008, khdi C, eau 11, De yeu cau: Cam nhan ve hai dopn thd (dopn thd cau Tay Tien - Quang Dung: Sdng Ma dem hdi dopn thd eau trcng Tieng hat tiu • C h i Lan Vien: Nhd ban sUdng giang da hda tSm hSn) Dap an: + Phan tfch npi dung va nghp thuat dopn thd (2 diem) + Phan tfch npi dung va nghe thuat doan thd (2 diem), + SS diem tUdng ddng va khac bi|t giQa hai dopn thd theo yeu cau cua de (1 diem), '2009, khdi C, cau III b D l yeu clu Cam nhan ve hai dopn thd (dopn thd cau TUdng W-Nguyin Binh: Than Doai toi yeu nkng dopn thd cau Viet Bic -To HQu: Nhd gi nhu nhd ngUdi yeu ngUdi thUdng di vi) Dap an: + Vai net ve tae gia va tac pham (0,5 dilm) + Phan tieh gia trj ndi dung va nghe thuat dopn thd (2 diem), + Phan lich gia trj ndi dung va nghe thuat ddpn thd (2 diem), + Ve sy tUdng ddng va khac biat giQa hai dopn thd {0,5 dilm), *2010, khdi C, eau III a, De yeu cau: Cam nhan ve hai dopn thd (dopn thd eau Day thon VfD^ - Han Mac TQ: Sao anh mat chU dien, dopn thd cau Irong Trang giang Huy Can: Ldp idp may troi- cung nhd nha) Dap an: cac y Idn va thang dilm lUdng ddng nhu dap an nam 2009, khdi C, eau III b, *2012, khdi C, cau III b, D l yeu cau: Cam nhan v l hai doan thd (dopn thd eau treng Day thon VtDa - Han Mae TQ: Gid theo loi gid kip toi nay, dopn Ihd cau trcng Tuang tU • Nguyen Bfnh: Nhi em- giau khong thdn nao?) Dap an: cac y Idn va thang dilm tUdng ddng nhU dap an nam 2009, khdi C, eau 111 b, - Dang di SS hai ^ kien nhan xet vi hai nhan vat hai tac pham hoac ve mot nhan vat mot tac pham, d l thi khdi C, D nam 2013 Yeu cau cua d l Ihl va ndi dung chfnh cua dap an, Bp GD&DT dua ra: " 2013, khdi C, cau III b De yeu c l u : TQ cam nhan v l hai nhan vat (nhan vat TQ Ddi thUa • Nam Cao; nhan vat 18 )i4 DmjmE^c ngudi dan ba hang chai Chlec thuyin ngoii xa Nguyen tiet SS hai hinh inh Minh Chau} hay binh luan y kien: sU nhin nhuc cCia nhan vat Cac dap an nam 2009, khoi C, cau 111 b;2010, khdi C, cau TU khong ding trich, chi ding thUdng: sU nhin nhuc cOa III a; 2012, khdi C, cau HI b; 2012, khdi 0, cau 111 a; 2012, khoi ngUdi dan ba hang chal thi vila dang thUdng vila dang traeh D, cau III b, cd cac y Idn va diem lUdng ddng Con dap Dap an: an nam 2005, khdi C, cau II; dap an nam 2010, khdi D, cau 111 + Vai net ve tac gia, tac pham (0,5 diem), b cd cac y Idn tUdng dong vdi cdo dap an tren, nhUng dung + Giai thich