C H A T LirONG VA BAT CAP TRONG GIAO DUC BAC CAO 0 VIET NAM HIEN NAY Do Dire Thdng* TOM TAT Viet Nam hien nay dang trdi qua thai ky khiing hodng gido due bde cao mot cdch trdm trong Theo ddnh gid ciia[.]
C H A T LirONG VA BAT CAP TRONG GIAO DUC BAC CAO VIET NAM HIEN NAY Do Dire Thdng* TOM TAT Viet Nam hien dang trdi qua thai ky khiing hodng gido due bde cao mot cdch trdm Theo ddnh gid ciia cdc chuyen gia nguyen nhdn khiing hodng ciia gido due dgi hoc Viet Nam chu yiu la khong co mdi lien he chgt che giira phdt trien kinh te vd phdt trim gido due Cdc cudc khdo sdt cho thdy, co tdi 50% sinh vien Viet Nam tdt nghiep dgi hoc xo dg khdng thi tim duac viec ldm ngdnh nghe chuyen mdn ciia ho chieng td cd mot khodng cdch rdt lan giira chuang trinh hoc vd nhu cdu thi trudng viec ldm Cdc nhd ddu t Viet Nam vd qudc te cho rdng, sir thieu hut cong nhdn vd luc luang qudn ly cd trinh Id cdn ldn doi vdi su md rdng linh vice sdn xudt kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep Bdi viet ddnh g hien trgng gido due bde ego cug Viet Nam hien mot sd bdt cdp gido due bde ca vd mot sd vdn de cdn quan tdm de ndng cao chdt luang gido due bac cao a Viet Nam Tic khda: Gido due bde cao, chdt luang gido due, Viet Nam Nhdn bdi- 16/1/2016: Phdn bien ddnh gid vd sua chica: 20/2/2016 Duyet ddng 3/4/2 Md dau Ke tir thap nien 1990s nha nudc bat dau tap trung phat trien giao due dai hpc, sd lupng sinh vien da tang len rat nhanh vdi tdc dp binh quan 20%/nam giai doan 1990-2000 khiin chil lupng giao due ciia Viet Nam khdng theo kjp sy phat triin ve sd lupng Trong vdng 12 nam (20002012) sd lupng sinh \ien da tang 2.4 lin vdi tdc tang binh quan 8,4%/nam dpi ngii giang vien ca sd vat chit ky thuat chua phat tridn du di dam bap sd lupng giiing vien tang theo sd lupng sinh vien Tuy nhien day chi lit sy gia tang ve sd Iupng cdn chat lupng giap due dai hpc Viet Nam bi giam sut va thua xa cac nudc khu vuc nhu Malaysia, Thai Lan Indonesia Philippines Theo danh gia ciia Thomson Reuters (2007), cac in phim dupc cdng bd qudc te cua Viet Nam tut xa rit nhiiu so vdi cac nudc khu vyc Vao nam 2007 cac bai bao khoa hpc ciia Viet Nam da qua he thdng tham dinh qudc ti chi la 96 bai, dd cd 52 bai ciia I'rudng Dai hpc Qudc gia (Ha Ndi va TP Hd Chi Minh) va 44 bai cua Vien Han lam Thac sT, Nha may gach men cao cdp Vicenza Tap chl nghien cuu CHAI' PHI & TRI NO oONt; s6 04(128) thang 4/201 Chat luBng^ bat cap giao due Khpa hoc va cdng nghe Viet Nam Cdn theo Td chuc Sd hdu tri tue Thd gidi nam 2006 Viet Nam khdng cd mdt bing phat minh sang che nao Han Qudc cd 102.633 bing, Trung Qudc cd 26.292 bing Singapore cd 995 bing Thai Lan cd 158 bing Philippines cd 76 bing Cho din Viet Nam dang thieu vang cac trudng dai hoc va cac hpc vien cd chat lupng cao dii tieu chuan qudc te de dao tao ngudn nhan luc trinh dp cao cho nen kinh ti I Chat luong giao due bac cao 6" Viet Nam hien Chat lupng giao due bac cao d Viet Nam hien edn thap so vdi yeu cau dat phat trien kinh te va thap so \ di tieu chuan myc khu vyc va qudc te Theo bang xep hang cua Webometric \e cac trucmg dai hpc nam 2012 Viet Nam chi cd 117 truimg dai hpc, nhung khdng cd trudng nao nam Top 1.000 trudng hang dau, My thdng trj 3.263 trudng dupc xep hang, trudng Havard dupc xep Top dau Cu the, trudng Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi, xep hang thir d Viet Nam, nhung xep hang thu 1.051 tren the gidi Truimg Dai hgc Can tha xep hang thu d Viet Nam nhung xep hang thir 1.104 tren the gidi Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc \a Cdng nghe Ha Ndi xep thu qudc gia nhung xep hang thu 1.806 tren the gidi Tiep theo la Trudng Dai hpc Kinh te TP Hd Chi Minh xep hang thu nudc nhimg xep thu 1.923 tren the gidi Nam 2015, tdng sd 23.887 co sd giao due dai hpc tren the gidi tham gia xep hang, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi xep thu 894 thi gidi va ta dai hpc nhat cua Viet Nam Ipt top 1.000 bang xep hang Top 10 CO sd giao due dai hpc Viet Nam trpng Oo Ddc Thang bang xep hang nam 2015 la: 1- Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi (1 d Viet Nam 894 tren thi gidi): 2- Trudng Dai hpc Cin Tho (2 d Viet Nam 1790 tren thi gidi); 3- Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi (3 d Viet Nam 2154 tren the gidi); 4- Dai hpc Da Ning (4 d Viet Nam, 2222 tren thi gidi): 5- Trudng Dai hpc Ndng Lam TP HCM (5; 2781); 6Trudng Dai hpc Duy Tan (6; 3008); 7- Dai hpc Hui (7; 3253); 8-Trudng Dai hpc Cdng nghe TP HCM (8; 3279): 9- Trudng Dai hpc Qudc ti - DHQG HCM (9; 3527); 10- Dai hpc Qudc gia TP HCM (10; 3536) Xep hang theo chau A Viet Nam cd Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi d vj tri 212, frudng dai hpc Can Tha d vj tri 551 Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi d \ j tri 699 Ci khu vyc Chau A -Thai Binh Duong, top 10 trutmg dai hpc theo bang xep hang na\ cd thir ty la: Dai hpc Qudc gia Dai Loan, Dai hpc Bac Kinh, Dai hpc Thanh Hoa, Dai hpc Qudc gia Seoul, Dai hpc Tokyo Dai hpc Chiet Giang Dai hpc Melbourne, Dai hpc Hong Kong Dai hpe Giao thdng Thupng Hai, Dai hpc New South Wales', khdng cd trudng nao thudc Viet Nam Ddi vdi Viet Nam sy quan tam den cac bang xep hang qudc te \a khu vyc la can thiet de xac djnh vj tri va chiit Iupng giao due bac cao so vdi the gidi Qua bang xep hang cd the thay, Viet Nam cdn ddng rat thap khu vyc \a tren the gidi giao due bac cao va cho den Viet Nam van chua cd trudng dai hpc nao dat dang cap qudc te Nam 2014, Dai hpc Giao thdng Thupng Hai cua Trung Qudc mdi cdng bd danh sach "top 500'' dai hpc tren the gidi" Trong Top 500 dd, Viet Nam khdng he cd mdt trudng dai hpc nao chat lupng dao Tgp chl nghien cim CHAI PHI & TRI NG DONG so 04(128) thing 4/2016 Chat lupng va bat cap giao d u e tao va nghien ciru khoa hpc cac trudng dai hpc cua Viet Nam cdn rat thap Trong khdi ASEAN, Malaysia cd dai hpc top 500, dd la Dai hpc Malaya va Dai hpc Sains Malaysia (USM) Thai Lan cd hai trudng dai hpc dupc xep top 500 the gidi la trudng Mahidal va trudng Chulalongkom Ca hai dai hpc cua Malaysia top 500 deu la cac trudng tre tudi han mdt sd trudng dai hpc d Viet Nam (USM chi mdi lap nam 1969, Dai hpc Malaya cting chi lap tir nam 1949, Dai hpc Bach Khoa Sai Gdn lap nam 1957, Dai hpc Khoa hpc Sai Gdn va Dai hpc Khoa hpc Ha Ndi lap tir 1949, tuc ciing nam vdi Dai hpc Malaya) Nhirng yeu kem, bat cap ciia he thdng giao due bac cao ciia Viet Nam Mac dii chinh phu va Bd Giao due va Dao tao da dua Id trinh xay dyng mpt sd trudng dai hpc dang cap qudc te, nhung day khdng phai la nhiem vu di thuc hien, bdi he thdng giao due bac cao d Viet Nam dang tdn tai nhiing yeu kem cd hdu Thic nhdt, chat lugng ngudn nhiin luc giao due bac cao cua Viet Nam chua dap ung dugc yeu cau dat Theo kit qua khao sat tai 60 doanh nghiep linh vyc djch vu cdng nghiep tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh ve "Danh gia muc dp hai long cua doanh nghiep vi chit lupng cua sinh vien dugc dao tao nam diu tien sau tdt nghiep (danh gia dya tren cac tieu chi kiin thuc ly thuyit, ky nang thyc hanh, trinh ngoai ngtr, tac phong lam viec va nang lyc nghi nghiep), chi cd 5% tdng sd sinh vien tham gia khao sat dugc danh gia d muc dp tdt, 15% d muc dp kha, 30% d muc dp trung binh va 40% 48 Do Oitc Thang d mire dp khdng dat.' Kit qua khdng chi phan anh su ban chi trpng giap dye dai hpc d Viet Nam hien ma cdn gian tiip chi bao mdt nguy co lao ddng Viet Nam se tut hau so vdi cac nudc khac khu vyc, cac doanh nghiep da va dang su dung cdng nghe ty ddng quan ly nhan lyc Theo bao cao ciia Bp Lao ddng Thuang binh va Xa hdi 24/12-2015 hien ca nudc cd 225.500 ngudi cd trinh dp dai hpc trd len dang thit nghiep, chiem tdi 20% sd lao ddng thit nghiep Cac chuyen gia cua Bp Lao ddng, Thuang binh va Xii hdi cho rang, tinh trang that nghiep gia tang ddi vdi lao dpng cd trinh dp dai hpc cao dang trd len la mat can ddi ca cau lao ddng giira giao due nghe nghiep va giao due dai hpc Thep thdng ke cua Bd Lao ddng Thuong binh va Xa hdi ti le tucmg quan giira trinh dp dai hpc trd len - cao dang - trung cap so cip la I - 0,36 - 0,60 - 0,35 Sy du thira lao dpng cd trinh dp dao tao dai hpc dSn den tinh trang ed tdi 114.000 cu nhan dai hpc dang lam nhtrng cdng viec glan dan, khdng yeu cau phai cd bang cap Trong dd mudn cdng nghiep hda hien dai hda dat nudc thi phai nhin vao ti le lao ddng cd trinh dp dai hpc co cau ngudn nhan lyc Ti le d cac nudc phat trien la 25 - 30% Ti le lao ddng trinh dp dai hpc cua Vict Nam hien la 7%, cdn rat thap, va cd nghia la Viet Nam van chua dap irng du yeu cau dat ve mat sd lupng ngudi dupc giao due bac cao Tuy nhien, mat can ddi cung-cau giira dao tao va thj trudng lao ddng, ddng thdi chat lugng dao tao bac cao cua Viet Nam thap, nen dan den that nghiep Iran lan, hau het la ddi vdi luc lugng lao ddng cd giao due bac cao Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRIING BONG s6 04(128) thang 4/201 Chat lutjng va bat cap giao due Po Diic Thang dpng nghien ciiu khoa hpc Cdng tac nghien cim chu yeu dugc thuc hien d cac vien nghien cuu quoc gia va cac vien nghien ciru chuyen nganh tryc thudc cac bd chu quan va cac tinh Theo thdng ke nam 2011 ca nudc cd tren 1.600 td chuc nghien ciiu khoa hpc va cdng nghe, dd cd vien nghien cim qudc gia la Vien Han lam Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe Viet Nam va Vien Han lam Khoa hpc Xa hdi Viet Nam, 433 vien nghien cim thudc cac bp cac nganh, 340 td chuc nghien cim thupc Lien hiep cae Hdi Khoa hgc va Ky thuat Viet Nam, va cac Hdi vien, tren 800 td chirc thupc cac tinh eac phd va cac doanh nghiep Trong chi cd 44 truimg dai hpc dugc phep dao tao va cap bang tien si thi cd den 71 vien nghien ciiu dugc dao tao va cap bang tien si ddc lap ma khdng can cdng tac vdi trudng dai hpc Theo thdng ke ba nam hpc tu 2008 din 2010, trpng cac trudng dai hpc cd 3.518 nghien ciru sinh tien si thi cac vien nghien cuu ciing cd den 2.325 nghien cim sinh tien si* Sy taeh rdi lam cho nhiing ngudi lam khoa hpc it dupe tham gia giang day va giang vien dai hpc cting bj ban che viec tham gia nghien ciru khoa hpc sinh vien cung it dupc tiep can nhirng tri thtrc ttr nhting nha khoa hgc gidi Chinh sy taeh rdi lam cho trudng dai hpc chua thuc sy la trung tam chat luong \ i dap tap va nghien ciru khoa hpc Ddng thdi lam cho nang luc nghien cuu khoa hpc cua Viet Nam cd vj tri qua thap tren thi gidi Trong nhtrng nam gan day mat Do Viet Nam van chu yeu hpc tap md du da cd sy quan tam cua nhieu co sd giao hinh Lien Xd cii, nen eac vien nghien cim due viec tao ca che khuyen khich cae hoan toan ddc lap vdi cac truimg dai hpc nha khoa hpc tap trung nghien cuu va cdng Cac trudng dai hpc chii yeu tap trung vao bd cac ket quii nghien ciiu trpng nudc va viec giang day ma it quan tam den boat TTiir hai, dau tu R&D cua Viet Nam cdn thap, chua chu trpng din nghien cim khoa hpc va chua ed kit ndi chat che giira nghien ciiu khoa hpc va giang day dao tao Trong chi tieu R&D cho giao due bac cao cua Malaysia chiem tdi 14,4% va cua Thai Lan chiem % tdng ehi tieu R&D tit ca cac nganh (nam 2006, World Bank), thi d Viet Nam chi tieu R&D cac trudng dai hpc cdn rat yeu Luat Khpa hpc va cdng nghe dupc Qudc hdi thdng qua va cd hieu lyc tir nam 2014 cd rat nhieu diem tich cue: dau tu tir ngan sach nha nudc it nhat 2%, bat budc cac doanh nghiep phai danh phan lpi nhuan de tai dau tu cho R&D, md hinh quan ly quy phat trien khoa hpc va cdng nghe cd nhieu thdng thoang, cd hinh thuc "dat hang" nghien cim cho cac nha khoa hpc, cu the hda rat nhieu chinh sach dai ngp ve luong va bdng cho cac nha nghien cim Nhung cdn rat nhieu \eu td giiy can trd viec chi tieu R&D cac trudng dai hpc, trpng dd cd cac van de thudc ve ca che (chua cd cae ca che cu the de cho lpi ich cua cac ben (nha nudc, nha trudng) dupc khdp vdi nhau, chat lupng giang vien (cac trucmg dai hpc deu qua tai, din den tinh trang cac giang vien, dac biet la giang vien tre, bj qua tai den mite khung khiep ve mat giang day Hp khdng cd thdi gian de phat trien ky nang nghien cuu phat trien cac mdi quan he vdi cac doanh nghiep de tim tdi de tai nghien ciiu), ca sd tang nghien cim (cac trung tam uom tao cdn ban che) Tgp chl nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 04(128) t h i n g 4/2016 49 Chat ludng va bat cap giao due Do Diic Thang qudc ti, nhung ket qua van cdn han che, tham chi cd xu hudng cang tut hau xa hon so vdi nhiiu qudc gia khu vyc va tren thi gidi Theo thdng ke cua Vien Thdng tin khoa hpc (ISI), giai doan 1996 2011, Viet Nam mdi cd 13.172 cdng trinh khoa hpc cdng bd tren cac tap san qudc te cd binh duyet, bang khoang 1/5 cua Thai Lan (69.637), 1/6 cua Malaysia (75.530), va 1/10 cua Singapore (126.881) Trong do, dan sd Viet Nam gap 17 lan dan sd Singapore, gap lan Malaysia va gan gap rudi Thai Lan Khdng chi it \e sd lupng, chi sd anh hudng cua cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu khpa hpc cua Viet Nam cung thap nhit sp vdi cac nudc khu vyc te TP Hd Chi Minh nam 2013), lam quyin _ hoat ddng tuyin sinh (mpt sd trudng tuyen sinh vupt chi tieu, tham chi cd trudng khdng dugc giao chi tieu nhung vin tuyen sinh tir lien thdng cap dang len dai hpc) De nang cao chat luong giao due bac cao co che ty chu cac trudng dai hpc la mpt chinh sach dimg dan dugc nhieu nudc khu vyc va tren the gidi ap dung Tuy nhien, tai Viet Nam co che cdn thyc hien nua vdi, bdi nha nudc van chu yeu lam thay cdng viec cua cac trudng cdng lap va cac trucmg dai hgc cdng van chua chu ddng va chua ty chiu trach nhiem ve sd lupng va chat lugng giao due dai hpe tai ca sd dao tao cua minh Thic ba, co che ty ehu cac trudng dai hpc ciia Viet Nam rat \eu Tinh den giiia nSm 2015, cd 12 trucmg dai hpc cdng lap da dupc Thu tudng Chinh phu ddng y thi diem md hinh ty chu khau: quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien nha trudng; ty chli td chirc boat ddng dao tao, nghien cuu khoa hpc; ty chu tai chinh va tu chu td chiic nhan sy Tuy nhien, nhieu co sd giao due dai hgc da lam quyen ty chu nhu chuin diem tuyen sinh tuyen sinh sd lugng sinh vien nhieu ban kha nang dao tao ma khdng tinh den chat lupng, sd lupng giang vien va ca sd vat chit, md them nganh dao tao d at khdng theo quy hoach, lam mat can ddi ldn xa hdi, cd trudng cdn lam quyen ty chu phan bd nhan sy va phong hpe ham hpc \ j mdt sd trudng lam quyen td chuc bd may nhan sy, thyc hien nhiem vu chuyen mdn, tai chinh, diu tu xay dung, quan ly dit dai tai san (Dai hgc Hue, Hpe vien Ndng nghiep Viet Nam, Trucmg Dai hpc Vinh, Trudng Dai hpc Luat TP HCM, Trudng Dai hpc Kinh Mot sd van de rut phat trien giao due bac cao d Viet Nam 50 3.1 Chien luac gido due bde cao neu duac thuc hien mot cdch bdi bdn rd rdng vd ddi hgn se gdp phdn ddo tgo dtcac diing ngudi dung ngdnh, dung muc tieu phat trien kinh te-xd hoi icu tien vd tgo ddi ngii sau ddo tao cd chdt luang Mac dti Viet Nam da thyc hien Chien lupc phat trien giao due 2001-2010 theo quyit dinh 201/2001/QD-Ttg cua Thu tudng Chinh phu 28/12/2001 va Chien luge phat trien giao due 2011-2020 theo quyit djnh 711/QD-Ttg nam 2011 va cac Quyet dinh khac nhu Quyet dinh sd 579/QD-TTg 19 thang nam 2011 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu phe duyet Chien lupc phat trien nhan lyc Viet Nam thdi ky 2011-2020; hay Quyit djnh sd 1216/QDTTg 22 thang nam 2011 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu phe duyet Quy hoach phat trien nhan lyc Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020 vdi nhiing ndi dung da dang, phong phii, nhung cho den Viet Nam Tgp chl nghien cuu c H ui PHI & TRI'NG DONG SO 04(128) thing 4/2016 Chat lujng va bat cap giao due, Do DiTc Thang van chua hd cd mdt Chidn luge nao gianh due bac cao dd hudng tdi xay dyng mdt rieng cho giao due bac cao (giao due dai qudc gia hidn dai tri thirc, van hda: ddng hgc) Didu din ddn vide giao due cao thdi dua giao due bac cao la nhan td ddng dang va dai hgc d Viet Nam thdi gian gdp quan trgng dd phat tridn cac nganh qua dugc tidn hanh d at, khdng theo quy cdng nghe du nang Iyc dua Malaysia hgi hoach va nguyen tac chung nao dan ddn nhap toan eau hda: giai quydt cac thach nhieu he luy nhu phan trdn da de cap Kinh thuc ciia nen kinh td bdi canh kinh nghidm cua mgt sd nudc Ddng Nam A nhu td toan cau phii hgp vdi muc tidu qudc gia Thai Lan va Malaysia cho tha\ nhung ve phdt trien nguon nhdn lire cd tri thtrc nudc na> cd nhiing chidn luge va triet 1\' vd gid tri dgo dire cao", hay phuang cham giao due ridng gianh cho giao due bac cao Thuc hoc - Thuc nghiep giao due Cu the Thai Lan da thyc hidn ICe hoach bac cao phat tridn dai ban giao due bac cao lan thu Nhd cac muc tidu cu thd nay, Malaysia nh§t (1990-2004) va Kd hoach phat tridn dai ban giao due bac cao lan thu hai (2008- va Thai Lan da cong vide thyc 2022) O Malaysia gan vdi tirng kd hoach hidn cac chinh sach giao due bae cao kinh td dai ban timg giai doan phat Trong dd d Viet Nam, muc dich eua tridn deu cd nhiing kd hoach phat tridn giao due dai hgc la "dao tao nhan tai" giao due bac cao luong ung, vi du de thuc (Luat Giao due Viet Nam nam 2012) hidn Chinh sach tam nhin mdi (2001- hoac cac chinh sach/quydt 2010), Malaysia da thuc hien Chidn luge dinh/thdng tu cua chinh phu ddu dat giao due bac cao qudc gia va tam nhin "giao due la qudc sach hang dau ciia qudc 2020, Chidn luge giao due bac cao gia" nhung dd hieu day du khai niem Malaysia giai doan 2015-2025 Ci mdi "nhan tai" va "qudc sach" mdt thdi chidn luge phat tridn giao due bac cao, gian dai vira qua d Viet Nam cdn rat Malaysia va Thai lan ddu dat nhGng muc chung chung, khdng theo muc tidu cu the tidu cu the phuc vu nh&ng muc dich het vi vay rat khd de cd the tap trung nhan lyc sue thuc te Chang ban tai Thai Lan va vat Iuc dd dao tao mgt luc lugng lao Kd hoach phat iridn giao due bac cao Ian dgng cd giao due bac cao dap irng hidu thli hai, chinh phu da ndu ke hoach chi tiet qua nhu cau cua dat nudc cho giao due bac cao, chia cac co sd giao Hien nay, trdn thd gidi cd rat nhidu md due bac cao loai va mdi loai tuong ung vdi nhOng nhidm vu va muc tieu khac hinh giao due dai hgc can phai tham khao Tidu chuin cap bang, ty Id giao vien qua trinh xa} dung ehidn luge giao cd trinh tidn sT quy dinh tung loai due dai hgc d Viet Nam dd cd md trudng, ty Id dao tao tuong ung giira khoa hinh ldn: +) Md hinh kieu Due la nai tgo hgc ty nhidn va khoa hgc xa hdi dugc dung vd phd bien tri thirc; +) Md hinh quy dinh rit chi tidt Hay tai Malaysia, kieu Phap la noi ddo tgo nguai lao ddng Chidn luge giao due bac cao qudc gia va cd chdt lugng cao dap ung nhu cau ciia tlm nhin 2020 cu thd la: "xay dung cac phat tridn va su dung ngudn nhan Iuc; +j chinh sach va dinh hudng cho nganh giao Md hinh kieu My la toi luyen bdn Ilnh sdng cho tdng lap tre tdn sir phdt Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRING DONG S6 04(128) thang 4/2016 Chat lifdng va bat cap giao due trien nhdn cdch cd nhdn, trung thuc, khong ngimg doi mai Ndn giao due dai hgc d Viet Nam hien cd nhieu ddi mdi, nhung van mang nang md hinh giao due Lien Xd cu (nhu phan trdn da dd cap), vi vay da sinh nhidu van de giang day, nghidn ciiu va iing dung d he thdng giao due bac cao Mdi mgt mo hinh giao due bac cao trdn thd gidi ddu cd nhirng mat tieh cyc cd thd ap dung, nhung hoan toan khdng thd rap khudn may mdc tao dyng tridt Iy cho giao due dai hgc hidn nay, nhung ciing khdng the di theo mai md hinh cu, bdi nhu thd se tao nen sy tut bae nghidm trgng vd chat lugng giao due dai hgc 3.2 He thdng ludt phdp bdi bdn vd ro rdng gido due bac cao se trdnh dugc nhimg he luy thuc thi phdp ludt lien quan den gido due, gdp phdn ndng cao chdt lugng ddo tgo ngudn nhdn luc Tai mdi qudc gia, ddu ed eac luat ridng gianh cho giao due, dd cd giao due bac cao Cdn tai Viet Nam, giao due dai hgc chi dugc thyc hien thdng qua Luat Giao due dai hgc nam 2005 Ngoai ra, khdng cdn mdt bd luat nao khac gianh rieng eho giao due dai hgc Ngay Luat Giao due dai hge nam 2005, vln cd rat nhidu van dd can nghien ciiu Ching han, phan cac khai nidm, Luat Giao due dai hgc khdng ed khai nidm "giao due dai Tigc", ma chi cd khai nidm "'dai hgc" Luat Giao due dai hgc cdn ydu vide phan chia traeh nhidm, phan elp quan Iy giao due, van de hgp tac qudc td vd giao due; ehuydn ddi cac loai hinh trudng, vd trach nhidm ciia Bg trudng Bd Giao due giao due bac cao Viet Nam cung chua cd eac luat gianh rieng eho giao due 52 Do Dire Thang dai hgc ngo^ cdng lap, chinh sach vd ca chd ty chu giao due dai hge Dac bidt, van dd phan cap quan ly giao due dai hgc ciia Viet Nam cdn qua yeu va thieu Mac dii thdi gian qua, giao due dai hgc da timg buac cd nhirng thay ddi nhat dinh, bao dam taeh quan ly nha nudc vdi quan ly chuyen mdn cua cae ca sd giao due va dao tao nhung ehua dap iing yeu eau thyc tidn dat Vide ddi mdi quan ly giao due dai hgc edn nhidu bat cap mang tinh bao cap, dm ddm sy \u va chdng cheo, phan tan; trach nhidm va quydn ban quan Iy chuyen mdn chua di ddi vdi trach nhiem quydn ban quan ly vd nhan su va tai chinh Thai Lan va Malaysia dang cai each quan tri dai hgc theo hudng md rgng md hinh dai hgc boat ddng theo dieu Id doanh nghidp Viet Nam cd thd tham khao va hgc hdi kinh nghidm cua cac nudc 3.3 Cdn nhdc viec thuc hien ca cdu ddo tgo gido due bde cao, dgt cdc muc tieu ddo tgo hgp ly giua ngdnh khoa hoc tu nhien - ky thudt vdi khoa hoc xa hoi, giua tien sT- thac sT - dai hoc- cao ddng - phd thdng de dap ung nhu cdu cua thi truang lao dong Chang han, Kd hoach phat trien dai han giao due bac cao lan thii hai (2008-2022) cua Thai Lan, ty Id sinh vien khoa hgc ty nhidn va khoa hgc xa hdi ciia nhdm trudng dugc quy djnh nhu sau: Cao dang va dai hgc cdng ddng (20:80); Dal hgc nghd thuat ty (40-60); Dai hgc chuydn nganh, tdng hop (60:40) va Dai hgc nghidn ciiu/han lam (90:10) Trong dd, d Viet Nam di theo chidu hudng ngugc lai, bdi nhidu nam gan day nhimg nganh kinh te - thuong mai dang chiem ly Id rat Idn giao due bac cao, cac nganh Tap chi nghien cicu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 04(128) thang 4/2016 Do Diic Thang van hoc nghd thuat, lich sii hiu nhu khdng cd ngudi hgc Tinh trang ehay theo bang cap va khdng theo lieu chi ty Id can ddi nganh nghd dao tao giao due bac cao d Viet Nam dang dua he thdng giao due dai hgc Vidt Nam di vao tinh trang thira thay thidu thg, dao tao ly thuydt nhidu ban thuc hanh tay nghd, thidu hut lao ddng trinh cao eac nganh ky thuat cdng nghd Do khdng dd cac ty Id can ddi giCra dao tao tidn sT- thae sT - dai hgc- cao dang - phd thdng, nen ty Id that nghidp cua cir nhan va thac sT cang tang, thidu Iyc lugng Iao dgng dugc dao tao qua cac trudng da) nghe, trung cap chuydn nghiep, ddng thai chat lugng dao tao lirng cap hgc (dai hge, cao dang, day nghd) ddu ydu dau tu dan trai va thidu nhat quan 3.4 Phdn tdng gido due bde cao Id nhiem vu quan de ddo tao luc lugng lao ddng tri thirc ddp irng hieu qud nhu cdu ciia thi truang lao dong vd phuc VM hieu qud chien luge cdng nghiep hda ddt nudc Ndn giao due bac cao ciia mdt sd nude trdn thd gldi va khu vyc cd su phan tang rat rd ret Chang han Thai Lan cd nhdm trudng co ban: Dai hgc edng tidp nhan han chd sinh vidn (trudng dai hoc nghidn ciiu), Dai hge Rajamangala (he thdng trudng dai hgc ehuydn day vd cac nganh cdng nghd) Dai hgc Rajabhat(hd thdng dai hgc hoang gia), dai hgc tu nhan Malaysia phan cac trudng dai hgc nhdm: trudng dai hgc nghidn Cliu, trudng dai hgc theo Chuang trinh tang toe den tuyet hao (Accelerated programme for excellence - APEX), trudng dai hgc ding elp qudc te, eae trudng dai hgc khac Sy phan tang cae trudng dai hgc giiip tap trung dau tu mdt each thda dang cho giao due bac cao khdng dd thira hoac thidu hyt dgi ngu lao ddng chu\dn mdn cao qua trinh edng nghidp hda ke tu dgi ngu nghien ciru khoa hpc ddn dgi ngii chuydn gia cdng nghd k\ thuat den cac trudng dai hgc mang dang cap qudc te Trdn the gidi cd Ie khdng cd mgt nudc nao du ngudn lyc de dam bao "chat lugng cao nhu nhau" \di mdt "phd " nhat theo kieu td chiic d cac trudng dai hgc tru>dn thdng trudc da\ kd ca nhiing nudc giau va danh den trdn dudi 20% ngan sach qudc gia cho giao due Phan tang giao due bac cao la sy hgp iy ndu xet ve phia co cau ngudn nhan lyc (phia eau) ciing nhu su phan hoa kha rgng \e tu chat \a trinh eua hgc sinh tdt nghidp trung hgc phd thdng - ngudn vao ciia cac trudng dai hgc (phia cung) Su phan tang lam giam thieu cae he luy cua tu giao due dai hgc dai chiing (mass higher education), ddng thdi nang cao siic manh ciia tu giao due dai hpc gianh eho thidu sd tinh hoa (elite higher education), giiip cac nude xay dung dugc ngudn nhan lue chat lugng cao va vira dii cho nhu cau phat tridn kinh td va cat canh KET LUAN d Viet Nam hidn cac trudng dai hge dang dugc xdp hang d mire thap it trudng lgt vao bang xdp hang cua the gidi va chau A Vi va\' thuc hidn xdp hang va phan tang cac trudng se tao ddng lye thiic da)' nang eao chat lugng toan didn phii hgp vdi xu the ciia thd gidi Nghi dinh 73 nam 2015 ciia Chinh phii vd quy dinh tieu chuan phan tang, khung xep hang va tidu chuan xep hang co sd giao due dai hpc se cd hidu luc Tuy nhidn, cho ddn su phan tang he thdng giao due dai hge Tgp chi nghien ciiu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 04(128) thang 4/2016 53 Chat Ijgng va bat cap giao due, d Viet Nam v l n cdn nhieu lung tung, can tidp tuc hoan thien thdi gian tdi dd eai thidn chat lugng giao due bac cao Chli thich: ' Ngoc Ha (2015), Dgi hoc quoc gia Hd Noi ddn ddu Viet Nam xep hang Webometrics Bao Tudi tre online, 25/12/2015 ^ http://www.shanghairanking.com "'Doanh nghiep "cham diem" sinh vien, Bao Tuoi tre online, 22-5-2014 ^ Pham Cong Nhlt (2014), Bdi mdi gido due dgi hoc theo hirdng hoi nhdp quoc te a nudc ta hien nay, Tap chi cgng san, 19/11/2014 http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/ Tai lieu t h a m k h a o l.Ben Wildavsky (2011), Cudc canh tranh chat xam vT dai: cac dai hgc toan cau dang tai dinh hirih the gidi nhu the nao?, NXB Tri thiic, 2011 Chu Van Cap (2012), Giao due vd ddo tgo vdi phdt trien ngudn nhdn luc Viet Nam, Tap chi Phat tridn va Hdi nhap, so (16), thang 9-10/2012 Do Minh Cucmg, Nguyen Thi Doan (2001), Phdt trien ngudn nhdn lire gido due dgi hoc Viet Nam, NXB Chinh trj qudc gia, Ha Ngi Hoang Van Chau (2009), Phat tridn nguon nhan luc chat lugng cao cho hgi nhap kinh td - van de cip bach sau khitng hoang", Tgp chi Kinh te ddi ngoai, (sd 38) 5._Le Thi Hdng Diep (2005), Phdt triin ngudn nhdn luc trinh cao di hinh thdnh nen kinh te tri thitc a Viet Nam, Luan an tidn sT kinh td chinh tri, Trung tam Dao tao bdi duomg giang vidn ly luan chinh tri, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi ^ Nguydn Van Dao (2012), Vdi suy nghT ve gido duc vd ddo tgo phuc vii cho phdt trien Ban tin Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi Do Diic Thang Nguydn Van Khanh (2010), Xdy dung vd phdt huy ngudn luc tri tue Viet Nam phuc vu sir nghiep chdn ddt nudc NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Ndi Bili Loan Thuy (2012), Buac di cua gido due dgi hoc Viet Nam trudc ngudng cira kinh te tri thirc Tap chi Phat tridn & Hgi nhap, sd 4(14), thang 5-6/2012 Tdng cue Thdng kd (2011), Gido due a Viet Nam: phdn tich cdc chi sd chu yeu, NXB Thdng Ke, Ha Ngi 10 Nguydn V&i Tuin (2011), Chdt lugng gido due dgi hoc nhln tir gdc hoi nhdp NXB Tdng hgp TP HCM 11 Tran Van Tiing (2005), Ddo tgo, bdi dudng vd sir dung ngudn nhdn lire tdi ndng, Nxb The gidi Ha Ngi 12 Eg Giao due va Dao tao (2009), Bdo cdo su phdt trien ciia he thdng gido due dgi hoc , cdc gidi phdp ddm bdo vd ndng cao chdt lugng ddo tgo Ha Ngi 29/20/2009 13 Bao Mdi (2014), Sd lugng trudng dgi hoc: VU0 quy hogch nhung cho thieu, cho thira, Bdo mdi 8/8/2014, http://www.baomoi.com/So-luQng-truongdai-hoc-Vuot-quv-hoach-nhung-eho-thieucho-thua/c/14515800.epi 14 Bd Giao due va Dao tao (2015), Hoi nghi Tong ket ndm hoc 2014-2015 vd phuang hudng nhiem vii ndm hoc 201520/(5, Ha Ngi, 22/10/2015 15 Hdng Hanh (2012), Bd gido due ddo tgo- chi tieu khdi ngdnh kinh te qud nhiiu Tin Mdi, lyillQU, http://www.tinmoi.vn/bo-gd-dt-chi-tieukho i-nganh-kinh-te-qua- nhieu01775713.html 16 Tran Mai LTdc (2013), Nghien cicu khoa hoc cua gidng vien - yeu td quan gdp phdn ndng cao chdt lugng ddo tao dgi hgc d Viet Nam giai dogn hien nay, Ban tin khoa hgc va giao due, Trudng Dai hgc Ngan hang TP Hd Chi Minh Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG sd 04(128) thang 4/2016 ... Viet Nam dang thieu vang cac trudng dai hoc va cac hpc vien cd chat lupng cao dii tieu chuan qudc te de dao tao ngudn nhan luc trinh dp cao cho nen kinh ti I Chat luong giao due bac cao 6" Viet Nam. .. Nam (USM chi mdi lap nam 1969, Dai hpc Malaya cting chi lap tir nam 1949, Dai hpc Bach Khoa Sai Gdn lap nam 1957, Dai hpc Khoa hpc Sai Gdn va Dai hpc Khoa hpc Ha Ndi lap tir 1949, tuc ciing nam. .. giao due dai hpc Viet Nam trpng Oo Ddc Thang bang xep hang nam 2015 la: 1- Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi (1 d Viet Nam 894 tren thi gidi): 2- Trudng Dai hpc Cin Tho (2 d Viet Nam 1790 tren thi gidi);